Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Foundations of Structural Kinesiology Chapter 1 And you thought this class was stressful Skeletal System Skeletal System Divisions (206 bones) 1. Axial: (80 bones) – – – – Skull Spinal column Sternum Ribs 2. Apendicular: (126) – – – – Shoulder Girdle Upper Extremity Pelvic Girdle Lower Extremity Skeletal System Functions – Support – Protection – Movement – Storage – Hemopoiesis Classification of Bones Bone Properties Bone size (mass) and shape – formation according to the stresses (direction and magnitude of force) habitually applied to them Wolff’s Law Athlete Scoliosis Torsion Bone Markings Skull Parietal Vomer Palatine Frontal Ethmoid Occipital Sphenoid Lacrimal Nasal External Occipital Protuberance Maxilla Temporal Vomer Zygomatic Sphenoid Mastoid Process Nasal Conchae Mandible Superior Nuchal Line (3rd picture #2) Label Vertebra Spinous Process Articular Processes Intervertebral Foramen Lamina Transverse Processes Pedicle Vertebral Foramen Body Label Vertebral Column Regional Structures 1. Cervical (7) 2. Thoracic (12) 3. 4. 5. – – – – Bifed Spinous Process Transverse Foramen Atlas Axis (Odontoid Process) – – Superior & Inferior . Costal Facets Transverse Costal Facets . – – – – – – Median Sacral Crest Sacral Canal Sacral Foramen Sacral Hiatus Superior Articular Facet Superior Sacral Notch Lumbar (5) .Sacral (5) Coccyx (4) Sternum Clavicular Notch Jugular Notch Manubrium Sternal Angle Costal Notches Body Transverse Ridges Xyphoid Process LABEL Superior Border Tubercle Costal Angle Rib Cage Neck Head Inferior Border True (7) Costal Groove Shaft False (3) Floating (2) Label Label Clavicle Deltoid Tubercle Acromial End Superior surface Anterior Anterior Trapezoid Line Sternal End Inferior surface Right Clavicle Conoid Tubercle Subclavian Groove Label Scapula Supra Coracoid Process Scapular Notch Superior Angle Supraspinous Fossa Superior Supra Glenoid Tubercle Spine Border Acromion Process Glenoid Fossa Inferior Angle Medial (vertebral) Border Infra Glenoid Tubercle Infraspinous Fossa Label Lateral (axillary) Border Humerus Greater Tubercle Head Anatomical Neck Lesser Tubercle Intertubercular Groove (bicipital) Deltoid Tuberosity Supracondylar Ridge Radial Fossa Capitulum Surgical Neck Anterior Coronoid Fossa Radial Groove Olecranon Fossa Lateral Epicondyle Posterior Trochlea Medial Epicondyle Label Radius and Ulna Head Neck Radial Tuberosity Olecranon Process Semilunar Radial Notch Notch Coronoid Process Ulnar Tuberosity Supinator Crest Supinator Fossa Interosseous Crest Ulnar Notch Styloid Process Head Styloid Process Radius Label Ulna Label Hand Distal Middle Phalanges Proximal Head Metacarpals Shaft Hamate Base (Hook of Hamate) Carpals Trapezoid Trapezum Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Capitate Scaphoid Label Posterior Gluteal Line External Surface Anterior Gluteal Line Inferior Gluteal Line Pelvic Girdle Iliac Crest Ischial Tuberosity Iliopectineal Eminence Posterior Superior Iliac Spine Iliac Fossa Superior Rami Pubic Crest Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine of the Spine Ischium Anterior SuperiorInferior Greater Iliac Spine Rami Sciatic Notch Superior Anterior Auricular Rami Lesser Inferior Inferior Surface Sciatic RamiSpine Iliac Sacral Notch Pubic Articulation Ischium Pubis SymphysisIlium Label Label Label Femur Fovea Greater Trochanter Head Capitus Intertrochanteric Crest Neck Lesser Trochanter Intertrochanteric Line Quadrate Tubercle Gluteal Tuberosity Linea Aspera Adductor Tubercle Popliteal Surface Patellar Surface Right Femur (Anterior) Medial condyle Intercondyloid Fossa Lateral Right Femur (Posterior) condyle Label Patella Proximal Border Medial Border Base Lateral Border Apex Right Patella Label Tibia & Fibula Styloid Lateral Process Condyle Head Interosseous Border Anterior Border Intercondyloid Eminence Medial Condyle Tibial Tuberosity Soleal Line Anterior Border Interosseus Border Medial Malleolus Lateral Malleolus Superior Fibular Articulation Talus Talus Articulation Articulation Inferior Fibular Articulation Fibula Label Tibia Label Bones of the Foot Distal Middle Proximal Phalanges Head Talus Navicular 1st Cuniform Calcaneus Shaft Base 1st Cuniform 2nd Cuniform Navicular Metatarsals Cuboid 3rd Cuniform Tarsals Talus Calcaneus Label Soft/Connective Tissues 1. Ligament 2. Tendon 3. Retinaculum 4. Fascia 5. Aponeurosis 6. Cartilage 7. Meniscus 8. Labrum A dense plates connective tissue that encloses, separates, and - -Crescent of fibrocartilage thatthat deepen anorarticular A dense connective tissue sheath binds -A-Afirm, connective tissue formed like a sheath -- Deepens afibrous socket (articular capsule blends into labrum and Atendinous band of