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History – Chapter 17……..The U.S. in W.W. II *Section 1………….U.S. Prepares for War Selective Service Drafted 10 million, plus 5 million volunteers Only about 8 weeks of training WAAC – Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (eventually just WAC) Created by George Marshall 250,000 female volunteers! Not same pay or ranking as men, no officers, segregated from men’s units st 1 time women served as “soldiers” (non-combat: ambulance drivers, nurses, telephone operators) Industries to War Production Auto: planes, tanks, boats, command cars Mechanical pencils: bomb parts Bedspreads: mosquito netting Bottling soft drinks: filling shells with explosives Employment of Women & Minorities Women and minorities (Asian, African, Native, Hispanic) took over jobs that had been done by Caucasian men Faced much prejudice, at first Latino units: segregated, sent into heavy combat areas Af. Amer. units: segregated, often drivers and pilots Native Americans: largest minority group to volunteer A. Philip Randolf: founder of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized march on Washington, DC FDR agreed to require factories to not discriminate when hiring workers to aid war effort. OSRD – Office of Scientific Research & Development New improvements in radar and sonar Use of pesticides to fight insects (body lice on troops) Atomic bomb: the Manhattan Project was code name for countrywide research project; employed thousands of people who didn’t actually know what they were working on OPA – Office of Price Administration Fought inflation by: Price freezing on consumer goods Congress raised income taxes for war expenses, people had less to spend Encouraged people to buy war bonds Rationing: coupon books for families to limit purchase amount of items important to war (gasoline, meat, shoes, sugar, coffee) WPB – War Production Board Decided which companies would convert to war production Allocated raw materials Organized nationwide collection of things that could be recycled into war goods: scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags, cooking fat *Section 2………..War for Europe & N. America December 22, 1941 – Churchill meets with FDR in Washington, D.C. Had much in common, got along well FDR made decisions “with heart”, Churchill “with head” Churchill convinces FDR that Hitler was biggest threat Unconditional surrender – Allies agree that Axis powers must surrender with no conditions in order for the war to be over – Allies could require whatever they wanted of Axis countries Battle of the Atlantic After Pearl Harbor attack Hitler ordered submarine raids against merchant ships along U.S. coast. 681 ships sunk in first few months. U.S. went back to convoy system (destroyers with sonar and planes with radar) to defeat them. Allies controlled Atlantic after that – lifeline to Gr. Britain Battle of Stalingrad Summer of 1942 By Nov. 1942, Nazi’s controlled 90% of city, but Stalin didn’t want to give up (much industry; win would be important for morale) Soviets won – major turning point on eastern front, began pushing Germans back west USSR lost 1.5 million soldiers Operation Torch Battle of North Africa Eisenhower (Allies) vs. Rommel (Nazis – “the Desert Fox”) 1st U.S. victory: Defeated the Afrikan Korps and Desert Fox Italian Campaign Churchill convinced FDR to attack Italy (soft underbelly) before trying to drive Germany out of France. Allies attack and control Sicily—start marching up the “boot” As the allies approached Rome, King Victor Emmanuel III fired Mussolini. Italian citizens were burning bridges and barricading the streets in support of the allies. Bloody Anzio—lasted 4 months, 25,000 allies, 30,000 axis died First step in reclaiming Europe D-Day: Operation Overlord (secret invasion of Normandy, France) U.S. misled Germans: interception of radio transmission said U.S. will attack at Calais – Hitler took the bait. Had been planned for two years, since U.S. entered war Chosen because it was not as heavily defended Began with bombing to create some chaos June 6, 1944 – led by Eisenhower midnight: troops parachuted behind German lines, so could attack from both sides; 3 divisions 5 beach landings (5 million men) - Omaha Beach: most resistance Possibly the bravest mission/battle ever fought by U.S. forces: very little protection when men exited boats July 25: Omar Bradley captures St. Lo August 25: George Patton reclaims Paris U.S., France, Gr. Britain, Canada pushing east, USSR