Download APES Unit 2 – Review Sheet

APES Unit 4 – Review Sheet (KEY)
Earth Systems (Ch. 8) & Feeding The World (Ch. 11)
1. Summarize the following case study (Ch. 11):
a. Golden Rice GMO
i. Purpose – to provide Vitamin A to developing countries to prevent
under-nutrition
ii. Controversies – too costly; could have used $$ to practice sustainable
farming techniques; developing countries relying on large companies
2. Earth’s Interior (layers):
a. Age of Earth – 4.6 billion
b. Properties of layers
i. Density – most dense in center & least dense at surface
ii. Composition – core = metal; mantle & crust = rock
iii. Source of heat – radioactive decay of U and Pt (fission)
c. Sequence of layers – crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere (upper mantle),
mantle, outer core, and inner core.
3. List Wegener’s evidence of Continental Drift:
a. Fossil – identical species of dinosaur separated by an ocean
b. Rock types – matching rocks (identical in age, composition, & structure)
separate by an ocean
c. Geography of Pangaea – continents just drifted apart; N continents stayed
north and S. continents stayed south.
4. Plate Tectonics Theory:
a. Define – theory that explains how plates move, volcanoes, earthquakes,
ocean basins, and continents
b. Describe sea floor spreading – New sea floor is created from volcanoes at
mid-ocean ridges. MOR is a divergent plate boundary where magma is
injected and pushes the plates apart. Evidence: symmetrical rock age
pattern on all sea floors with respect to MOR
c. Types of Plate Boundaries
i. Describe a Subduction Zone 1. Location on seafloor – parallel or adjacent to continents; edge
of ocean basin
2. Direction of motion – convergent; towards each other
3. What is happening to the crust? – the crust is being destroyed
in subduction zones causing large earthquakes and volcanic
activity.
4. Type of volcanoes – explosive andesitic magma; high silica
5. Landforms – trenches, island volcanoes, land volcanoes
ii. Describe a Mid-Ocean Ridge 1. Location on seafloor – middle of ocean basin; wraps around the
earth (40,000 km long)
2. Direction of motion – divergent; plates move away from each
other
3. What is happening to the crust? – new seafloor is formed; SEE
SEA FLOOR SPREADING (process)
4. Type of volcanoes – non-explosive; basaltic magma which is
low in silica
5. Landforms
5. Rock Cycle:
a. Define and give example of mineral – a mineral is a native element or
compound that has a crystalline structure. Examples are quartz & feldspar
b. Define rock types – igneous formed from lava/magma; sedimentary rocks
formed from sediments (fragments of eroded rocks), have layers, and fossils;
metamorphic rocks form under heat and pressure.
c. Origin of rock types – see b above
d. Examples of sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic rocks – shale, granite and
marble respectively.
6. Chemical & Physical Weathering + Erosion:
a. Difference between weathering & erosion – weathering is the breakdown of
rocks either chemically or physically; Erosion is the transport or removal
physically of a sediment from an ecosystem and deposited in layers.
b. Causes of erosion – wind, water, ice combined with gravity
c. Chemical vs Physical weathering
i. Define – Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals
by chemical reactions. Physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks
and minerals by freeze-thaw processes or roots systems of plants.
ii. Examples of each (especially acid) – Chemical weathering of feldspar
into clay by acids in rain or lichens. Physical weathering of granite by
freezing and thawing action of ice
7. Soils:
a. Functions – filters water, medium for plant growth, breaksdown organic
material, habitat for organisms
b. Horizons i. Topsoil vs subsoil – Topsoil is the A horizon where it has organics
than sediments. The subsoil is the B horizon where it has more
sediments than organics. It also has nutrients.
ii. Properties of O, A, B, C Horizons – O horizon is all organic (leaves,
needles, bark, decomposition plant & animal material. C horizon
resembles the bedrock and is the least weathered.
c. Sediments i. Size – sand, silt, clay (from largest size to smallest)
ii. Best for growing – Loam; a mixture of all three sediments
iii. Infiltration rates – Sand is the fastest, whereas clay is the slowest
8. Mining:
a. Associated environmental problems – chemicals used to separate metal from
ore, pollution of water and soil, destruction and removal of soil, habitat
alteration and destruction.
