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Sea Power & Maritime Affairs
Lesson 5
CIVIL WAR
Two American Navies
1861-1865
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Post War of 1812 (1815-1860)
 Commercial & geographic expansion
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 Revolution in Navy technology
– Steam propulsion, gunnery, artillery
 Navy reorganization & modernization
Today
American Civil War
 Causes
 Outbreak of war
 Union and Confederate strategies
 Navies' roles in war
 Lessons from war
8 Key Themes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Navy as an instrument of foreign policy
Interaction between Congress and Navy
Interservice relations
Technology
Leadership
Strategy & Tactics
Evolution of US Naval Doctrine
Future missions of Navy and USMC
Why did it happen?
Video (1 of 4)
Video (2 of 4)
Video (3 of 4)
Video (4 of 4)
Slavery
Above every other reason.
Slavery
Highly complex issue
– 1804: Slave trade abolished in north
– 1808: External slave trade abolished by
Congress
Northern View:
1. Slavery was immoral and contradicted with
constitution.
2. Others didn’t care either way
– Northern economy and their livelihoods had become
less dependent on it.
Southern View: Saw slaves as property and
livelihood. To threaten property and livelihood
was unconstitutional and un-American.
Bottom Line
1. As slavery became less necessary in
northern economy, its popularity began to
wane in northern and central states.
2. Abolitionist sentiment gained momentum
and tension built.
Slavery
Main question that plagued the US:
How to deal with states that joined the
Union? Slave or free?
– Both sides were afraid of tipping the
balance of power, so they reached ever
more tenuous agreements:
•
•
•
•
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Alternate Arguments for Civil War
1. States Rights v. Federal Rights
– Common argument, but it is rooted in a state’s
right to determine if slavery should be legal.
2. Trade rights
– Northern economy relied on inner-US trade
– Southern economy relied on foreign trade
– North pressed for higher tariffs to encourage
Americans to buy American products, but
south succeeded in continuously lowering
tariffs. This hurt northern economy.
– Bottom Line: Economies in conflict
Precursors to War
Tension continued to build
– Radical abolitionists
• John Brown Raid (1859)
– Equally radical southerners
• Rep. Preston Brooks (SC) severely beat Sen.
Charles Sumner (MA) on the floor of the US
Senate.
– Rise of the Republican Party
• Anti-slavery party
• Carried House and Senate in 1854
• Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)
How did the dominos fall?
1. Lincoln wins election of 1860
2. Secessions
– SC secedes
– (6) others
3. Form the Confederate States of
America (CSA)
– Montgomery, AL
– Jefferson Davis
•
West Point Grad
How did the dominos fall?
4. Militia and military organized
5. Seize federal forts and depots
– Obtain valuable arms caches
– Only a few forts hold out
– Siege existing forts
•
•
US Navy responsible for resupplying them
Fort Sumpter, SC
6. Negotiation go nowhere
– President James Buchanan does nothing
Who did the Northern states care?
Preserver the Union
What was the direct catalyst?
Battle of Fort Sumpter
 April 12, 1861
 South Carolina militia opened fire on
federal forces at Fort Sumpter
 Fort forced to surrender
 War begins
Are both sides prepared for war?
 No
What do they need to do?
 Raise and Army
 Raise a Navy
 Start the “war machine”
Strategic Advantages & Disadvantages
North
 Population
 Infrastructure
– Industry
– Transportation
– Ports, coastlines,
waterways
 Government
 Military
– Army
– Navy
South
 Population
 Infrastructure
– Industry
– Transportation
– Ports, coastlines,
waterways
 Government
 Military
– Army
– Navy
Strategic Advantages & Disadvantages
1860
Union
1864
Union
CSA
22,100,000 (71%) 9,100,000 (29%)
28,800,000 (90%)
3,000,000 (10%)
2,100,000 (67%)
1,064,000 (33%)
2,100,000 (67%)
1,064,000 (33%)
Railroad miles
21,800 (71%)
8,800 (29%)
29,100 (98%)
negligible
Manufacturing
90%
10%
98%
negligible
Arms production
97%
3%
98%
negligible
Population
Soldiers
CSA
What did it mean for strategy?