pushing west, squeezing Germany. Battle of the Bulge 8 German tank divisions had forced way west in an 80 mile area of Allied front Mildly successful Took 120 US POW’s – shot them (against Geneva Convention) One month battle, Germany defeated with heavy losses War basically over, now, but took 5 more months Battle of Berlin – Final battle – April 16, 1945 Over in about two weeks VE Day – May 8, 1945 – Victory in Europe November 1944 – FDR runs for 4th term, wins easily Truman still VP Health poor, but wanted to do what was best for country April 12, 1945: FDR dies Doolittle Raid in the Pacific (Spring 1942) US air raid on Tokyo 16 bombers To send Japan a message after Pearl Harbor Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) 5 day battle Australia - biggest US ally Turning point: successfully stopped Japanese advancement Air battle only, no shots fired from ships Battle of Midway Islands U.S. controlled – had navy fleet there Intelligence uncovered Japanese plan to launch huge attack Admiral Nimitz – U.S. Pacific naval commander U.S. attacked Japanese fleet first, even though we were outnumbered four to one. U.S. victory – major turning point – little resistance in battles thereafter Island hopping – U.S. forces going from island to island to regain control Led by McArthur Disrupt Japanese communication Have places for air attacks to take off from Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) Nicknamed the “Island of Death” because conditions were so terrible. st 1 U.S. ground victory in Pacific Battle for the Philippines Kamikaze – Japanese suicide planes Only about one-fourth successful (22%) Section 3…………War in the Pacific Last 2 major strong-holds before Japanese mainland: Iwo Jima, Okinawa Battle of Iwo Jima Would be great location to launch attack from Mount Suribachi – U.S. forces had to fight their way all the way up. U.S. victory - 6,000 Marines died About same time as FDR died Battle of Okinawa 1,900 Kamikaze planes; 110,000 Japanese soldier deaths U.S. victory - 7,600 U.S. deaths How does U.S. now force Japan to surrender? The Manhattan Project Main headquarters in Tennessee Other locations all over U.S. in charge of different parts of project Most workers/scientists did not know what they were working on. J. Robert Oppenheimer – lead scientist Uranium 235 & plutonium Tested in New Mexico desert Original science for atomic bomb developed by A. Einstein There was much uncertainty about whether or not it would work, and how much destruction there would be. Hiroshima 1st atomic bomb drop – Aug, 6, 1945 – code name “Little Boy” Dropped by B-29 bomber – Enola Gay, pilot – Paul Tibbits Japan refused to surrender. Nagasaki 2nd bomb – Aug. 9, 1945 – code name “Fat Man” **Both sites were strategically chosen because they were military bases and industrial cities. V-J Day – Sept. 2, 1945 – Victory over Japan The Yalta Conference: Feb. 1945 – lasted 8 days Meeting of FDR, Churchill, and Stalin Discussed how to handle Germany after war and how to help war-torn countries The Nuremberg Trials 24 Nazi leaders tried for war crimes 1st time leaders were held responsible for their own actions in war Occupation of Japan – headed by Gen. MacArthur 1,100 Japanese military personnel tried for war crimes; 7 put to death, including Tojo U.S. occupied for 6 years Created free trade markets New constitution: included women’s suffrage; still referred to as MacArthur Constitution Section 4………On the “Home Front” Economic Gains 1944 unemployment only 1 – 2% Wages up 10% Farmers: new agricultural techniques; better weather Women: made up 35% of work force Population Shifts Minority groups moved from South to North Cities with defense industry doubled in population. 1 million people moved to California between 1941-1944. Family & Social GI Bill of Rights: Federal $$ for education/training for veterans Federal loan guarantees to veterans buying homes, farms, starting new businesses Civil Rights Protests CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) – started by James Farmer Detroit Riot – June 1943: lasted for 3 days; fueled by false rumors; blacks vs. whites “Zoot Suit” Riot – Summer 1943, in Los Angeles: MexicanAmerican youth and other minorities beaten senseless Internment (confinement) Feb. 19, 1942: FDR ordered Japanese Americans to relocate. Almost two-thirds were Nisei: Japanese descendants born in U.S. JACL (Japanese American Citizens League): after war, pushed U.S. govt. to compensate Japanese Americans for their $$ losses