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unit 6 vocabulary: ecology 1. Note cards must include full definition AND a sentence for each word. 2. Note cards must be numbered in upper right hand corner. 3. Note cards are due Friday, January 8th. 4. A copy of this sheet is available on Schoolnotes2.0. 1. Carbon-oxygen cycle- the continuous movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen between living things and the environment 2. Nitrogen cycle-the circulation of nitrogen; nitrates from the soil are absorbed by plants which are eaten by animals that die and decay returning the nitrogen back to the soil 3. Water cycle- cycle in which water moves through the environment, through the processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation 4. Water table- beneath the Earth’s surface, the upper limit of soil that is saturated with groundwater 5. Water shed- area of land that drains water from higher land to lower land and into a stream 6. Transpiration- loss of water through a plant’s leaves 7. Precipitation –water falling in any form, such as snow, ice, or rain 8. Evaporation- change of matter from a liquid state to a gaseous state (vapor) at a temperature below its boiling point 9. Ecology- The study of interactions between organisms and their environment 10. Population-a group of organisms of the same type, or species, living in the same area. 11. Habitat- the place in an ecosystem where an organism lives 12. Community- all the populations of different species that share a particular area or region 13. Biosphere- the part of the Earth that can support life 14. Ecosystem- all the living populations in an area along with the nonliving parts of that environment 15. Abiotic- living factors 16. Biotic- nonliving factors 17. Biosphere – the part of Earth that supports life. It extends several kilometers up into the atmosphere and deep into the ocean. 18. Biome – a large region characterized as having a distinct climate and specific types of plant and animal life. 19. Biodiversity- The variety of organisms in a specific environment, or on Earth as a whole; bio means “life” and diversity means “variety” 20. Coniferous trees – Trees that remain green throughout the year, have needle-like leaves, and produce seeds in cones. 21. Boreal/Coniferous forest – Winter temperatures average about 10°C. Summer temperatures average about 14°C. Receives about 50 cm of precipitation each year, usually as snow in the winter and as rain during the warmer seasons. 22. Deciduous Forests – Located in the temperate climates. Long growing season. Temperatures range from 6°C to 28°C. Annual rainfall averages between 75cm and 125cm. 23. Desert – dry environments that generally receive less than 25cm of rainfall each year. Temperatures can reach over 38°C in the day, therefore many animals are nocturnal. 24. Freshwater ecosystem – includes lakes, ponds, swamps, streams, rivers and estuaries.. 25. Grassland – Mild summer temperatures of about 30°C. Cool winter temperatures of about 0°C. Average yearly rainfall is 25-75cm. 26. Marine - Saltwater ecosystem 27. Tropical rain forest – Home to more species than any other ecosystem on Earth (greatest biodiversity). Warm temperature around 25°C and abundant rainfall (more than 150 cm per year.) Divided into vertical layers: ground, in the trees, canopy. 28. Tundra – Cold, dry, mostly treeless land biome. Short growing season. Temperatures are below freezing most of the year. Most of the ground is covered in permafrost. Only 20-50 cm of precipitation fall here each year. Average winter temperature is about -26°C 29. Niche- the way in which an organism fits into a community or ecosystem; the organism’s job within that ecosystem. 30. Adaptation – structure, behavior, or other trait in an organism that helps it survive in its environment 31. Specialization - Adaptation, as of an organ or organism, to a specific function or environment. 32. Diversity - Variety 33. Behavioral adaptation- an activity or action that generally helps an organism survive in its environment 34. Physical adaptation-a structure of a living organism that helps it survive in its environment 35. Food Chain-the path of food energy from the sun to the producer to a series of consumers, in an ecosystem 36. Food Web- in an ecosystem, arrangement of several overlapping food chains 37. Producer- organism that makes its own food, such as a plant or a photosynthetic alga 38. Consumer-an organism that feeds on other organisms 39. Decomposer- simple, organism, such as bacteria or fungus, that breaks down dead organisms and waste, returning important nutrients to the environment 40. Omnivore- an animal that feeds on both plants and animals; for example, a raccoon 41. Herbivore- an animal that feeds only on plants, such as a deer; a primary consumer 42. Carnivore- an animal that feed on other animals, such as a wolf 43. Primary consumers- animals that eat green plants 44. Secondary consumers- meat-eaters that eat herbivores 45. Tertiary consumers- carnivores that eat other carnivores 46. Trophic- feeding 47. Energy pyramid- diagram that demonstrates the flood of energy through a food chain 48. Symbiosis- a close relationship between species 49. Mutualism-a relationship in which both species benefit 50. Commensalism- a type of symbiosis in which one species benefit while the other seems unaffected 51. Parasitism- a relationship between species in which (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harmed but not killed