Download KT`s (ch.14) - MichelleDAPnotebook

KT's (ch. 14) p. 368-388
"Southern Nationalism":
 also known as "fire-eaters" in history.
 militant leaders of the south demanded an end to the Union.
 ^ prob. later generals during the Civil War.
Establishment of the Confederacy:
 these states seceded during Lincoln's presidency: S.C. (12/20/1860), M.I.
(1/9/1861), F.L. (1/10/1861), A.L. (1/11/1861), G.A. (1/19/1861), L.A.
(1/26/1861), T.X. (2/1/1861). more states joined after Fort Sumter = V.A.
(4/17/1861), A.R. (5/6/1861), T.N. (6/8/1861), and N.C. (5/20/1861).
 In Feb. 1861, those states that seceded met in Montgomery, Alabama to form a
"new nation" The Confederate States of America.
Crittenden Compromise:
 written by John J. Crittenden of K.T.
 guarantee that permanent existence of slavery in the slaves states = to satisfy
the south.
 ^ re-establish the Missouri Compromise in all present & future territories.
 ^ slavery prohibited north of the line = the Southerners in the Senate seem to
accept it but the Republicans were against it.
 ^ Compromise went against Republicans' position = not to let slavery expand.
The War Begins:
 new confederate gov't thought that seeming weak was worse than belligerent so
ordered General P.G.T. Beauregard, commander of Confederate army at
Charleston --> to take the island if need by force.
 Anderson refused to surrender the fort = Confederates attacked it for 2 days
(4/12-13/1861).
 April 14th Anderson surrendered = Civil War began.
Union Advantages:
 all the important material advantages lay with the North rather than the South.
 North pop. twice pop. of South and nearly 4x with non-slave pop.
 North had advanced Industrial system and by 1862 those factories manufactured
all the war materials.
 North had better transportation than the South as well.
Southern Advantages:
 South fought in their land = home advantage & local support.
 commitment of the white pop. of the South to the war was clear & firm.
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opinion of war in the North was divided and the support for it was shaky until
the end of the war.
There were some major Southern victories which could have turned the war
around = breaking the North's spirit.
Southerners thought that Europe's (Britain & France) dependency on cotton
would be to their advantage.
Republican Economic Policy:
 Homestead Act of 1862: any citizen living on 160 acres of public land and buy it
for a small price after living on it for 5 yrs.
 Morrill Land Grant Act: transferred the public land to state gov'ts which were
able to sell the land and use the $ to finance public education.
 Congress also passed tariff bills by the end of the war that protected the
domestic industries from foreign competition.
 Congress completed the transcontinental railroad.
National Bank Acts:
 during 1863-1864 created new national banking system.
 present or new banks could join in on this system, if they were capital and
willing to invest 1/3 of it in gov't securities.
 ^ could issue U.S. treasury notes as currency.
 new system eliminated the chaos and uncertainty in the nation's currency.
Financing the War:
 Congress levied new taxes on most of the goods and services, and in 1861 gov't
levied an income tax for the 1st time with rates the eventually rose to 10% on
incomes above $5,000.
 issuing paper currency, and borrowing.
 "greenbacks" = currency backed up by good faith and credit of the gov't.
 largest source of financing the war = loans from the American people.
Draft Riots:
 opposition to this law was mostly laborers, immigrants, and democrats (known
as Peace Democrats/Copperheads).
 Draft riot in N.Y.C for 4 days in July 1863 = over 100 people died --> Irish workers
were the center of the violence.
 were esp. against blacks b/c they thought this war was b/c of them and when
they leave for war the blacks would fill in their jobs.
Wartime Repression:
 Lincoln's greatest problem was the pop. opposition to the war = mostly b/c of
the democratic party.
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Lincoln ordered military arrests of civilians that opposed and suspended the right
of habeas corpus = the right of an arrested person to a speedy trial.
He only used these methods in sensitive states = border states.
1864 Election:
 at a crucial time some Northern victories helped boost the Republican party, esp.
capture of Atlanta, G.A.
 Lincoln won re-election w/ 212 electoral votes while McClellan has 21.
 if the victories weren't won and Lincoln didn't make special arrangements to
allow Union troops to vote = Democrats might have won.
Confiscation Acts:
 any slaves used for the Confederate War effort were considered free.
 President was allowed to employ African Americans including free slaves as
soldiers.
 in 1862 Radicals pushed Congress for 2nd Confiscation Act.
Emancipation Proclamation:
 Sept. 22, 1862 after Union victory at the Battle of Antietam president announced
his intention to free all the slaves in the Confederacy.
 Jan. 1, 1863 Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation which declared
forever free salves in all areas of the Confederacy e/c the ones under union
control.
 proclamation didn't apply to the border states since they never seceded from
the union and weren't subject to the president's war powers.
 immediate effect was limited.
Black Enlistment:
 1st few months of war blacks were excluded from the military.
 once Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation black enlistment increased
rapidly and the union army began to recruit A.A. soldiers and sailors.
 these men were organized into fighting units or fifty-fourth M.A. infantry.
 had a white commander Robert Gould Shaw.
U.S. Sanitary Commission:
 organization of civilian volunteers led by Dorothea Dix which gathered large #'s
of female nurses to serve in field hospitals.
 by the end of the war, women were a dominant force in nursing.
Traditional Gender Roles Reinforces:
 most of the male doctors didn't support women being nurses.
 ^ it wasn't in a women's sphere to be doing these kinds of things.
 there were some women who even stood up to the doctors.
Raising the Confederate Army:
 first tried to call in volunteers.
 in April 1862 Congress enacted a Conscription Act which white males from 18-35
had to serve in the military for 3 years.
Centralization:
 Confederate gov't did make progress in centralizing power in the south.
 end of the war= the Confederate bureaucracy was larger than its counterpart in
Washington.
Economic woes:
 once North issued naval blockade of the south = experienced massive shortages
b/c it was mainly agricultural.
 so concentrated to export crops didn't grow enough for their own.
The Union Blockade:
 blockade of the south was never fully effective.
 but had major impact on the Confederacy.
 U.S. navy kept ships out of confederate ports.
 small blockade runners ran through though but then the blockade tightened by
seizing the ports.
Ironclads:
 ironclad warship Merrimac renamed Virginia was defeated by the Union's
Monitor.
King Cotton Diplomacy:
 Southern leaders tried to gain support from England and France by arguing that
access to southern cotton would come at a price.
 the Confederacy had many high hopes for this but it failed.
 when the Southern cotton was closed to E & F they managed to get cotton from
Egypt, India, and other regions.
Guerilla War in the West:
 William C. Quantrill (Ohio native) became a captain in the Confederate army
after he organized a band of guerrilla fighters/teen boys around Kansas-Missouri
border.
 Quantrill and his group were a murderous group and famous for killing anyone in
their path.
 They were most famous for their siege in Lawrence, Kansas where they killed
150 civilians.
 Quantrill finally died b/c of the union troops.
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Union supporters in the west joined and made the Jayhawkers slightly less
savage.
moved across western Missouri seeking revenge.
one Jayhawk unit commanded by a son of John Brown and brother of Susan B.
Anthony.