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**How China Became the First Market Society—McNeill’s The Human Web p. 121-127 Tang—618-907 P= Emperor SCHOLAR-GENTRY=EXAMINATION SYSTEM EMPRESS WU EXTENDS INFLUENCE INTO KOREA E= connections with rest of Asia more intense as long as military powerful commercialized behavior bazaar trading from foreign merchants monasteries were part of economy cheap and safe transport along rivers and canals Grand Canal after 611 became the main artery of commerce and linked much of China R= Buddhist texts from India; EMPRESS WU TRIES TO MAKE BUDDHISM OFFICAL RELIGION block printing widespread making religion more accessible 845 Confucian scholars convince emperor to forbid foreign religions therefore monastery lands were confiscated BACKLASH VS. BUDDHIST=PERSECUTION S= merchant class WOMEN SUFFER I= block printing A= poetry PRAISED CONFUCIANISM Powerful military HEAVY TAXATION; AN LUSHAN LEADS REVOLT Song—960-1279 P= emperor scholar-gentry MORE POWERFUL NOW THAN ARISTOCRATS OR BUDDHISTS sought to weaken generals by fixing prices taxing excessive gains and sometimes confiscating their land need for large army to guard vs. northern nomads [with their improved weapons the nomads were overpowering northern China or western China] Song moves south b/c of mobile warships that could cross rivers the horsemen from the north couldn’t; E= coinage/paper currency help commerce b/c Confucian suspicion of merchants modified taxes collected in cash rather than kind—caused selling of goods to pay taxes specialization increased artisan skill and because transportation cheap they could rely on market for food and other necessities intensified agriculture government spending purchased goods and services government set fixed prices R= government exams based on Confucian teachings Neo-Confucianism accommodated Buddhism by asking new questions and reinterpreting texts S= growth of cities b/c of increased food production elegant lifestyles impressed outsiders I= paper currency early ripening rice=2 crops per year new crops of tea [boiled which reduced intestinal problems] and cotton [washable clothing improved health] was more affordable than silk and more comfortable than the hemp clothing terraced farming expanded total cultivation iron production but does not industrialize ship design projectile weaponry including catapults and gunpowder weapons A= poetry and painting DAOIST INFLUENCE Kublai Khan used Chinese labor to build up navy and conquer all of China Yuan [Mongol]—1279-1368 P=Kublai Khan united China with rest of Eurasia; gov’t officials weakened by factionalism; rebellions; foreigners brought into China including Muslims, Buddhists, and Marco Polo to high offices; capital moved to Beijing which was closer to the frontier E=movement along Silk Road increased; exports painting, printing, compass, gunpowder, high temp furnaces; shipbuilding?; eventually inflation of paper money R= S=used Chinese labor to build Navy and defeat Song; epidemics; natural disasters; I=Chinese ideas were difficult to transmit to others but their technology was easy to export—printing, painting, compass navigation, gunpowder weaponry; high-temp furnaces; shipbuilding; Mongols divided from Chinese but Mongols relied on Chinese officials for the administration at low levels; population losses A= Factionalism weakened the Mongol hold as well as epidemics, reckless inflation of paper money, and natural disasters. Peasant led revolt establishes Ming Dynasty Ming—1368-1644 P= peaceful encounters with foreigners seen as “tribute missions” maintained large army expansion beyond southern limits ended and soldiers withdrew from Vietnam withdrawal from Old World Web capital Nanjing E= much of the resources used to protect frontier fleet allowed to decay private overseas trade forbidden but some did so as pirates gov’t vs. commercial-imperial expansion officially supervised production of silk, porcelain, etc. for export increased salt monopoly and tax private commerce and artisan manufacture continued mostly on a family scale welcomed only silver in return for Chinese goods such as silk, lacquerware, and porcelain R= reaffirmed Confucian ideas S= distaste for anything foreign attempts to repopulate north naval expeditions began and abruptly stopped successful merchants sent sons to school to pass exam I= 1415 Grand Canal deepened thereby eliminating need for sea lanes to supply rice to the capital salt production required elaborate engineering A= Confucian classics poetry and painting from Tang and Song enshrined Consistencies—Why? Confucianism, Agriculture, Dynasties, Conflict with northern nomads