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BIO 212 Fall Semester 2015 Third Test Honor signature _________________________________________________ Lab (circle one): Monday Tuesday Wednesday Multiple choice (2 pts each) __________ 1. Human somatic cells have a diploid number of fully duplicated chromosomes during the entirety of: a. G1 of interphase. c. S of interphase. b. G2 of interphase. d. M phase. __________ 2. The main role of mitotic cell division for the zygote of a young multicellular organism is: a. growth and development. c. tissue renewal. b. reproduction of the organism. d. None of the above. __________ 3. The pedigree to the right is most likely evidence for a trait that is: a. autosomal dominant . d. X-linked recessive. b. autosomal recessive . e. Y-linked. c. X-linked dominant. __________ 4. Which of the following cycles during the cell cycle? (The brackets mean “concentration of.”) a. [cyclin-dependent kinase] d. Two of the above. b. [cyclin] e. All of the above. c. MPF activity __________ 5. Long-term stress responses involve the adrenal __________ and the hormone __________. a. cortex … ACTH c. medulla … ACTH b. cortex … epinephrine d. medulla … epinephrine __________ 6. Which type of meiotic life cycle is found in the fungus Coprinus? a. gametic meiosis c. zygotic meiosis b. sporic meiosis d. None of the above. __________ 7. What is shown in the TEM to the right? a. basal body of cilium b. basal body of flagellum c. duplicated animal centrosome d. duplicated plant centrosome __________ 8. A normal wildtype chromosome can be represented as ABCDEFGHIJ, with letters representing stretches of DNA and the “” the centromere. A chromosome arises in a population that can be represented as ABCDEHIJ. This is a result of a chromosomal ___________. a. deletion c. inversion b. duplication d. translocation __________ 9. How many genetically different gametes could be made by a pea plant with the genotype AB/ab; C/C; D/d; e/e? Assume crossing over can (but doesn’t always) take place. a. 4 c. 9 b. 8 d. 16 __________ 10. A woman having blood type AB marries a man having blood type A. Their first child has blood type B. Given this information, which of the following children could they NOT have later? a. Blood type A c. Blood type AB b. Blood type B d. Blood type O __________ 11. The picture to the right is during megagametophyte formation in Lilium (lily). What stage of meiosis is seen in the large, circled, oval central cell? (Hint: Cytokinesis does not take place until the very end.) a. prophase I d. anaphase II b. anaphase I e. telophase II c. telophase I __________ 12. In radishes, color and shape are each controlled by a single locus with two alleles having incomplete dominance. Color can be red (RR), purple (Rr), or white (rr) and shape can be long (LL), oval (Ll), or round (ll). When this cross is made: RrLl × Rrll, what proportion of the offspring will be purple and round? Assume the genes assort independently. a. 1/16 d. 8/16 b. 3/16 e. 9/16 c. 4/16 __________ 13. Mike and Alice have a son who appears normal, but a karyotype revealed that he was Xyy in his sex chromosome constitution. In which parent, and during which meiotic division, could a nondisjunction have produced a gamete that caused this situation? a. mother … meiosis I d. father … meiosis II b. father … meiosis I e. More than one of the above. c. mother … meiosis II __________ 14. The amount of DNA in a mouse spermatozoon (e.g., haploid sperm cell) is 3.8 pg. How much DNA would be found in a cell during metaphase II of meiosis? (Assume cytokinesis occurs after meiosis I.) a. 3.8 pg c. 11.4 pg b. 7.6 pg d. 15.2 pg __________ 15. Which of the enzymes involved in E. coli DNA replication “relieves overwinding strain ahead of [the] replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands”? a. DNA ligase d. Primase b. DNA polymerase II e. Topoisomerase c. Helicase __________ 16. The GC content of an organism’s DNA is 24% . What is the percentage of adenine? a. 12% c. 38% b. 24% d. 76% __________ 17. Skin color in humans is an example of: a. environmental impact d. polygenic inheritance b. epistasis e. More than one of the above. c. incomplete dominance __________ 18. A series of two factor crosses generated the