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Honors Biology Unit 6: Continuity of Life
1) Inheritance Patterns, Pedigrees
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Pedigrees (genetic family trees)
o Draw out a plausible pedigree if given relationships… know
symbols for divorce, death, remarriage, twins, adoption, etc.
o Tell whether a shaded-in person has a trait that’s autosomal
dom, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked recessive based on
patterns in the family tree
Model organisms
o Examples? Why use them? What are several benefits over studying humans?
Gregor Mendel! Why is he the Father of Genetics? What did he NOT know?
o How did he set up pea plant experiments? How did he fertilize them?
o What are P-gen, F1-gen, F2-gen? Provide an example scenario.
o Laws of Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment (know
what they mean and also specific situations in which they apply )
Genotypes
o = the combo of alleles from mom and dad (ex. AA, Tt , ff, CFCB )
o What are alleles?
o Homozygous dominant vs. homozygous recessive vs. heterozygous
Phenotypes (what you SEE as a result of the genotype expression)
o Simple vs. Incomplete vs. Codominance vs. Sex-linked… how do you know which one?
o Polygenic traits
 Typically a wide spectrum that follows a bell curve… why?
 Human hair color = 6 known gene pairs drive what melanocytes produce
 Contrast function & alleles for eumelanin, pheomelanin, MC1R
 Others: Finch beak depth, skin color, height, nose shape
Diseases and Conditions: sickle cell anemia, polydactyly, achondroplasia, hemophilia,
colorblindness… what are they? What are the symptoms? What causes them? What inheritance
patterns do they follow?
Problem solving
o Recognize when various offspring ratios occur, and apply this knowledge.
 3:1 ratio – Monohybrid cross
 1:2:1 ratio – Monohybrid cross (codominant or incomplete dominant traits)
 9:3:3:1 ratio – Dihybrid cross
 2:1 – double lethal dominant like achondroplasia (25% die in miscarriage)
o Practice solving two factor or dihybrid crosses (2 genes, four total alleles… eg. AaDd x
aaDD).
Blood types
o Contrast antigens vs. antibodies. How do they interact?
o ABO blood group – what’s dominant? What’s recessive? What’s codominant?
o Rhesus factor – Discovered in? What inheritance pattern? How to write alleles?
o Universal donor? Why? Universal recipient? Why?
o Use blood types for paternity scenarios. ie. Who can NOT be the father? Etc
Environmental influence on a phenotype: it’s NOT just genes that determine outcome!
o Examples: diet, smoking, chemicals, plastic surgery, laser eye surgery, etc.
2) Sexual Reproduction
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What is a true hermaphrodite? Why is their reproduction still considered sexual?
Flowering plant reproduction
o Label male vs. female parts on diagram (anthers vs. ovaries)
o What are the plant gametes called? (pollen and egg)
o Explain flower fertilization – how are heterotrophs involved? (pollination) (seed dispersal)
Chromosomes
o What are banding patterns on the chromosomes used for?
o How many are in human somatic cells? In gametes?
o Differentiate between diploid and haploid
o Define ‘homologous pair’ and give an example
o Interpret Human Karyotypes
 Contrast autosomes and sex chromosomes
 Find trisomy and/or monosomy if present
 Determine the person’s sex
Meiosis (makes haploid gametes)
o Trace homologous chromosomes through meiosis I/meiosis II. Be able to draw out from
start to finish! Know prophase, metaphase, anaphase telophase I and II
o Illustrate and explain how crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis I
contribute to an essentially infinite number of possible gametes
o Show how oogenesis and spermatogenesis processes and outcomes are different
o Identify causes of nondisjunction disorders like Down syndrome, Triple X, Klinefelter
syndrome, Patau’s trisomy 13, Edward’s trisomy 18
5) Cell Cycle, Mitosis
Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
o Explain several reasons cells need to divide Ex. growth, repair, regeneration, replacement,
asexual reproduction
o Be able to explain the significance of a surface area to volume ratio (from unit 1!)
Why is the ‘lifespan’ of a cell described as a ‘cell cycle’?
o Explain the general events of each part of interphase (G1, S, and G2)
o Draw out or identify key stages of mitosis/M-phase (PMAT & cytokinesis)
 What’s happening to the chromosomes/spindle
fibers/nucleus/membranes/centrioles at each point?
Cell division errors result in:
o Identical twins vs. conjoined twins
o Nondisjunction (can happen in mitosis, too!)
o Cancer
 Know major cell cycle checkpoints and normal function
 Distinguish types of tumors (benign, malignant, metastatic)
 Importance of apoptosis
Binary fission
o How is it different from mitosis?
o How long does it take for bacteria like E. coli to replicate?
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