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APES Unit 4 – Review Sheet (KEY) Earth Systems (Ch. 8) & Feeding The World (Ch. 11) 1. Summarize the following case study (Ch. 11): a. Golden Rice GMO i. Purpose – to provide Vitamin A to developing countries to prevent under-nutrition ii. Controversies – too costly; could have used $$ to practice sustainable farming techniques; developing countries relying on large companies 2. Earth’s Interior (layers): a. Age of Earth – 4.6 billion b. Properties of layers i. Density – most dense in center & least dense at surface ii. Composition – core = metal; mantle & crust = rock iii. Source of heat – radioactive decay of U and Pt (fission) c. Sequence of layers – crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere (upper mantle), mantle, outer core, and inner core. 3. List Wegener’s evidence of Continental Drift: a. Fossil – identical species of dinosaur separated by an ocean b. Rock types – matching rocks (identical in age, composition, & structure) separate by an ocean c. Geography of Pangaea – continents just drifted apart; N continents stayed north and S. continents stayed south. 4. Plate Tectonics Theory: a. Define – theory that explains how plates move, volcanoes, earthquakes, ocean basins, and continents b. Describe sea floor spreading – New sea floor is created from volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges. MOR is a divergent plate boundary where magma is injected and pushes the plates apart. Evidence: symmetrical rock age pattern on all sea floors with respect to MOR c. Types of Plate Boundaries i. Describe a Subduction Zone 1. Location on seafloor – parallel or adjacent to continents; edge of ocean basin 2. Direction of motion – convergent; towards each other 3. What is happening to the crust? – the crust is being destroyed in subduction zones causing large earthquakes and volcanic activity. 4. Type of volcanoes – explosive andesitic magma; high silica 5. Landforms – trenches, island volcanoes, land volcanoes ii. Describe a Mid-Ocean Ridge 1. Location on seafloor – middle of ocean basin; wraps around the earth (40,000 km long) 2. Direction of motion – divergent; plates move away from each other 3. What is happening to the crust? – new seafloor is formed; SEE SEA FLOOR SPREADING (process) 4. Type of volcanoes – non-explosive; basaltic magma which is low in silica 5. Landforms 5. Rock Cycle: a. Define and give example of mineral – a mineral is a native element or compound that has a crystalline structure. Examples are quartz & feldspar b. Define rock types – igneous formed from lava/magma; sedimentary rocks formed from sediments (fragments of eroded rocks), have layers, and fossils; metamorphic rocks form under heat and pressure. c. Origin of rock types – see b above d. Examples of sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic rocks – shale, granite and marble respectively. 6. Chemical & Physical Weathering + Erosion: a. Difference between weathering & erosion – weathering is the breakdown of rocks either chemically or physically; Erosion is the transport or removal physically of a sediment from an ecosystem and deposited in layers. b. Causes of erosion – wind, water, ice combined with gravity c. Chemical vs Physical weathering i. Define – Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions. Physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals by freeze-thaw processes or roots systems of plants. ii. Examples of each (especially acid) – Chemical weathering of feldspar into clay by acids in rain or lichens. Physical weathering of granite by freezing and thawing action of ice 7. Soils: a. Functions – filters water, medium for plant growth, breaksdown organic material, habitat for organisms b. Horizons i. Topsoil vs subsoil – Topsoil is the A horizon where it has organics than sediments. The subsoil is the B horizon where it has more sediments than organics. It also has nutrients. ii. Properties of O, A, B, C Horizons – O horizon is all organic (leaves, needles, bark, decomposition plant & animal material. C horizon resembles the bedrock and is the least weathered. c. Sediments i. Size – sand, silt, clay (from largest size to smallest) ii. Best for growing – Loam; a mixture of all three sediments iii. Infiltration rates – Sand is the fastest, whereas clay is the slowest 8. Mining: a. Associated environmental problems – chemicals used to separate metal from ore, pollution of water and soil, destruction and removal of soil, habitat alteration and destruction. b. Legislation - 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 9. Green Revolution (Industrial Agriculture): a. Benefits – development of disease resistant & high yielding crops, widespread