following recombinants: What is the order of the genes on the chromosome? a. a … b … c … d d. a … d … c … b b. b … d … c … a e. d … a … b … c c. c … d … a … b Cross a×b b×c a×c b×d c×d a×d % crossing over 11 8 20 18 26 6 __________ 19. If the father is phenotypically normal, but the mother is a carrier of a recessive, sex-linked allele, _____ of the offspring are expected to be afflicted and _____ of the offspring are expected to be phenotypically normal carriers. a. 0% … 50% c. 50% … 25% b. 25% … 25% d. 50% … 50% __________ 20. The onion root tip cell to the right is in what stage of mitosis? a. anaphase d. prophase b. metaphase e. telophase c. prometaphase __________ 21. You are given 3 normal dice. When you roll each die once, what is the probability that at least two of the dice will have the same number? a. 6/216 d. 120/216 b. 30/216 e. 216/216 c. 96/216 __________ 22. Does the nucleotide to the right contain a purine base or pyrimidine base and did it come from DNA or RNA? a. purine … DNA c. purine … RNA b. pyrimidine … DNA d. pyrimidine … RNA __________ 23. Which of the following is an example of internal control of the cell cycle, rather than an example of external control? a. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast cell division b. density-dependent inhibition of cell division in cultured mammalian cells c. anchorage-dependent cell division in cultured mammalian cells d. attachment of all kinetochores to spindle fibers to get past the M phase checkpoint __________ 24. From which stage of meiosis was the TEM to the right taken? a. prophase I c. prophase II b. anaphase I d. anaphase II __________ 25. In Frederick Griffith’s experiments with pneumonia-causing bacteria, which injection surprisingly killed the mouse? a. living S cells c. heat-killed S cells b. living R cells d. mixture of heat-killed S cells and living R cells __________ 26. What kind of microscope and what technique were used to get the view of an infected red blood cell to the right? a. Fluorescent microscope with immunofluorescent antibodies b. Light microscope with Gram stain c. Scanning electron microscope with negative stain d. Transmission electron microscope with freeze-fracture and freeze-etching __________ 27. Crossing-over occurs during ________ of meiosis and independent assortment occurs during ________ of meiosis. a. prophase I … prophase I d. prophase I … prophase II b. prophase I … anaphase I e. prophase II … anaphase II c. prophase I … telophase I __________ 28. Which of the following represents the correct order of increasingly higher levels of chromosome organization (i.e., condensation)? a. dsDNA, looped domains, 30-nanometer fiber, nucleosome fiber b. dsDNA, nucleosome fiber, 30-nanometer fiber, looped domains c. dsDNA, 30-nanometer fiber, nucleosome fiber, looped domains d. dsDNA, looped domains, nucleosome fiber, 30-nanometer fiber e. dsDNA, nucleosome fiber, looped domains, 30-nanometer fiber Problems and short answers: 1. Place these seven statements in proper order as they occur between late G1 of interphase and G1 of the next interphase during cell division in a plant cell. Each empty space should have one letter representing the statement next to it in the list below. (6 points) A. B. C. D. E. F. G. spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores DNA replicates and chromosomes duplicate centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are all on the metaphase plate cell plate grows toward the perimeter of the parent cell duplicated chromosomes begin to condense nuclear envelope begins to fragment centrosome maturates, separates, and each one begins to move late G1 of interphase → _____ → _____ → _____ → _____ → _____ → _____ → _____ → G1 of next interphase 2. Consider 2 linked genes on the third chromosome of Drosophila: hairy (h) and scarlet (s). Suppose we test-cross an H_S_ phenotypic female (we don’t know yet which of these five possible genotypes she is: HS/HS, HS/Hs, HS/hS, HS/hs, or Hs/hS) to an hs/hs tester male and find in the progeny the following numbers in four phenotypic groups: 42 45 21 19 H_ss hhS_ H_S_ hhss a. Circle each group (to the left) that represents a parental allele combination. (1 pt) b. Place an asterisk (*) by each group (to the left) that