Download Chapter 14 Identifications By Lizbeth Diaz

Diaz, Lizbeth
April 20, 2009
Mr. Marshall
AP/World History
Indentations
Ch.14- the Latin west
1. Latin West – Ordinarily the Europeans referred to themselves as “Latins”. The Latin west
was emerging from the economic and cultural shadow of its Islamic neighbors, and despite
grave disruptions caused by plague and warfare, boldly setting out to extend its dominance.
2. Three-field system – They grew crops on two-thirds of third land each year and planted
the third field in oats.
3. Black Death – Killed off a third of western Europeans. This terrible plague spread out of
Asia and struck Mongol armies attacking the city of Kaffa on the Black sea in 1346. During
the next two years the Black Death spread across Europe, sparing some spaces and carrying
of the populace in others.
4. Water Wheels – By the early fourteenth century entrepreneurs had crammed sixty-eight
watermills into a one-mile section of the Seine River in Paris. The flow of the river below
turned the simplest water wheels.
5. Hanseatic League – Traded extensively in the Baltic, including the coasts of Prussia,
newly conquered by German Knights. Their merchants ranged eastward to Novgorod in
Russia and westward across the North Sea to London.
6. Guild – An association of craft specialist, such as silversmiths or of merchants that
regulated the business practices of its members and the prices they charged.
7. Gothic Cathedrals – The new ones were architectural wonders that made their appearance
in about 1140. The most amazing Gothic arch replaced the older round Roman arch.
8. Renaissance – In the mid-fourteenth century the pace of intellectual and artistic life
quickened. It began in northern Italy and later spread to northern Europe.
9. Universities – Between 1300 and 1500 sixty new universities joined the twenty existing
institutions of higher learning in the Latin west.
10. Scholasticism – The most notable scholastic work was the summa theological, issued
between1267 and 1273 by Thomas Aquinas.
11. Humanists – With the brash exaggeration characteristic of the new intellectual fashions,
Humanists writers such as the poet and story teller Giovanni Boccaccio (1304- 1304-1375)
claimed that their new-found admiration for the classical valves revived Greco- Roman
traditions that for centuries had lain buried under the rubble of the Middle Ages.
12. Printing Press – Revolutionized printing. The man who did most printing was Johann
Guten Berg (ca.1394- 1468) of Mainz.
13. Hundred Year War – This long conflict set the power of the French monarchy against
the ambitions of his vassals, who included the King of England and the heads of Flanders,
Brittany and Burgundy. The conflict grew out of a marriage alliance.
14. New Monarchies – English monarchs after 1453 strove to consolidate control within the
British Isles. French monarchies worked to tame the independence of their powerful noble
vassals.
15. Reconquest – Spain and Portugal’s reconquest of Iberia from Muslim rule was also a
religious crusade. The Christian Knights who gradually pushed the borders of their
kingdoms southward expected material rewards. The reconquest waves over several
centuries. Christian knights took Toledo in 1985.
16. Great Western Schism – A period when rival papal claimants at Avignon and Rome
vied for the loyalties of Latin Christians.
17. Population – In 1200 most western Europeans were serfs obliged to till the soil on large
estates owned by the nobility and the church.
18. Rural Life – Men and women worked on the fields, they were not equal when it comes
to decision making at home. Women were subordinate to men.
19. Water Power – Water power made possible a great expansion of iron making (the real
Iron Age came in the later Middle Ages). Blast furnaces capable of producing high quality
iron are documented from 1380. The finish products included everything from armor and
nails to horseshoes and agricultural tools.
20. Urban revival – The greatest cities in the Latin West were undergoing greater
commercial, cultural, and administrative changes.
21. Trade – In the 1271 the young Venetian merchant Marco polo set out to reach the
Mongol court by a long overland trek across Central Asia.
22. Jews – The largest population of Jews was in Spain, where earlier Islamic rulers had
made them welcome. Persecution peaked in times of crisis, such as during the Black Death.
23. Merchant-Bankers – The merchant Bankers handled the financial transactions of a
variety of merchants as well as of ecclesiastical and secular officials.
24. Clock – The west was the first part of the world where clocks became a regular part of
urban life. The first mechanical clocks appeared around 1300 in Western Europe were
simple bells with an automatic mechanical device to strike the correct number of hours.
25. Theology – The prominence of theology party reflected the fact that many students were
destined for ecclesiastical careers, but theology was also seen as “queen of the sciences.”
26. Political Powers – Hereditary monarchs occupied the peak of the political pyramid, but
their powers were limited by modest treasuries and the rights possessed by others.
27. Church Defense – The church resisted royal control. In 1302 the outraged Pope
Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) went too far as to assert that divine law made the papacy
superior to “every human creature”, including monarchs.
28. Cannons - In the final battles of the Hundred Year War, French forces used larges
cannon to demolish the walls on secure castles held by the English and their allies.
29. Crossbows – Early in the war, hired Italian crossbow men reinforced the French cavalry,
but arrows from another late medieval innovation, the English longbow, nearly annihilated
the French force.
30. Peasants & War – A young French peasant women, Joan of Arc, brought the English
gains to a halt. Shortly after this victory, Joan had the misfortune of falling into English
hands. English churchmen tried her for witchcraft and burned her at the stake in 1431.
31. Florence – Local banking families also turned Florence into a center for high-quality
wool making. In 1338 Florence manufactured 80,000 pieces of cloth, while importing only
10,000 from Flanders.
32. Deforestation – Trees were cut to provide timber for buildings and for ships. Many
forests were cleared to make room for farming. Consequently, the later Middle Ages saw the
depletion of many once-dense forests in Western Europe.