use of machinery, application of fertilizers, and irrigation techniques b. Energy Subsidy i. Rank food production methods (Fig 11.4) – Various methods of food production use a lot more energy than other methods. Greater amount of energy is needed for modern agricultural practices than traditional. To determine the energy used for a food, multiply the calories of the food by the subsidy. To determine the calories of food produced for a food production method, divide. c. Pesticides – i. Define/describe pesticide treadmill – new pesticides applied to crop, some pests survive. Resistant individuals reproduce (selected to resist pesticide) so when next application occurs, results are poor. Develop new pesticide . . . . . ii. Persistent vs non-persistent 1. Examples – persistent = DDT ; non-persistent = Roundup iii. Herbicide vs insecticide 1. Examples – herbicide round-up; insecticide = DDT d. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): i. Define/describe – any organism that has been genetically modified by removal or addition of genes or gene sequences; from other species ii. Genetic engineering vs selective breeding – Genetic engineering can specify what trait be modified; mixes genes from other species, creates combinations that did not previously exist. Selective breeding mixes genes of the same species and selects genes that come together on their own. iii. Benefits – increased crop yield and quality of crop; disease resistant crops; “Round Up Ready” crops (pest resistant); grows fast iv. Consequences – Safety for humans: unknown effects on allergies transfer of antibiotic markers. Access: Dependence on industrialized countries by developing countries and one company monopoly on seeds (intellectual property). Biodiversity: cross-pollination between GMO and non-GMO plants and reduction of diversity in crops e. Sustainable Farming Techniques: i. Types – traditional farming methods, intercropping, crop rotation, agroforestry, contour plowing. ii. No-till Farming: 1. Define/describe – designed to avoid the soil degradation. Leave harvesting residue on fields and keep harvested plants roots intact. No-tilling reduces emissions of CO2 because soil is less oxidized. 2. Benefits – Prevents erosion of soil by keeping it in place and maintains soil development by not disrupting it. iii. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 1. Define/describe – variety of techniques used to minimize the application of pesticides on crops. Successful in developing countries because it is similar to what they already do and industrialized agriculture is not feasible in developing countries. 2. Techniques – crop rotation, intercropping, and creating habitat for predators of pests. f. Organic Farming: i. Pros/Cons – Pros is that less pesticides, hormones, antibiotics and humane methods for growing crops and raising animals. Cons is accessibility of organic foods by inter-city neighborhoods and the price g. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO’s): i. Negative & positive impacts – Negative impacts are increased risk of e. coli out break due to overcrowding, run-off of lots, and diet of animals. Inhumane way to raise animals. Positive impacts that it is cheaper, uses less land, and higher yield of meat for growing population. h. Marine Fisheries i. Tragedy of the Commons example – fish are migratory and difficult for a country to claim resource. Over-fishing brought on collapse of fisheries in the 70’s. Fishing was not regulated and populations collapsed. ii. Decline/increase discrepancy – Collapse brought new ways of regulating fisheries. Quotas and limits were imposed on how much you could catch. Seasons were also implemented (especially salmon). New fishing techniques were also implemented to increase efficiency of fishing. i. Human Diet: i. Largest component – grain ii. Over-nutrition negative impacts – hypertension, type II diabetes, obesity, heart disease. j. Aquaculture: i. Define/describe – methods to increase the production of seafood by fish/shellfish, and seaweed farming. Constructing an aquatic ecosystem in shallow coastal areas where the organisms would be fed and protecting them from disease and predators. Fish are in enclosures. All catfish and trout and half of shrimp and salmon are farm raised. ii. Pros & Cons – Pros to aquaculture is provide much needed protein to undernourished people (1 billion +) and relieve pressure on overexploited fisheries. Cons to aquaculture are the waste water in pens is pumped into ecosystem where excess antibiotics, feces, food, bacteria and viruses are introduced. Escapees from these pens can spread disease and parasites as well as interbreed or compete with the native species.