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Objective 2 Organization of Living Systems B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules. When a sea urchin egg is removed from the Why are photosynthesis and cellular ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells respiration often considered opposites and bursts. Which of these causes water to F Photosynthesis produces twice as enter the egg? many ATP molecules as cellular F Coagulation respiration does. G Sodium pump G Water is released during H Active transport photosynthesis and consumed during J Osmosis cellular respiration. H Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night. J Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration. Which molecule provides most of the energy Cholera-causing bacteria have a single used to drive chemical reactions in cells? flagellum that allows these bacteria to — F DNA A move G RNA B reproduce H ATP C excrete water J ADP D produce sugar The box contains some facts about kidneys and dialysis. Which of the following best explains why dialysis works F Dialysis reduces the size of proteins. G Proteins are dissolved by urine. H Dialysis filters proteins from solution. J Proteins transport membrane fragments. What process is shown above? A Cellular ingestion B Pseudopod formation C Cell wall digestion D Binary fission 11th Grade Science – page 1 Which of these best explains why a freshwater aquarium would be a dangerous habitat for saltwater fish? A The tissues of the saltwater fish would absorb too much acid. B The organs of the saltwater fish would produce too much protein. C The organ systems of the saltwater fish would consume too much energy. D The cells of the saltwater fish would gain too much water. Which of these is a characteristic of body cells that require large amounts of energy? A They have a large number of mitochondria. B They have a supplementary Y chromosome. C They have a two-layer membrane. D They have a storage area for albumin proteins. Saltwater fish remove extra salt from their body by active transport through the gills. What is the result of this activity? A The salt becomes more chemically active. B Water balance is maintained in the blood. C The rate of energy production is decreased. D The cell membrane becomes less permeable to water. 11th Grade Science – page 2 B.6A – Describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying traits of an organism is carried in the DNA. In DNA, which of the following determines the All of the following are found in a DNA traits of an organism? molecule except — F Amount of adenine A carbon dioxide G Number of sugars B deoxyribose H Sequence of nitrogen bases C nitrogen J Strength of hydrogen bonds D phosphate Which of the following best describes the question this set of procedures was designed to answer? A Can a substance from dead bacteria transform living bacteria? B Can R bacterial cells survive heating? C Can dead bacterial cells confer immunity to a living host? D Can bacterial cells be isolated from a healthy host? Coat color in mice varies greatly, ranging from Which molecule is most responsible for black to grizzly gray, black-and-white, spotted, determining an organism’s eye color, body or white. The nucleus from a body cell of a structure, and cellular enzyme production? grizzly-gray mouse is fused with an egg from a A Complex starch black mouse from which the nucleus has been B Fatty acid removed. The egg begins to divide and is then C Carbohydrate transplanted into a female white mouse. What D Deoxyribonucleic acid will be the most likely coat color of the offspring? F Black G Black with white spots H Grizzly gray J White 11th Grade Science – page 3 In all plant and animal cells, the nucleus contains long molecules of DNA. Which of the following best describes the function of DNA? F DNA provides the shape and structure of the nucleus. G DNA packages materials for transport through the nucleus. H DNA carries materials into and out of the nucleus. J DNA contains the blueprint for producing the whole organism. Erwin Chargaff studied the DNA of organisms within a single species. Chargaff discovered that the amount of adenine is about equal to the amount of thymine. Which of these explains why the ratio of adenine to thymine is nearly 1:1? A Adenine and thymine pair with each other. B Adenine binds with phosphates, while thymine binds with nitrates. C Adenine and thymine are identical in chemical composition. D Adenine bases contain a form of thymine. What do the results of this investigation indicate? F This trait is determined by the Y chromosome. G Red-eyed flies always produce red-eyed offspring. H White-eyed flies have many phenotypes for eye color. J This trait is carried only on the X chromosome. 11th Grade Science – page 4 B.6B – Explain replication, transcription, and translation using models of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis? F 11 G 19 H 38 J 76 Which of these represents the DNA segment from which this section of mRNA was transcribed? A ACTAAG B TCUTTG C GAAUCU D UCCTGA If the template of a strand of DNA is 5’ AGATGCATC 3’, the complementary strand will be — F 3’ TCTACGTAG 5’ G 5’ CTACGTAGA 3’ H 3’ AGATGCATC 5’ J 5’ AGACGTCTA 3’ DNA passes information to RNA during the process of — F transcription G active transport H regeneration J osmosis The diagram above shows how an mRNA molecule is synthesized. What would be the most likely result if a bacterial infection stopped the production of the RNA polymerase? F A protein could not be manufactured. G A lysosome would digest the cell. H Osmosis would not occur in the cell. J Dehydration could be prevented in the cytoplasm Which of the following must occur before DNA replication can take place? A Translation of DNA into amino acids B