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Diaz, Lizbeth April 20, 2009 Mr. Marshall AP/World History Indentations Ch.14- the Latin west 1. Latin West – Ordinarily the Europeans referred to themselves as “Latins”. The Latin west was emerging from the economic and cultural shadow of its Islamic neighbors, and despite grave disruptions caused by plague and warfare, boldly setting out to extend its dominance. 2. Three-field system – They grew crops on two-thirds of third land each year and planted the third field in oats. 3. Black Death – Killed off a third of western Europeans. This terrible plague spread out of Asia and struck Mongol armies attacking the city of Kaffa on the Black sea in 1346. During the next two years the Black Death spread across Europe, sparing some spaces and carrying of the populace in others. 4. Water Wheels – By the early fourteenth century entrepreneurs had crammed sixty-eight watermills into a one-mile section of the Seine River in Paris. The flow of the river below turned the simplest water wheels. 5. Hanseatic League – Traded extensively in the Baltic, including the coasts of Prussia, newly conquered by German Knights. Their merchants ranged eastward to Novgorod in Russia and westward across the North Sea to London. 6. Guild – An association of craft specialist, such as silversmiths or of merchants that regulated the business practices of its members and the prices they charged. 7. Gothic Cathedrals – The new ones were architectural wonders that made their appearance in about 1140. The most amazing Gothic arch replaced the older round Roman arch. 8. Renaissance – In the mid-fourteenth century the pace of intellectual and artistic life quickened. It began in northern Italy and later spread to northern Europe. 9. Universities – Between 1300 and 1500 sixty new universities joined the twenty existing institutions of higher learning in the Latin west. 10. Scholasticism – The most notable scholastic work was the summa theological, issued between1267 and 1273 by Thomas Aquinas. 11. Humanists – With the brash exaggeration characteristic of the new intellectual fashions, Humanists writers such as the poet and story teller Giovanni Boccaccio (1304- 1304-1375) claimed that their new-found admiration for the classical valves revived Greco- Roman traditions that for centuries had lain buried under the rubble of the Middle Ages. 12. Printing Press – Revolutionized printing. The man who did most printing was Johann Guten Berg (ca.1394- 1468) of Mainz. 13. Hundred Year War – This long conflict set the power of the French monarchy against the ambitions of his vassals, who included the King of England and the heads of Flanders, Brittany and Burgundy. The conflict grew out of a marriage alliance. 14. New Monarchies – English monarchs after 1453 strove to consolidate control within the British Isles. French monarchies worked to tame the independence of their powerful noble vassals. 15. Reconquest – Spain and Portugal’s reconquest of Iberia from Muslim rule was also a religious crusade. The Christian Knights who gradually pushed the borders of their kingdoms southward expected material rewards. The reconquest waves over several centuries. Christian knights took Toledo in 1985. 16. Great Western Schism – A period when rival papal claimants at Avignon and Rome vied for the loyalties of Latin Christians. 17. Population – In 1200 most western Europeans were serfs obliged to till the soil on large estates owned by the nobility and the church. 18. Rural Life – Men and women worked on the fields, they were not equal when it comes to decision making at home. Women were subordinate to men. 19. Water Power – Water power made possible a great expansion of iron making (the real Iron Age came in the later Middle Ages). Blast furnaces capable of producing high quality iron are documented from 1380. The finish products included everything from armor and nails to horseshoes and agricultural tools. 20. Urban revival – The greatest cities in the Latin West were undergoing greater commercial, cultural, and administrative changes. 21. Trade – In the 1271 the young Venetian merchant Marco polo set out to reach the Mongol court by a long overland trek across Central Asia. 22. Jews – The largest population of Jews was in Spain, where earlier Islamic rulers had made them welcome. Persecution peaked in times of crisis, such as during the Black Death. 23. Merchant-Bankers – The merchant Bankers handled the financial transactions of a variety of merchants as well as of ecclesiastical and secular officials. 24. Clock – The west was the first part of the world where clocks became a regular part of urban life. The first mechanical clocks appeared around 1300 in Western Europe were simple bells with an automatic mechanical device to strike the correct number of hours. 25. Theology – The prominence of theology party reflected the fact that many students were destined for ecclesiastical careers, but theology was also seen as “queen of the sciences.” 26. Political Powers – Hereditary monarchs occupied the peak of the political pyramid, but their powers were limited by modest treasuries and the rights possessed by others. 27. Church Defense – The church resisted royal control. In 1302 the outraged Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) went too far as to assert that divine law made the papacy superior to “every human creature”, including monarchs. 28. Cannons - In the final battles of the Hundred Year War, French forces used larges cannon to demolish the walls on secure castles held by the English and their allies. 29. Crossbows – Early in the war, hired Italian crossbow men reinforced the French cavalry, but arrows from another late medieval innovation, the English longbow, nearly annihilated the French force. 30. Peasants & War – A young French peasant women, Joan of Arc, brought the English gains to a halt. Shortly after this victory, Joan had the misfortune of falling into English hands. English churchmen tried her for witchcraft and burned her at the stake in 1431. 31. Florence – Local banking families also turned Florence into a center for high-quality wool making. In 1338 Florence manufactured 80,000 pieces of cloth, while importing only 10,000 from Flanders. 32. Deforestation – Trees were cut to provide timber for buildings and for ships. Many forests were cleared to make room for farming. Consequently, the later Middle Ages saw the depletion of many once-dense forests in Western Europe.