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Transcript
Chapter 4 – Ancient Greece – Notes Section 1 – The First Greek Civilizations Geography Mountainous area resulted in an Independent people with own ways of life Surrounded by the sea = Seafaring people Minoans Named by Arthur Evans after Minos, King of Crete Civilization established in the Bronze Age Sea trading people Destroyed by either a natural disaster or invaders Knossos was the central city of Minoan civilization Palace of Knossos Royal seat of the kings Rooms brightly decorated Elaborate building that included: living rooms for the royal family Workshops for making vases & jewelry The first Greek State: Mycenae Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1870 Ruled by powerful monarchies who lived in a fortified palace center Led by Warrior Kings Prided themselves on heroic deeds in battle The Fall of Mycenae Weakened by earthquakes and internal struggle & fighting 400 year Dark Age – few written records Homer Epic Poems o Illiad--story of the Trojan War o Odyssey return of Odysseus Trojan War 1200 BC – Achilles The capture of Troy by the Greeks, according to Homer, was accomplished by a trick using the Trojan horse Arete Greek ideal of excellence and virtue Chapter 4 Section 2 – The Greek City-States Greek City-State - Polis By 750 BC the Polis becomes the central focus of Greek life Town, city, or village & the countryside Where people met for political, social, & religious activities Acropolis – fortified hill in center of the city Agora – marketplace Hoplite soldiers – heavily armed infantry or foot soldiers Phalanx Block formation Soldiers went into battle by marching shoulder to shoulder Tyrants Seized the government by force- took land from the rich & gave to the poor Gained & kept power by hiring soldiers Fell out of favor because contradicted the Greek rule of law Sparta and Athens Sparta Conquered their neighbors, the Laconians & the Messenians These people became known as helots (Greek word for “capture”) Became a military state to ensure control over the helots From childhood boys are trained to be soldiers Spartan = “highly self-disciplined” men served a lifetime in the military (age 20-60) lives were rigidly organized & tightly controlled Spartan Woman power over the household they enjoyed more rights and freedoms than Athenian women expected to exercise & remain fit to bear children expected husbands & sons to be brave Spartan Values duty, strength and discipline over all discouraged from studying philosophy, literature & arts – might lead to new thoughts Spartan Government Oligarchy – 2 Kings Ephors – 5 elected men Council of Elders Daily Life in Classical Athens Boys were taught reading, writing, math, music, and physical education Education ended at age 18 when officially became a citizen Athenian Women - Role of Women Strictly controlled -confined to the house Always had a male guardian Could not own property Learned to read & play instruments, but not given a formal education Government Ruled by Aristocrats Economic problems = political turmoil Farmers sold into slavery Athens verged on Civil War Solon – reform-minded aristocrat Solon’s Reforms Cancelled all debts Freed slaves Would not take land from rich & give to poor Internal Strife = Tyranny Pisistratus seized power in 560 BC Gave aristocrats’ land to the poor to gain their favor Succeed by his son & Athenians rebelled against him Cleisthenes’s Reforms Gained power in 508 BC Created a council of 500 – Citizen’s Assembly Basis of Athenian democracy Laid the foundation democracy we know today Types of Government Monarchy Ruled by a single king Rule is hereditary Some rulers claim divine right Practiced in Mycenae Oligarchy Ruled by a few group of citizens Rule is based on wealth Practiced in Sparta Aristocracy Ruled by nobility Rule is hereditary & based on land ownership Social status & wealth supports authority Practiced in Athens Democracy Ruled by citizens Rule is based on citizenship Majority rule decides the vote Practiced in Athen Chapter 4 - Section 3 – Classical Greece First Persian War Athens aids Greek Colonies against Persia Persian ruler Darius seeks revenge & invades at Marathon Defeated by Athens Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens Second Persian War Xerxes (Son of Darius) invades with 180,000 men and thousands of warships Thermopylae – Greeks hold off the Persian army 300 Greek soldiers were especially brave even though they were outnumbered The Athenian Empire Delian League Defensive alliance against the Persians Attacked the Persian Empire until liberated all the Greek states Headquarters was moved from Delo to Athens Age of Pericles 461-429 BC - Height of Athenian power and brilliance Direct Democracy People participate directly in government decisions through mass meetings Every male citizen voted Meetings held every 10 days The assembly