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Honors Biology Unit 6: Continuity of Life 1) Inheritance Patterns, Pedigrees Pedigrees (genetic family trees) o Draw out a plausible pedigree if given relationships… know symbols for divorce, death, remarriage, twins, adoption, etc. o Tell whether a shaded-in person has a trait that’s autosomal dom, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked recessive based on patterns in the family tree Model organisms o Examples? Why use them? What are several benefits over studying humans? Gregor Mendel! Why is he the Father of Genetics? What did he NOT know? o How did he set up pea plant experiments? How did he fertilize them? o What are P-gen, F1-gen, F2-gen? Provide an example scenario. o Laws of Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment (know what they mean and also specific situations in which they apply ) Genotypes o = the combo of alleles from mom and dad (ex. AA, Tt , ff, CFCB ) o What are alleles? o Homozygous dominant vs. homozygous recessive vs. heterozygous Phenotypes (what you SEE as a result of the genotype expression) o Simple vs. Incomplete vs. Codominance vs. Sex-linked… how do you know which one? o Polygenic traits Typically a wide spectrum that follows a bell curve… why? Human hair color = 6 known gene pairs drive what melanocytes produce Contrast function & alleles for eumelanin, pheomelanin, MC1R Others: Finch beak depth, skin color, height, nose shape Diseases and Conditions: sickle cell anemia, polydactyly, achondroplasia, hemophilia, colorblindness… what are they? What are the symptoms? What causes them? What inheritance patterns do they follow? Problem solving o Recognize when various offspring ratios occur, and apply this knowledge. 3:1 ratio – Monohybrid cross 1:2:1 ratio – Monohybrid cross (codominant or incomplete dominant traits) 9:3:3:1 ratio – Dihybrid cross 2:1 – double lethal dominant like achondroplasia (25% die in miscarriage) o Practice solving two factor or dihybrid crosses (2 genes, four total alleles… eg. AaDd x aaDD). Blood types o Contrast antigens vs. antibodies. How do they interact? o ABO blood group – what’s dominant? What’s recessive? What’s codominant? o Rhesus factor – Discovered in? What inheritance pattern? How to write alleles? o Universal donor? Why? Universal recipient? Why? o Use blood types for paternity scenarios. ie. Who can NOT be the father? Etc Environmental influence on a phenotype: it’s NOT just genes that determine outcome! o Examples: diet, smoking, chemicals, plastic surgery, laser eye surgery, etc. 2) Sexual Reproduction What is a true hermaphrodite? Why is their reproduction still considered sexual? Flowering plant reproduction o Label male vs. female parts on diagram (anthers vs. ovaries) o What are the plant gametes called? (pollen and egg) o Explain flower fertilization – how are heterotrophs involved? (pollination) (seed dispersal) Chromosomes o What are banding patterns on the chromosomes used for? o How many are in human somatic cells? In gametes? o Differentiate between diploid and haploid o Define ‘homologous pair’ and give an example o Interpret Human Karyotypes Contrast autosomes and sex chromosomes Find trisomy and/or monosomy if present Determine the person’s sex Meiosis (makes haploid gametes) o Trace homologous chromosomes through meiosis I/meiosis II. Be able to draw out from start to finish! Know prophase, metaphase, anaphase telophase I and II o Illustrate and explain how crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis I contribute to an essentially infinite number of possible gametes o Show how oogenesis and spermatogenesis processes and outcomes are different o Identify causes of nondisjunction disorders like Down syndrome, Triple X, Klinefelter syndrome, Patau’s trisomy 13, Edward’s trisomy 18 5) Cell Cycle, Mitosis Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis o Explain several reasons cells need to divide Ex. growth, repair, regeneration, replacement, asexual reproduction o Be able to explain the significance of a surface area to volume ratio (from unit 1!) Why is the ‘lifespan’ of a cell described as a ‘cell cycle’? o Explain the general events of each part of interphase (G1, S, and G2) o Draw out or identify key stages of mitosis/M-phase (PMAT & cytokinesis) What’s happening to the chromosomes/spindle fibers/nucleus/membranes/centrioles at each point? Cell division errors result in: o Identical twins vs. conjoined twins o Nondisjunction (can happen in mitosis, too!) o Cancer Know major cell cycle checkpoints and normal function Distinguish types of tumors (benign, malignant, metastatic) Importance of apoptosis Binary fission o How is it different from mitosis? o How long does it take for bacteria like E. coli to replicate? o