Union
 Destined to win if the
war was long.
Confederacy
 Enormous disadvantage
with a long war.
 Needed:
– Quick victory or alliance
– Use creativity to fullest
Big Picture Strategies
North
 “Anaconda Plan”
– Surround South
– Split in two parts
– Press in on all sides
 Goliath defeats
David
South
 Attrition
– Protracted War
– “Will to fight”
 Foreign intervention
 Ingenuity & Resolve
Anaconda Plan
1. Surround South
2. Split in two parts
3. Press in on all sides
Bonus: Richmond
Anaconda Plan
Naval Strategies
Gideon Welles
SecNav Union
Stephen Mallory
SecNav Confederacy
Naval Strategies
Union
Anaconda Plan
1. Blockade
2. Take southern ports
• Forward logistic bases
3. Riverine Operations
• Mississippi
• Other Southern Rivers
4. Combined Ops with
Army
• Gunfire Bombardment
• Amphibious Assaults
• Gunfire Support
Out-build and out-number.
South
Immediate ship building
– Aggressive
– Ingenuity
Costal Defense
– Blockade breaking &
running
Commerce Raiding
– Privateering
– Confederate States Navy
Shipping Embargo
Harass and survive.
Blockade (April 1861)
Hampton Roads (1862)
Island No. 10 (1862)
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
Hatteras & Roanoke (1861-62)
Wilmington (1865)
Vicksburg (1862-63)
Port Royal (1861)
Charleston (1863)
Mobile Bay (1864)
New Orleans (1862)
Navy in the East
Union Commanders
ADM Samuel DuPont
Nobody
Franklin Buchanan
Union
Goals
 Strengthen Blockade
– 42 to 700 ships
 Destroy piracy
– Alabama v. Kearsarge
 Transport soldiers
– Peninsular Campaign
 Maintain own commerce
& supply
 Defeat Confederate
commerce & supply
Eastern Goals
Requirements
 Control of Seas
 Ports for blockading ships
– Port Royal, SC
 Take major Confederate
ports
– Charleston, SC
– Savannah, GA
– Wilmington, NC
Confederacy
Goals
 Blockade Running
 Guerre de Course
 Sustain Commercial
Interests
 International assistance
Eastern Goals
Requirements
 Build ships
– Ingenuity over number
 Letters of Marque
– Privateering
 Guerre de Course
 Appeals to foreign
powers
– Great Britain
War Begins 1861
Action / Reaction
 “Paper Blockade”
– Blockade Running
 Privateering & Guerre de Course
– Union targets privateers
– Privateering diminishes quickly
• Safer and more profitable to smuggle
 Abandon & Seize Norfolk
– 1000 cannon / dry-dock / 11 ships
– Raise USS Merrimack (CSS Virginia)
War Begins 1861
Action / Reaction
 Shipbuilding
– Union: Number & Technology
– Confederacy: Technology
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overseas building
Matthew Fontaine Maury v. John Ericcson
Ironclads (rams)
Mine torpedoes
Torpedo boats
CSS Hunley (submarine)
Technology
 Monitors
– Turret
 Eads Boats & Riverine Boats
– Timberclads
– Cairo-Class
– Neosho-Class Monitors
– Milwaukee-Class Monitors
 Torpedo Boats
 Defensive Mines
Defensive Mines
Torpedo Boats
Defensive Mines
 USS Tecumseh at Mobile Bay (5 Aug 64)
 Eads Gunboat Cairo near Vicksburg (12
Dec 62)
 Mine countermeasure tactics
 Retrieval, minesweeping &
countermining
Torpedo Boats




Spar-mounted Torpedo (“Spar Torpedo”)
