Download Cell Cycle, DNA, and Protein Synthesis

Cell Cycle, DNA, and Protein Synthesis
The Cell Cycle
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We have learned that the basic unit of life is the _______________.
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Like all living things, the cell goes through a cycle of ____________ and ___________.
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The sequence of growth and division of a cell is called the_______________________.
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Most of the cell’s life is spent in the growth phase known as _______________
–
made up of three phases:
_________, __________, and ___________
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The _______________ phase in the cycle is the cell division phase known
as _______________.
The Cell Cycle
G1 – __________ – Chromosomes are not ___________(chromatin)
Cell is rapidly _________and synthesizing ________for daily functions
Mitosis - Cell divides
the nucleus followed
by cytoplasm division
(cytokinesis) resulting
in two _________
________________
G2 –______- Cell is growing and
producing proteins needed for
__________________
S Stage -_____________
Chromosomes are replicated to
form a pair of _______________
connected by a ______________
Mitosis
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During mitosis, _________ parent cell divides into _________ identical daughter cells.
All _______________ cells (cells other than the sex cells that make eggs and sperm)
undergo_______________.
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There are _______________ phases of mitosis:
– _______________
- _________________
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– _______________
- _________________
Prophase
• This is the _____ and __________ phase in mitosis.
• The nuclear envelope _______________
• Chromatin coils to become visible _______________
• The two halves of the doubled structure are called___________________.
• Sister chromatids are exact copies of each other and are held together by a __________.
• In animal cells, the _______________ move to opposite ends of the
cell and start to form _______________
Metaphase
• The ____________ and _______________ phase in mitosis
• The _______________ fibers attach to the _______________
• The sister chromatids are then pulled to the ____________ of the cell and
line up on the midline or equator
• One sister chromatid from each pair points to one ___________ while the
other points to the _______________ pole
Anaphase
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The ________________ split and the sister chromatids
are pulled to _____________ poles of the cell
Telophase
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Chromosomes _______________
Spindle is _______________
Nuclear envelope _______________
_______________ begins
Cytokinesis
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_______________ is split forming two daughter cells each with
its own _______________ and cytoplasmic _______________
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– In__________: a _______________ is formed that _______________
the two cells apart
– In___________: a ________________ forms between the two new cells to
start the formation of the ________(this does ______ occur in ___________ cells!)
Name the Phase
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________ _____________
_______________
_____________
Cell Development
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In the development of most multicellular organisms, a single cell
(________________________) gives rise to many different types of cells, each with a
different ____________ and corresponding ____________.
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The fertilized egg gives rise to a large number of cells through ________________________,
but the process of cell division alone could only lead to increasing numbers of ____________
cells.
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As cell division proceeds, the cells not only increase in ____________ but also undergo
____________ becoming ____________ in structure and function.
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The various types of cells (such as ____________ , ____________ , ____________ cells)
arrange into ____________ which are organized into____________, and, ultimately, into
organ ____________.
Differentiation
• Nearly all of the cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same ____________ and
____________.
• During the process of differentiation, only specific parts of the ____________ are activated;
the parts of the DNA that are ____________ determine the ____________ and specialized
____________ of a cell.
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• Because all cells contain the same DNA, all cells initially have the potential to
become________________________.
• Once a cell differentiates, the process can not be ____________.
Stem Cells
• ________________________ are unspecialized cells that continually reproduce themselves
and have, under appropriate conditions, the ability to differentiate into ____________ or
____________ types of specialized cells.
– Embryonic cells, which have ____________ differentiated into various cell types, are
called________________________.
– Stem cells found in ____________ organisms, for instance in bone marrow, are called
________________________.
• Scientists have recently demonstrated that stem cells, both __________________ and
____________, with the right laboratory culture conditions, differentiate into
________________________.
Controlling the Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle is driven by a ______________________________ telling the cell when to
turn on and off cell division
– ___________signals – cell senses the presence of __________ produced within the cell
– _____________ signals – cell senses the presence of chemicals (such as ___________
________) produced by other _______________
• Cells also respond to _______________ signals
– When cells are_______________, division
is turned ______
– When cells are _______________ with other cells,
division is turned _______
• The cycle control system is regulated at
certain _______________
• At each checkpoint, the cell decides if it should go on with division
– G1 – makes sure conditions are _____________ and cell is ___________ for division
– G2 – cell checks for any ________________ in the copies of _______________
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– Mitosis – cell makes sure _______________ and _____________ are arranged properly
• Specific _______________ are required to initiate cell division. Cell division in most
animals cells is in the “_____” position when no stimulus is present
Mitosis Out of Control
• Cancer cells are an example of cells that
_______________ to the cells control system
• Cancer cells _______________ even though
they may be closely packed together or
no growth factor is present.
• Cancer begins as a _______________
• This cell is normally ____________ and _____________ by the body’s immune system. If
not, this cell could ____________ into a _______of identical daughter ____________ that:
– Impair the function of one or more organs – _______________
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Cells can_______________, enter the blood and lymph systems and invade other
parts of the body and become_______________.
– Remain at their original site – _______________
DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) contains the_______________ – all the instructions needed
to make proteins (including_______________)
• A segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein is called a_______________.
Hundreds of genes together make up a_______________.
_______________  _______________  _______________
• DNA is a polymer made up of a chain of _______________
• Each nucleotide has _______________ parts:
– _______________
– _______________
– _______________ (_____________________________________________________)
DNA Nucleotide Structure
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DNA Structure
Single ring nitrogen bases
always bind with a double
ring nitrogen base:
__________ to ________
DNA Structure
_________to________
Nucleotide
Nucleotide Sequence
• The DNA of all living things has the same _______nitrogen bases.
• They are different due to the different __________ of those bases.
– For example, the code ATTGAC would code for a
______________________ than TCCAAA
• Because the order of these bases is so important, DNA must
________________________ itself when the cell divides to ensure
an ____________ copy is passed on to each daughter cell
DNA Replication Steps

