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Guide to Reading
Main Idea
In search of trade routes, Portuguese explorers
ushered in an era of overseas exploration. 
Key Terms
• line of demarcation 
• strait 
• circumnavigate
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section,
re-create the diagram on page 43 of your textbook
and identify explorers, when they traveled, and
where they went. 
Read to Learn
• how Portugal led the way in overseas
exploration. 
• about Columbus’s plan for sailing to Asia.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Geography and History In 1400 Europeans had
a limited knowledge of the geography of the world.
Compass
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Seeking New Trade Routes
• The Portuguese were the leaders of early
exploration. 
• They hoped to find a new route to China
and India. 
• They also helped to find a more direct
way to get West African gold. 
• Prince Henry of Portugal (also called
Henry the Navigator) set up a center for
exploration so that scientists could share
their knowledge with shipbuilders and
sailors.
(pages 43–44)
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Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.)
• Ships sailed south along the coast of West
Africa (also called the Gold Coast) where
they traded for gold and ivory. 
• In 1487 Bartholomeu Dias explored the
southernmost part of Africa. 
• This became known as the Cape of Good
Hope. 
• The king of Portugal hoped the passage
around the tip of Africa would lead to a
new route to India.
(pages 43–44)
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Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.)
• In 1497 Vasco da Gama was the first to
sail around the Cape of Good Hope. 
• He visited East African cities and reached
India in 1498.
(pages 43–44)
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Columbus Crosses the
Atlantic
• The Vikings reached North America and
established settlements in Iceland and
Greenland in the 800s and 900s. 
• Viking sailor Leif Eriksson explored land
west of Greenland known as Vinland
about the year 1000. 
• Historians think that Vinland was North
America. 
• No one is sure what other parts of North
America the Vikings explored.
(pages 45–49)
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Columbus Crosses the
Atlantic (cont.)
• Queen Isabella of Spain sponsored
Columbus on his first voyage in
August 1492. 
• He set out with three ships to find a route
to Asia. 
• On October 12, 1492, he spotted land,
named it San Salvador, and claimed it for
Spain. 
• He did not know that he had reached the
Americas. He was convinced that he had
(pages 45–49)
reached the East Indies.
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Columbus Crosses the
Atlantic (cont.)
• Columbus made three additional voyages
in 1493, 1498, and 1502. 
• He explored the Caribbean islands of
Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica and sailed
along the coasts of Central America and
northern South America. 
• He claimed these lands for Spain.
(pages 45–49)
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Columbus Crosses the
Atlantic (cont.)
• The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed by
Spain and Portugal to clarify the line of
demarcation between their lands in the
Americas. 
• The treaty moved the line farther west so
that Portugal would not be at a
disadvantage. 
• Spain was to have control of all the lands
to the west of the line, and Portugal was
to have control of all the lands to the east
of the line.
(pages 45–49)
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Columbus Crosses the
Atlantic (cont.)
• Amerigo Vespucci mapped South
America’s coastline in 1499. 
• He concluded South America was a
continent, but not part of Asia. 
• European geographers called the
continent America, in honor of Amerigo
Vespucci. 
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa claimed the
Pacific and adjoining lands for Spain.
(pages 45–49)
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Columbus Crosses the
Atlantic (cont.)
• Ferdinand Magellan, sailing from Spain in
1519, found a passage to the Pacific, the
Strait of Magellan. 
• Magellan sailed around South America and
toward Spain. 
• Magellan was killed in an island battle
along the way, but a small number of his
crew made it all the way to Spain. 
• The crew became the first to
circumnavigate the world.
(pages 45–49)
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Columbus Crosses the
Atlantic (cont.)
Why did European explorers attempt
these difficult journeys?
Possible answer: European explorers
attempted these journeys because of the
excitement, gaining wealth and fame,
being dedicated to a goal, and so on.
(pages 45–49)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
B 1. a narrow passageway
connecting two larger
bodies of water
A. line of
demarcation
__
C 2. to sail around around the
world
C. circumnavigate
__
A 3. an imaginary line running
down the middle of the
Atlantic Ocean from the
North Pole to the South
Pole dividing the Americas
between Spain and Portugal
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B. strait
Reviewing Themes
Geography and History What nations
signed the Treaty of Tordesillas? What was
the purpose of the line of demarcation? How
did the treaty affect European exploration of
the Americas?
Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of
Tordesillas. The line of demarcation
determined control of lands by Spain (all
lands west of the line) and Portugal (all lands
east of the line).
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Critical Thinking
Making Inferences For years, many
history books claimed that “Columbus
discovered America.” Why do you think
Native Americans might disagree with the
word “discovered” in this statement? What
might be a better word?
Native Americans lived in the Americas
before Columbus arrived. Better words may
include: claimed, encountered, came upon,
or reached.
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Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of
European voyages of exploration on page
48; then answer the questions that follow.
When did Verrazano make his voyage?
For what country did he sail? How did
Cabot’s route to the Americas differ from
that of Columbus?
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Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of
European voyages of exploration on page
48; then answer the questions that follow.
When did Verrazano make his voyage?
For what country did he sail? How did
Cabot’s route to the Americas differ from
that of Columbus?
Verrazano made his voyage in 1524. He
sailed for France. He traveled father north
than Columbus.
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PART A: Draw a map of the world as you think
Columbus might have seen it in 1492. Remember
his error in calculating distance. Label as many
countries (according to Columbus) as you can.
Then, on the back side of your paper, draw the
world as we know it today. Label as many countries
(according to what we know today) as you can.
Make sure to label BOTH maps.
PART B: Then, answer the following question on a
separate sheet of paper and staple it to your map:
Compare the world as Columbus knew it to the
world we know today. What are the similarities?
What are the differences? 3 paragraphs minimum.
SECTIONS 2.3-2.4
RE-READ Sections
2.3 and 2.4.
Fill in the Chart on the
next slide.
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Who were the first
Europeans to reach the Americas and when
did they arrive?
The first Europeans to reach the Americas
were the Vikings (c1000); Christopher
Columbus (1492) and Vasco Núñez de
Balboa (1513).
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Fill in the chart below:
EXPLORATIONS OF THE AMERICAS
Regions
Mexico
People
Causes
Aztecs, Hernan Cortes
North America
Peru
Cibola
Juan De Oñate
Bartolome de Las
Casas
John Calvin, Martin
Luther
John Cabot
Henry Hudson
Samuel de Champlain
Giovani da Verrazano
Jacques Cartier
Protestant
Reformation
Effects