Download Animal Notes

Animals - Chapters 25 – 32
Organisms:
1. Annelid Worms
2. Insects
3. Amphibians
4. Mammals
General Information for each group:
1. Basic Structure
2. Transport – How organisms get what need to cells; how they move waste
from cells to organs of excretion
3. Excretion – how organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids
(pH, salt concentration, water)
4. Regulation – how organisms control body processes – hormones etc
5. Nervous system – open, closed none
6. Respiration – How organisms get their oxygen from the environment and
release carbon dioxide back to the environment and how plants exchange
gases
7. Nutrition – How organisms break down and absorb food
8. Synthesis – How organisms build necessary molecules
9. Reproduction – Sexual versus asexual, eggs, seeds, spores, types of
fertilization.
10.Growth and Development – metamorphosis, development in egg or uterus,
growth from seed or sport
1
Annelid Worms:
1. Basic structure - segmented, invertebrate segmented worms; earthworms,
leeches, bristle worms
2. Closed circulatory system - heart pumps blood throughout body
transporting materials in and out of cells through diffusion and osmosis
3. Excretion - Excrete waste through anus; Nephridia structures that
eliminate metabolic wastes from each segment
4. Regulation – must be in moist environment
5. Simple nervous system; some external organs sensitive to light as some
species have eyes; Nerve cords connect the brain; each segment have
nerve fibers
6. Respiration - Most respire through body wall
7. Nutrition – takes in soil through mouth, crop holds soil, and gizzard grinds
organic matter from soil and is absorbed through intestine. Undigested
through anus
8. Reproduction – most are hermaphrodites, have both male and female sex
organs; exchange sperm and fertilizes within capsules;
9. Growth and development – capsule left in the soil; baby worms in about 3
weeks
2
Insects
1. Three body divisions – Invertebrates; diverse group; head thorax and
abdomen; six legs, most adults have wings; antenna; mandibles
2. Transport materials through cell via open circulatory system; free-floating
cells with hemolymph;
3. Excretion of waste – some excrete through rectum; may be urine and solid
waste or a combination of the two, depending on where they live.
4. Regulation - exoskeleton prevents water loss; adapted to dry weather;
communicate by pheromones (chemical signals); can lie dormant for a long
period of time during unsuitable environment.
5. Nervous system - compound eyes; brain and ganglia that act as nerve
control for each body segment; sensory organschemical receptors,
simple or compound eyes
6. Respiration – If in water, a bubble is formed and oxygen from the bubble
diffuses into trachea from the water; If terrestrial have spiracles on throax
and abdomen open to the outside
7. Nutrition – most feed on plant juice and plant tissue; some blood; have
mouth, salivary glands, crop and gizzard.
8. Synthesis – pheromones to attract mates; proteins
9. Reproduction – have separate sexes (males and males); fertilization is
usually internal; female may give of pheromones to attract males; lay great
numbers of eggs; some illuminate light
10.Growth and development – undergo metamorphosis; molts external
skeleton to grow;
3
Amphibians
1. Basic Structure – Vertebrates; some have elongated trunks; some are
legless; smooth, moist skin with many glands; cold-blooded; some secrete
poisons
2. Transport – Closed circulatory system with three chambered heart
3. Excretion – Have an excretory system; kidneys
4. Regulation – Dependent on environment; cold-blooded (ectotherms)
5. Nervous system – Complex; brain; tympanic membrane for hearing, eyes
6. Respiration – breathe through lungs as adults; can also exchange gases
through the mouth and skin; tadpoles have gills to get oxygen from water
7. Nutrition – Carnivorous; uses tongue to catch prey; complex digestive tract
that uses enzymes to break down food; digestive enzymes
8. Synthesis – Proteins; hormones
9. Reproduction – usually external; female secretes eggs into a body of water
such as a pond and males will spray sperm on them;
10. Growth and development - undergoes metamorphosis; in frogs fertilized
egg undergoes mitosis, nourished by a yolk, tadpole with gills form, legs
emerge; some make vocalizations during mating season
4
Mammals
1. Warm-blooded (endothermic); most have hair; have mammary glands to
nurse young with milk; specialized teeth; specialized glands (scent glands,
sweat glands); some have horns or antlers; some migrate; modified limbs
(i.e. bats wings, four legs versus two)
2. Transportation – closed circulatory system; nutrients and gas exchange
through blood;
3. Excretion – urine and feces; kidneys help maintain water balance and salt
concentration
4. Regulation – Hormones; enzymes; internal homeostasis
5. Nervous system – Closed and complex; brain, spinal cord, nerves;
6. Respiration – breath air through lungs
7. Nutrition – Can be insectivores, carnivores, herbivores or omnivores;
specialized teeth according to diet; digestive enzymes; complex digestive
tract
8. Synthesis – Synthesize specialized proteins such as enzymes
9. Reproduction – Sexual reproduction; internal fertilization; eggs develop in
uterus with a placental attachment.
a. Except in monotremes (duck-billed platypus) – female lays fertilized
eggs; male has a poison gland
b. Marsupials have pouches
10.Growth and Development – No metamorphosis; functional adaptations
such as amount of hair or fur;
5