dense connective tissue that connects a that binds muscles supports, protects, and gives shape. Also smooth, resilient, nonvascular connective tissue thick band of absorbers connective tissue that surface and act – like shock holds tendons in place anchors one toother surrounds anatomical muscle to a muscle bone orneck) gives general support toanother an structure area connects bone to bone Anatomical Position & Fundamental Position Anatomical Position Fundamental Position Reference Lines Reference Side & Segment Reference Segment Reference Side Anatomical Directional Terminology Anterior (Anteroinferior, Anerosuperior, Anterolateral, Anteromedial, Anteroposterior) Posterior (Posteroinferior, Posterosuperior, Posterolateral, Posteromedial, Posteroanterior) Superior (Superolateral, Superomedial) Inferior (Inferolateral, Inferomedial) Medial Lateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Unilateral Bilateral Caudal Cephalic Dorsal Ventral Proximal Distal Ventral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Palmer Volar Prone Supine Dorsum General Anatomical/Medical Terms Planes of Motion & Axes of Rotation Plane of Motion Description of Plane Axis of Rotation Description of Axis Common Movements Saggital Divides body into right and left halves Frontal (coronal) Runs Medial/lateral Flexion Extension Frontal Divides body into ant. & post. halves Saggital Runs anterior/posterior Abduction Adduction Transverse Divides body into sup. & inf. halves Vertical (longitudinal) Runs Superior/Inferior Internal rotation External rotation Diagonal Combination of Frontal and Saggital Articular System The union/articulation of two or more bones Types of Joints- Classifications of articulations grouped according to structure or function Structural: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial Functional: 1. Synarthrodial (immoveable) Suture Gomphosis Articular System 2. Amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) Syndesmosis- held together by strong ligaments Symphasis- separated by fibrocartilage pad Synchrondrosisseparated by hyaline cartilage 3. Diarthrodial (Freely moveable) joint cavity, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage Diarthrodial Diarthrodial Joints Ginglymus (hinge) Arthrodial (Gliding) Trochoidial (Pivot) -Uniaxial -Multiaxial -Uniaxial Interphalangeal Metacarpophalangeal of thumb Humeroulnar Tibiotarsal Femorotibial (dual) Seller (Saddle) -Multiaxial Carpometacarpal of thumb Enarthrodial (Ball & Socket) -Multiaxial Acetabulofemoral Glenohumeral Carpal articulations Tarsal articulations Acromioclavicular Sternoclavicular Patellofemoral Radiohumeral (pivot?) Vertebral art. Process Carpometacarpal Tarsometatarsal Sup. & Inf. Tibiofibular Sternocostal Costovertebral Costotransverse Intermetatarsal Intermetacarpal Radioulnar (prox & dist) Atlantoaxial Condylodial (ConvexConcave) -Biaxial Metacarpophalangeal Radiocarpal Atlantooccipital Femorotibial (dual) Metatarsophalangeal Movement in Joints Motion that takes place by the bones moving through a plane of motion about an axis is referred to as physiological movement or osteokinematic motion. Movement Terminology are the terms used to describe the actual change in position of the bones relative to each other. The specific amount of movement in a joint can be measured using an instrument called a goniometer. Anatomical Movement Terms General Movements Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Circumduction Diagonal Abduction Diagonal Adduction Internal Rotation External Rotation Hyperextension Specific to the Ankle and Foot Eversion Inversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to Shoulder Girdle & Shoulder Joints Depression Elevation Protraction (Scapular Abduction) Retraction (Scapular adduction) Upward Rotation Downward Rotation Horizontal Abduction (shoulder joint) Horizontal Adduction (shoulder joint) Specific to the Radioulnar Joints Pronation Supination Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Spine Lateral Flexion Reduction Rotation Specific to the Wrist and Hand Dorsal Flexion (ext.) Palmar Flexion (flex.) Radial Deviation Ulnar Deviation Long Abduction Short Abduction Thumb Oppostion Thumb Reposition Specific to the Mandible Protrusion Retrusion Arthrokinematic Motion In order for physiological movements to occur there must be movement between the actual articular surfaces of the joint. This is known as arthrokinematic motion. There are three specific types: Roll (rock)- a series of points on one articulating surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface Glide (slide, translation)- a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface) Spin– A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface.