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Name ____________________________ Class _________________ Date _____________ Chapter 4 Test Review Reviewing Key Concepts Completion On the lines provided, complete the following sentences. 1. The natural situation in which heat is retained by the atmosphere is the 2. zones are located in the areas around Earth’s poles. 3. zones have climates that range from hot to cold. 4. The zone that receives direct year-round sunlight is the Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. 5. What gases trap heat energy in Earth’s atmosphere? 6. How do greenhouse gases maintain Earth’s temperature range? 7. What causes the three main climate zones on Earth? Reviewing Key Skills 8. Applying Concepts Describe five factors that affect climate. 9. Applying Concepts In the past century, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing steadily. Describe an effect this might have on Earth’s climate. 10. Inferring On a particular day at the beach, air is moving downward over the ocean and upward over the sand. What can you infer about the relative temperatures of the air over the sea and the air over the sand? © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 72 Name Class Date Reviewing Key Concepts Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. 1. Name and describe the two factors that determine the survival and growth of organisms in an ecosystem. 2. Name three types of community interactions that affect an ecosystem. 3. In which type of community relationship does one member of the association benefit while the other is neither helped nor harmed? Give an example. 4. What are the two kinds of disturbances that change ecosystems? 5. Describe the process of succession in an ecosystem. Reviewing Key Skills 6. Applying Concepts How is a niche related to abiotic and biotic factors? 7. Comparing and Contrasting Compare the three types of symbiosis—mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism—in terms of the relationships that exist within each type. 8. Applying Concepts If two organisms occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time, what must be true about them? 9. Comparing and Contrasting Compare the two types of succession and give an example of each. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 73 Name Class Date Reviewing Key Concepts Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the biome that best matches 1. hot and wet year-round; home to more species than all other land biomes combined a. boreal forest 2. warm year-round; wet and dry seasons; tall deciduous trees, tigers, termites c. tropical rain forest 3. warm temperatures; frequent fires; tall perennial grasses, herbivores such as antelopes and zebras b. desert d. temperate woodland and shrubland e. tropical savanna 4. variable temperatures; low precipitation; cacti and other succulents f. temperate grassland 5. warm to hot summers, cold winters, fertile soil; perennial grasses, prairie dogs h. temperate forest g. tropical dry forest i. tundra 6. hot, dry summers, nutrient-poor soil; woody evergreen shrubs, chaparral, coyotes 7. cold to moderate winters, warm summers, yearround precipitation; deciduous trees, raccoons, skunks 8. long cold winters, short mild summers; needleleaf conifers, moose, lynx 9. cold, dark, long winters, permafrost; mosses, lichens, caribou, ox of organisms that live in it. the description ofsedges, the climate and musk species Reviewing Key Skills 10. Interpreting Graphics Identify the biomes represented by Graphs A and B. Explain your answers. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 74 Name Date Class Completion On the lines provided, complete the following sentences. 1. The four main factors that affect aquatic ecosystems are and 2. Most freshwater ecosystems belong in one of two following categories: ecosystems and ecosystems. 3. The ocean zones based on light penetration are the and 4. The ocean zones based on the distance from land and the depth of the ocean floor are the and Reviewing Key Skills 5. Applying Concepts What abiotic factors characterize salt marshes? 6. Applying Concepts Why might a wide range of species be endangered by the pollution of an estuary? 7. Applying Concepts What role does phytoplankton play in the food webs of many aquatic ecosystems? 8. Comparing and Contrasting What distinguishes the photic zone from the aphotic zone in a marine ecosystem? 9. Comparing and Contrasting Explain why photosynthesis is more likely to occur throughout the coastal ocean but only in a small part of the open ocean. 10. Predicting Which ocean zone would seem least likely to support marine life? © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 75 Name________________________________ Class ____________________ Date _______________ Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the definition that matches each term. 1. weather a. nonliving factors that shape ecosystems 2. greenhouse effect b. the full range of conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions 3. polar zone 4. temperate zone 5. biotic factors 6. abiotic factors 7. niche 8. predation c. natural situation in which atmospheric gases trap heat inside Earth’s atmosphere d. cold area where the sun’s rays strike at a very low angle e. interaction where an organism captures and feeds on another organism f. day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place g. climate in this area ranges from hot to cold, depending on the season h. biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem Completion On the lines provided, complete the following sentences. 9. The three main types of symbiotic relationships in nature are _______________________ , _______________________ , and ________________________ . 10. The gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance is called ________________________ . 11. A group of communities that covers a large area and that contains a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals is called a(an) _______________________ . 12. From higher to lower, the two layers that plants make up in a tropical rain forest are the _________________________ and the _______________________ . 13. Trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have leaves shaped like needles are called_________________________ . 14. The ________________________ contains dense evergreen forests of coniferous trees. 15. The tiny, free-floating algae and animals that occur in both freshwater and saltwater environments are called _______________________ . © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 76 Name _______________________________ Class ___________________ Date _______________ 16. The well-lit upper layer of bodies of water where photosynthesis can take place is called the _________________________ zone. 17. The permanently dark section of the ocean is called the _______________________ zone. 18. The prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat is called _________________________ . Multiple Choice On the lines provided, write the letter of the phrase or term that best answers the question. 19. What type of unicellular algae are supported by nutrients in water and form the base of aquatic food webs? a. sphagnum c. zooplankton b. detritus d. phytoplankton 20. What type of wetland forms when a freshwater source meets the ocean? a. estuary c. bog b. salt marsh d. mangrove swamp 21. What type of ecosystem occurs in tropical climates and contains dominant species of salt-tolerant woody plants? a. salt marsh c. wetland b. mangrove swamp d. benthic zone 22. In the illustration below, which ocean zone is A referring to? a. coastal ocean c. photic zone b. aphotic zone d. benthic zone Photic zone Aphotic zone © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 77