Ram mine into side of ship
Near suicide
Gave impetus to design a launched
torpedo
Submarines
 Concept: submerged torpedo boat
 Problem: None that were built had…
1. Reliable propulsion
2. Sufficient air
3. Means to safely submerge
 Union Built (1): Intelligent Whale
 Confederates built (2):
– Obscure boat in New Orleans
– H. L. Hunley
CSS Hunley
Ironclads
CSS Albemarle
Formal Naval Tactics
 Nothing existed during Civil War
 Leaders depended on inspiration and
common sense
Blue Water War
Commerce Raiding
Smuggling
Guerre de Course
Civilian Privateers
 Letters of Marque
(1861)
 Only 50 of 300
 More $$ in blockade
running
Confederate Guerre de
Course
 250 of 300
 Built in Britain
 James D. Bullock
 1862
Guerre de Course
CSS Alabama
Rafael
Semmes
69 vessels
$6.5 million
CSS Florida
John Maffitt
39 vessels
CSS Shenandoah
James Waddell
38 vessels
Whaling Fleet
Guerre de Course- CSS Alabama
Battle of Cherbourg
CSS Alabama v. USS Kearsarge
Guerre de Course- CSS Shenandoah
Guerre de Course
Results
– Diverted ships from blockade
• 24 ships at one point for Alabama
– Interest rates
– Change national registry
• Set merchant shipping back 50 years
Did it have an impact?
Yes, but not enough.
Blockade Running
Blockade Running
 Fast boats : 14 KIAS
 Cover of darkness
 Many were British ships and British crews
– Released upon capture
 Nearly stopped by war’s end
 Blockade was frustrating and boring for
Union Navy
War on the East Coast
Eastern Battles
 Hatteras & Roanoke
Blockade runner havens
 Port Royal
Union blockade port
 Hampton Roads
Control of Chesapeake
 Charleston / Ft.
Sumter
Symbolic port on
Atlantic
 Wilmington (Ft. Fisher)
Last haven for blockade
running
Blockade (April 1861)
Hampton Roads (1862)
Hatteras & Roanoke (1861-62)
Wilmington (1865)
Port Royal (1861)
Charleston (1863)
Blockade (April 1861)
Hatteras & Roanoke (1861-62)
Port Royal (1861)
Hatteras & Port Royal
Blockade (April 1861)
Hampton Roads (1862)
Hatteras & Roanoke (1861-62)
Port Royal (1861)
Hampton Roads (1862)
Video 1
Video 2
Peninsular Campaign (1862)
Blockade (April 1861)
Hampton Roads (1862)
Hatteras & Roanoke (1861-62)
Port Royal (1861)
Charleston (1863)
Charleston (Ft. Sumter)- 1863
Blockade (April 1861)
Hampton Roads (1862)
Hatteras & Roanoke (1861-62)
Wilmington (1865)
Port Royal (1861)
Charleston (1863)
Wilmington (Ft. Fisher)- 1865
Importance of Eastern Battles
 Hatteras & Roanoke
 Port Royal
 Hampton Roads
 Charleston / Ft.
Sumter
 Wilmington (Ft.
Fisher)
Blockade runner
havens
Union blockade port
Control of Chesapeake
Symbolic port on
Atlantic
Last haven for
blockade running
Blockade (April 1861)
Hampton Roads (1862)
Hatteras & Roanoke (1861-62)
Wilmington (1865)
Port Royal (1861)
Charleston (1863)
War’s End
Blockade Crippled Commerce
– Controlled all major ports
– Negligible guerre de course
– Negligible blockade running
– Trade & supply collapsed
* Only hold-out: Fort Sumter
** Overall: Met strategic aims
Navy in the West
Navy and Army on the Western Rivers
Naval Forces in West
War aims
1.
2.