Separation of the DNA molecule into codons C Transformation of DNA into RNA D Separation of the DNA double helix 11th Grade Science – page 5 B.6C – Identify and illustrate how changes in DNA cause mutations [and evaluate the significance of these changes]. Mutations in DNA molecules can occur when — F replication of DNA is exact G a DNA enzyme attaches to an RNA codon H RNA codons are replaced by DNA nucleotides J a change occurs in DNA nucleotide bases The diagram above shows chromosomes in a cell undergoing cell division. If one of the chromosomes breaks during this process, which of the following will most likely happen? A Mutation B Selection C Duplication D Segregation The assembly of a messenger RNA strand that normally begins with UAC has been changed so that the newly assembled messenger RNA strand begins with UAG. Which of the following will most likely occur? A The protein will be missing the first amino acid. B The amino acids that make up the protein will all be different. C The mRNA will become attached to a ribosome. D The production of the protein will be stopped. Which of the following is a change that could be passed on to an organism’s offspring? F Damage to the DNA of gamete cells G Damage to skin cells from exposure to sunlight H Damage to DNA in the cytoplasm of cheek cells J Damage to hair pigment cells with permanent dyes Which of these best explains how mutation can Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder resulting from be beneficial to an organism? A Phenotypic a mutation that leads to the production of an change may create an advantage over other abnormal protein. Which component of the organisms. DNA molecule provides instructions for the B Recombined genetic material improves production of the protein? genotype stability. A The phosphate groups C Mitosis becomes a favored means of B The sugar molecules reproduction. C The sequence of nitrogen bases D Deoxyribose sugars develop into additional D The bonds that hold the sugars to the bases nucleotides. 11th Grade Science – page 6 A deletion of a DNA base from a gene affects an organism by— F causing future gametes to have additional chromosomes G changing the sequence of amino acids in a protein H causing chromosome fragments to form long chains J changing the structure of ribose sugar in nucleic acids If one nucleotide is omitted or accidentally repeated in the process of DNA duplication, which of the following is most likely to occur? F Gene deletion G Gene mutation H Gene insertion J Gene segregation techniques 11th Grade Science – page 7 B.8C – Identify characteristics of kingdoms including monerans, protists, fungi, plants and animals. The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is most closely related to the — F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus Which of these classifications is most The kingdom Animalia includes all of these specific? except — A Family A jellyfish B Genus B sponges C Phylum C amoebas D Order D roundworms Which kingdom does this organism belong to? A Fungi B Archaebacteria C Plantae D Animalia This organism most likely is a member of which kingdom? F Eubacteria G Protista H Animalia J Plantae 11th Grade Science – page 8 B.10A – Interpret the functions of systems in organisms including circulatory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, skeletal, respiratory, muscular, excretory, and immune. A portion of the human excretory system is represented in the diagram. The order in which urine flows through the system is — F urethra G ureter H kidney J bladder Which body system is directly responsible for delivering nutrients to cells throughout the body? A Circulatory system B Integumentary system C Endocrine system D Respiratory system The diagram illustrates the parts of this flower. Which of these parts are not directly involved in sexual reproduction? A Stigma and style B Sepal and pedicel C Anther and filament D Receptacle and ovary Red marrow is the principal tissue that produces red blood cells in humans. In which body system is red marrow found? F Integumentary system G Respiratory system H Nervous system J Skeletal system According to this information, some organs of the gastrointestinal tract — The diagram represents a human arm. Which A fit in more than one organ system structure is most responsible for moving the B perform only one function at a time arm to a straighter position? C supply the body with platelets A Tendons of origin 11th Grade Science – page 9 B Biceps C Radius D Triceps D produce soluble vitamins 11th Grade Science – page 10 B.10B – Compare the interrelationships of organ systems to each other and the body as a whole. Nutrients from digested food move from the When a person is frightened by a wild animal, digestive system directly into the — some organ systems immediately become A circulatory system active, while others are suppressed. Which of B integumentary system these systems is likely to be suppressed? C excretory system F Muscular system D endocrine system G Respiratory system H Endocrine system J Digestive system How is the circulatory system related to the How is the excretory system most likely to digestive system? respond when an animal is thirsty? F The brain stem controls the heart rate. F By relaxing the smooth muscles G Blood carries nutrients to body cells. G By retaining body fluids H Stomach muscles contract and expand. H By absorbing heat from lymph glands J The pharynx is a passageway for air and J By releasing hormones food. Because chewing begins the breakdown of food before it is swallowed, digestion starts in the mouth and throat. Which of the following systems aids most in this early stage of digestion? A Immune system B Excretory system C Muscular system D Respiratory system 11th Grade Science – page 11