DNA is un zipped and unwound by the enzyme ____________

The enzyme ____________ attaches and reads the DNA

DNA nucleotides find their ____________ on each side of the DNA strand

New bases keep attaching until ____________ molecules of DNA are completed.

____________ would then follow where each daughter cell would be given ____________
____________ of the original DNA
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Processes and Code Transfer
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Replication –____________ DNA to make another ____________ double strand of ______
____________ – makes a copy of a _______ of DNA and creates a single strand of ______
____________ –___________ the sequence of mRNA nucleotides to build a __________
Protein Synthesis
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DNA holds the code for protein synthesis but it ____________ leave the____________.

Protein synthesis is performed at the ____________ in the ____________
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The cell uses _______ to ________ the code from DNA and _______ it to the ribosomes

RNA (ribonucleic acid) has _______ parts:
– ____________
– ____________
– ____________ (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and____________)
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There is no ____________ in RNA – it is replaced with ____________
RNA Structure
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Transcription
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Copying the portion of DNA that carries the code for a protein is called ____________.
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A portion of DNA that codes for a specific protein is ____________
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RNA nucleotides find their ____________
DNA - ATTGCTCCG
RNA - ________________
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The RNA strand (________) releases from the DNA strand
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mRNA strand is ________and ____________from the nucleus
Translation
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Translation is the process of ____________ mRNA to build
a chain of ____________ that make up a ____________
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mRNA leaves the nucleus and heads to the ____________ where translation will occur
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Each sequence of three nucleotides is called a____________.
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Each codon codes for a specific____________.
UAA CGA GGC
Translation Steps (page 308 in your book)
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Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by _______
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There are _______ different tRNA molecules,
one for each type of ____________
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tRNA ____________ find their compliment
____________ on the mRNA
mRNA codons – UAA
CGA
GGC
tRNA anticodons – ___________________
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_________________ forms between the amino acids
forming a ________________________
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Translation stops when a _______________ is reached
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Mutations
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If the mRNA does not copy the code ____________, the amino acid chain
will be altered – this is called a ____________
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