passed all laws & elected public officials Ostracism Athenians practice this in order to protect themselves from overly ambitious polititions Great Peloponnesian War 431 – 405 B.C. Greek world divided: Athens vs. Sparta During 2nd year of the war – plague breaks out in overcrowded Athens, killing Pericles and 1/3 of the people Fought for 25 more years until the Athenian fleet was destroyed at Aegospotami Athens loses 27,000 men and fleet Sparta wins! 404 BC--Athens surrenders Athens stripped of walls, fleet, colonies and confidence Both sides exhausted, Sparta also declined Petty internal wars over next 66 years caused them to ignore Macedonia to the north This would lead to Greece’s demise as an independent nation Chapter 4 – Section 4 – The Culture of Classical Greece Greek Religion Mt. Olympus- Home of the Greek gods Polytheistic Did not focus on morality 12 chief gods and goddesses Oracle Festivals / rituals- were used to encourage the gods to be generous The Olympics – 776 BC Architecture search for perfect forms Based on ideals of reason, moderation, balance, and harmony in all things Most important form was the temples dedicated to gods or goddesses Parthenon Greek Sculpture Lifelike nude statues showed ideal form of beauty Polyclitus – sculptor who wrote systematic rules for proportions that can produce an ideal human form Drama Tragedy – hero with a tragic flaw Oedipus Rex Written by Sophocles The Oracle of Apollo foretells how Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother Comedyy Satire Philosophy An organized system of thought “love of wisdom” Basic assumption: o universe is orderly and subject to unchanging laws o people understand those laws through logic and reasoning Sophists Traveling teachers Forget the gods, concentrate on improving yourself No universal truths Socrates – “The unexamined life is not worth living” Socratic Method o Question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason Questioning authority = trouble 399 BC tried for corrupting the youth of Athens Sentenced to die by drinking hemlock Plato – “How do we know what is real?” Student of Socrates Greatest philosopher of all time Believed individuals could not achieve a good life unless they lived in a just and rational state Ideal forms make up reality Expressed hi ideas in a book titled The Republic Established a school called the Academy Aristotle Student at the Academy for 20 years Did not accept Plato’s theory of ideal forms Believed in analyzing through observation and investigation (scientific method) Favored constitutional government Inventor of the syllogism All men are mortal A is to B Socrates is a man as C is to A Therefore C is B Socrates is ________ Herodotus wrote History of the Persian Wars “Father of History” Thucydides Wrote History of the Peloponnesian War Considered the greatest historian of the ancient world Chapter 4 – Section 5 - Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms Philip II Conquers Greece at Chaeronea 338 BC Murdered Alexander the Great – son of Philip II 20 when crowned Aristotle tutors him in Greek culture Inspired by Homer Great General-never lost a battle Brutal Brave and lucky 35,000 Greeks defeat 40,000 Persians at Granicus River Major Battles at: Granicus Issus Alexander adopts Persian ways--unites Persia with Greece 200 miles into India Army refuses to go on, turns back Alex dies at 33 with no heir Alexander’s Legacy 70 new cities Created the Hellenistic Era Ended era of the Polis Empire divided into 4 Kingdoms: Macedonia Egypt Pergamum Syria The Spread of Hellenistic Culture It was an age that saw the expansion of Greek language and Greek ideas to the non Greek world. Hellenism became the core of Western Civilization Greeks flocked to the new empire Greek language united the region Hellenism: blend of Greek and local cultures – means “to imitate the Greeks” Alexandria, Egypt Became greatest city of the age Lighthouse--one of the 7 Wonders of the World Library (first research library) Glass tomb of Alexander University, Zoo, museum Science and Technology Ptolemy--earth is center of universe--main authority for science for 1,000 years Eratosthenes—Determined that the earth was round and calculated its circumference (24,675 miles) Euclid—Wrote the Elements. It was a textbook on plane geometry Philosophy and Art Stoicism--Zeno Divine power controls the universe Natural harmony Control of desires=ethical life Believed happiness could only be found when people gained an inner peace by living in harmony with God. Epicureanism—Epicurus Gods rule, but no interest in humans Only reality is what we perceive with our senses Happiness comes from freedom from turmoil and worry. Happiness was the goal of life, and could be achieved through the pursuit of pleasure. Art--away from classical idealism toward realism and drama Hellenism dominated the Mediterranean and SW Asia for 1,000 years