represents a recombination. (1 pt) c. Which of the five possible genotypes is the female fly? (2 pt) d. What is the map distance between the two genes? (2 pts) 3. Carefully draw in the new strands for the following replication fork as they would appear before DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase have a chance to change things. Be sure to label each new strand (leading or lagging), each end (5’ or 3’), the direction of elongation for each strand (NOT for the replication fork), and any RNA primers. (6 pts) 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 4. During the fight-or-flight response, activation of human liver cell β-receptors by the hormone epinephrine initiates a cascade system that eventually results in the production of glucose-1-phosphate (glucose-1-P) from glycogen storage granules in the cytosol. Below are listed (in alphabetical order) some of the proteins and enzymes that are involved in this cascade system. Place them in their correct order, starting with the epinephrine receptor itself. (4 pts) A. B. C. D. E. F. Adenylyl cyclase Epinephrine β-receptor G protein Glycogen phosphorylase Phosphorylase kinase Protein kinase A epinephrine → B → _____ → _____ → _____ → _____ → _____ → Glucose-1- P released from glycogen 5. Draw and label an animal cell during metaphase I of meiosis when the diploid number is four (2n = 4) and crossing over has taken place in one of the homologous pairs. Include (and label) whichever of the following are present at metaphase I; cross out any that are NOT present: (6 pts) plasma membrane cell wall chiasma nuclear envelope nucleolus centrosomes aster centrioles duplicated chromosome unduplicated chromosome kinetochore microtubule nonkinetochore microtubule centromere 6. Match the following experiments with the one major use made of their results. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. (1 pt each) _____ 1. Avery, McCarty and MacLeod’s purification of the “transforming principle” A. Chromosomal theory of inheritance _____ 2. Chargaff’s studies with base composition of DNA B. DNA is an antiparallel double helix _____ 3. Hershey and Chase’s studies with 35S and 32P labeled bacteriophage C. DNA, not protein, is the genetic material D. One gene-one enzyme hypothesis _____ 4. Mendel’s studies with pea plants E. Particulate theory of inheritance _____ 5. Meselson and Stahl’s experiments using 15N and 14N and two rounds of replication F. Semiconservative model of replication _____ 6. Morgan’s studies with a white-eyed fruit fly G. Wobble hypothesis _____ 7. Sturtevant’s studies of linkage groups _____ 8. Wilkins and Franklin’s X-ray diffraction studies 7. A true-breeding white squash-producing plant was crossed with a true-breeding yellow squash-producing plant. All of the F1 offspring produced white squash. When these F1 offspring were bred multiple times with each other, the following F2 results were obtained: 235 white squash-producing plants 64 yellow squash-producing plants 21 green squash-producing plants This appeared to approximate a phenotypic ratio of 12:3:1 (white squash-producing: yellow squash-producing: green squash-producing) to an undergraduate researcher who was very familiar with possible phenotypic ratios. a. What is the simplest genetic explanation for this outcome? (2 pt) b. Given your genetic explanation above, what is the genotype of the true-breeding white squashproducing plant? Use reasonable alphabet letters to indicate the genotype. Squash plants are diploid. (1 pt) c. Given your genetic explanation above, what is the genotype of the true-breeding yellow squashproducing plants? (1 pt) d. Given your two genotypes to the left, what is the expected genotype of the F1 offspring? (1 pt) e. And what would be the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 squash plants? (1 pt) f. Are the observed results consistent with your genetic explanation? Conduct a Chi-square test to see if you are correct. Be sure to write a good null hypothesis. Use the if … and … then … using format. (You DO NOT need to write an alternative hypothesis.) Show your Chi-square table, your degrees of freedom, your calculated Chisquare value and your table Chi-square value. What is your conclusion? (6 pts) n! r !(n r )!