Control entire Mississippi
Work into heart of south through rivers
Upper Mississippi River
–
–
–
ADM Andrew Foote
Riverine Gunboats
Mission:
1. Control northern Mississippi
2. Support army with firepower, transport & supply
Lower Mississippi River & Gulf
–
–
–
ADM David Glasgow Farragut
Conventional ironclads and ships
Mission: Control gulf & southern Mississippi
Union Commanders
ADM Andrew
Foote
Upper River Fleet
Gunboat Flotilla
U. S. Grant
20,000
ADM David Farragut
Lower River Fleet
Navy’s Role
Upper Mississippi Ships
 CDR John Rodgers
 J. B. Eads
– 7 Ironclads
– 13 guns / Lightly armored
Eads Gunboat
Blockade (April 1861)
Island No. 10 (1862)
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
Vicksburg (1862-63)
Mobile Bay (1864)
New Orleans (1862)
Importance of Battles
Ft. Henry & Donelson
Forced retreat from KY
Island No. 10
Bottleneck on Miss River
New Orleans
2nd largest port in America
Shiloh
Push confederates east
Vicksburg
Last stand on Mississippi
Mobile Bay
Last stand on Gulf
Blockade (April 1861)
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
Fort Henry & Donelson- 1862
Blockade (April 1861)
Island No. 10 (1862)
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
Island No. 10- 1862
Island No. 10
Shiloh (1862)
 Two gunboats fired on attacking
confederate soldiers
 Slowed attack
 Allowed time for reinforcement
 Reinforcements arrive and force
confederate withdraw
 US Strategic Victory
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
New Orleans (1862)
Blockade (April 1861)
Island No. 10 (1862)
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
New Orleans (1862)
New Orleans
New Orleans
Remaining Confederate Control
Blockade (April 1861)
Island No. 10 (1862)
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
Vicksburg (1862-63)
New Orleans (1862)
Vicksburg- 1863
Blockade (April 1861)
Island No. 10 (1862)
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
Vicksburg (1862-63)
Mobile Bay (1864)
New Orleans (1862)
Mobile Bay- 1864
Mobile Bay- 1864
Importance of Battles
Ft. Henry & Donelson
Forced retreat from KY
Island No. 10
Bottleneck on Miss River
New Orleans
2nd largest port in America
Shiloh
Push confederates east
Vicksburg
Last stand on Mississippi
Mobile Bay
Last stand on Gulf
Blockade (April 1861)
Island No. 10 (1862)
Ft Henry & Donelson (1862)
Vicksburg (1862-63)
Mobile Bay (1864)
New Orleans (1862)
War’s End in West
– Controlled all Mississippi
– Grant (later Sherman) Armies pushed into
heart of confederacy
• Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia…northward
– Confederate trade, supply and movement
collapsed
• $2000 Confederate = $1 Gold
** Overall: Met strategic aims
April 1865
Unconditional Surrender
April 9, 1865: Army of Northern Virginia
– Gen Robert E. Lee
– Appomattox Courthouse, VA
(Abraham Lincoln assassinated, Apr. 14, 1865)
April 26, 1865: Army of Tennessee
– Gen Joseph Johnson
– Bentonville, NC
Results
 Union preserved
 Slaves emancipated
 US begins “Reconstruction” era
Civil War’s Conclusion
Was “Anaconda” Successful?
 Two-front success
 Joint Navy-Army success
Reasons
 Why did the Union win?
 Why did the Confederates lose?
Union
Goals
 Strengthen Blockade
– 42 to 700 ships
 Destroy piracy
– Alabama v. Kearsarge
 Transport soldiers
– Peninsular Campaign
 Maintain own commerce
& supply
 Defeat Confederate
commerce & supply
Eastern Goals
Requirements
 Control of Seas
 Ports for blockading ships
– Port Royal, SC
 Take major Confederate
ports
– Charleston, SC
– Savannah, GA
– Wilmington, NC
Confederacy
Goals
 Blockade Running
 Guerre de Course
 Sustain Commercial
Interests
 International assistance
Eastern Goals
Requirements
 Build ships
– Ingenuity over number
 Letters of Marque
– Privateering
 Guerre de Course
 Appeals to foreign
powers
– Great Britain
Impact of the Civil War on Navies?




Technology?
Strategy?
Experience?
Balance of Seapower?
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