b. Legislation - 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
9. Green Revolution (Industrial Agriculture):
a. Benefits – development of disease resistant & high yielding crops,
widespread use of machinery, application of fertilizers, and irrigation
techniques
b. Energy Subsidy
i. Rank food production methods (Fig 11.4) – Various methods of food
production use a lot more energy than other methods. Greater
amount of energy is needed for modern agricultural practices than
traditional. To determine the energy used for a food, multiply the
calories of the food by the subsidy. To determine the calories of food
produced for a food production method, divide.
c. Pesticides –
i. Define/describe pesticide treadmill – new pesticides applied to crop,
some pests survive. Resistant individuals reproduce (selected to
resist pesticide) so when next application occurs, results are poor.
Develop new pesticide . . . . .
ii. Persistent vs non-persistent
1. Examples – persistent = DDT ; non-persistent = Roundup
iii. Herbicide vs insecticide
1. Examples – herbicide round-up; insecticide = DDT
d. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO):
i. Define/describe – any organism that has been genetically modified by
removal or addition of genes or gene sequences; from other species
ii. Genetic engineering vs selective breeding – Genetic engineering can
specify what trait be modified; mixes genes from other species,
creates combinations that did not previously exist. Selective breeding
mixes genes of the same species and selects genes that come together
on their own.
iii. Benefits – increased crop yield and quality of crop; disease resistant
crops; “Round Up Ready” crops (pest resistant); grows fast
iv. Consequences – Safety for humans: unknown effects on allergies
transfer of antibiotic markers. Access: Dependence on industrialized
countries by developing countries and one company monopoly on
seeds (intellectual property). Biodiversity: cross-pollination between
GMO and non-GMO plants and reduction of diversity in crops
e. Sustainable Farming Techniques:
i. Types – traditional farming methods, intercropping, crop rotation,
agroforestry, contour plowing.
ii. No-till Farming:
1. Define/describe – designed to avoid the soil degradation.
Leave harvesting residue on fields and keep harvested plants
roots intact. No-tilling reduces emissions of CO2 because soil is
less oxidized.
2. Benefits – Prevents erosion of soil by keeping it in place and
maintains soil development by not disrupting it.
iii. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
1. Define/describe – variety of techniques used to minimize the
application of pesticides on crops. Successful in developing
countries because it is similar to what they already do and
industrialized agriculture is not feasible in developing
countries.
2. Techniques – crop rotation, intercropping, and creating habitat
for predators of pests.
f. Organic Farming:
i. Pros/Cons – Pros is that less pesticides, hormones, antibiotics and
humane methods for growing crops and raising animals. Cons is
accessibility of organic foods by inter-city neighborhoods and the
price
g. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO’s):
i. Negative & positive impacts – Negative impacts are increased risk of e.
coli out break due to overcrowding, run-off of lots, and diet of animals.
Inhumane way to raise animals. Positive impacts that it is cheaper,
uses less land, and higher yield of meat for growing population.
h. Marine Fisheries
i. Tragedy of the Commons example – fish are migratory and difficult for
a country to claim resource. Over-fishing brought on collapse of
fisheries in the 70’s. Fishing was not regulated and populations
collapsed.
ii. Decline/increase discrepancy – Collapse brought new ways of
regulating fisheries. Quotas and limits were imposed on how much
you could catch. Seasons were also implemented (especially salmon).
New fishing techniques were also implemented to increase efficiency
of fishing.
i.
Human Diet:
i. Largest component – grain
ii. Over-nutrition negative impacts – hypertension, type II diabetes,
obesity, heart disease.
j.
Aquaculture:
i. Define/describe – methods to increase the production of seafood by
fish/shellfish, and seaweed farming. Constructing an aquatic
ecosystem in shallow coastal areas where the organisms would be fed
and protecting them from disease and predators. Fish are in
enclosures. All catfish and trout and half of shrimp and salmon are
farm raised.
ii. Pros & Cons – Pros to aquaculture is provide much needed protein to
undernourished people (1 billion +) and relieve pressure on
overexploited fisheries. Cons to aquaculture are the waste water in
pens is pumped into ecosystem where excess antibiotics, feces, food,
bacteria and viruses are introduced. Escapees from these pens can
spread disease and parasites as well as interbreed or compete with
the native species.