Download Target 1 ※ Different from English

Target 1
※
Different from English.
SENTENCE == Ns SV
我很累。
A noun followed by a stative verb forms a sentence.
Target 2
SENTENCE == Ns TV No
我喜歡他 。
A noun followed by a transitive verb and then a direct object forms a sentence.
Target 3
SENTENCE == Ns AUX TV No
她會說中國話。
A noun followed by an auxillary verb (e.g., 可以、會、能) and then a transitive verb and a
direct object forms a sentence.
Target 4
SENTENCE == Ns ITV
他天天來。
A noun followed by an intransitive verb forms a sentence.
Target 5
※
Different from English. (5)
SENTENCE == Ns EV Nc
他們是日本人。
A noun followed by a so-called "equative verb" followed by a noun complement forms a sentence.
The Ns is always the thing being assigned to a set or category, and the Nc is always some kind
of a description of the set to which the individual belongs.
Target 6
SENTENCE == Ns GX Ngx
誰在門口兒？
A "GX" is a verb that defines a relationship in space or time. It assigns the Ns to a location
Ngx .
Target 7
(Existential 有)
教室裡頭有二十個人。
Region of space or time 有 some event, person, etc. In English we can either say, "There are
holes in my shoes," or, "My shoes have holes in them."
Target 8
PREDICATE == PREDa (to) ITV
我到城裡去買。
Very frequently we do one thing to set things up for doing something else, e.g., "He went to
medical school to become a missionary doctor.
Target 9
Complex predicates of the form:
他們跑不回(到)山上來。
The order of sentence elements is the same, but more or less information can be given depending
on whether all elements are supplied by the speaker.
Target 10
Modifiers + 的 go before the noun
不去的人很多。
The stacking order in English is the opposite of the stacking order in Chinese.
Target 11
PREDICATE == PREDa (to) PREDb
她買書送給她媽媽。
English speakers use this pattern all the time, but ordinarily the word "to" must be inserted
between the predicates. In Chinese, the word 來 is sometimes used in that position, but its use
is optional and not always appropriate.
Target 12
SENTENCE == Ns (正)在 PRED
你又在鬼扯！
In English we use "ing" endings to indicate two things that are split up in Chinese. When the
speaker wants to indicate an action that is occuring at the present time, the adverbial
expression (正)在 is used.
Target 13
NOUN == SV NOUN
Miata 不是高車子。
A certain limited set of nouns can be modified by a single stative verb. Most of the time one
must use something like 很高的.
Target 14
passives with 是... 的
這本書是她爸爸寫的。
Sentences of this type use a rather complicated sentence structure to accomplish what English
accomplishes with a passive verb. In Chinese one does not say, "This book was written by her
father." Instead, one says, "This book is one that her father wrote."
Target 15
※
Different from English.
SENTENCE == Ns GX Ngx PRED
他們常常在家裡唱歌。
(Coverb of location)
In English one can mention where something happened at the end of a sentence.
is more logical. The rule is always:
Set the stage first, then tell the action.
Chinese, however,
Target 16
SENTENCE == (在) (Place) 有/沒有 EVENT
(在)圖書館裡頭有人抽煙嗎？
Chinese always speaks of a space or time having something going on in it. Often when a
particular location is not mentioned then "the world" or "the universe" is implied.
Target 17
PREDICATE == ITV 得 RESULT
老人走得很慢。
(Adverbs of Capacity)
Predicates of this form describe the actual result, or the demonstrated capacity to achieve such
an actual result, as measured by some external standard. For instance, a person speaks and (can)
get a certain result such as "fast" or "slow."
Target 18
PREDICATE == VERB 著 呢
他哭著呢。
In (11) above, the "ing" meaning "just at this moment" was expressed. In this case the other
alternative is expressed. The verb ending 著 is used to indicate the drawing out of some event
through time. If someone said, "你哭著呢！" the emphasis would be on the weeping as a continuing
state of distress. In English we might translate, "You're weeping!" but a more precise
translation might be, "You've been crying!" The second sentence hints that the speaker can tell
from the other person's appearance that the weeping has been going on for some time.
Target 19
SENTENCE == Ns FV Nfv
他不理我。
Most textbooks treat verbs of this type as transitive verbs, since they work about the same way.
However, an FV (functive verb) indicates an action that does not have any impact on the Nfv,
e.g., "The comet passed the earth."
Target 20
SENTENCE == Ns ITV FV (ITV =) PV
鳥飛上來。
A PV (post-verb) is really just an ordinary intransitive verb used for a special purpose. It
indicates how the action described relates to the speaker. Is the action coming toward the
speaker (來) or going in some other direction (去). In the example above, the bird is flying up
(the mountain or whatever it is) and it is approaching the speaker.
Target 21
SENTENCE == Ns FV Nfv (ITV =) PV
他上山來。
Note that the person is "coming up the mountain" but it is possible that this person is flying
in an airplane or floating in a balloon. So the sentence does not actually claim that the actor
does anything to the mountain.
Target 22
SENTENCE == Ns FV CV Ncv (ITV =) PV
他們跑回山上來。
This pattern is similar to others in this series. Note how simpler patterns can be derived just
by dropping elements that may already be understood.
Target 23
COVERB = 能、會、可以
他老了，不能走路了。
These coverbs have similar meanings. 能 means to be physically able to do something and/or that
environmental factors permit doing something. 會 means to have learned how to do something, and
可以 means "permissible," although it is often used to mean "can" in the sense that a
possibility for some action or result exists.
Target 24
COVERB = 對、替、給
爸爸替他理頭髮。
對 means to direct oneself toward some object to perform some action, e.g., "She spoke to me,"
or "They were not very good to their visitors." 替 means to do something in someone elses stead.
I should have taken out the garbage, but Dad did it for me. 給 means to do something as a favor
for somebody else. "The dentist filled the cavity for me."
Target 25 在地方的 N
Target 26
SENTENCE = SENTENCE 嗎
你喜歡她嗎？
This kind of question suggests its own answer, but answering 我不喜歡她 suggests that you
dislike her, so you may need to say something to the effect that you are neutral in your
attitude toward her.
Target 27
Ns VERB neg VERB (Nx)
你去不去？
This type of question is, essentially, a multiple choice question. Take your pick.
Target 28
Ns VERB Nx neg VERB
他是日本人不是？
This pattern is a variant of pattern 25. However, it may suggest that the speaker favors the
positive alternative and is expecting confirmation.
Target 29
NOUN = # MW N
那個老頭子有兩隻狗。
The pattern is analogous to English usage. However, in English we generally require measure
words in special cases. Chinese only does without measure words in special cases.
Target 30
NOUN = SP MW N
這張紙是他的。
This pattern is analogous to English usage.
Target 31
NOUN = SP # MW N
那三隻老虎都非常大。
This pattern is analogous to English usage.
Target 32
# = a(10,000) + b(1000) +c(100) +d(10)+e
# = 3(10,000) +6(1000)+7(100)+2(10)+5 = 36,725
# = 三萬
六千
七百
二十
五
Target 33
NOUN = Modifier de NOUN
到北京去的人
The stacking order of dependent clauses is opposite in English and in Chinese.
example above translates to 烢 eople that go to Beijing. ?
Therefore
Target 34
GX Ngx + de NOUN
(在)廁所裡頭的人
A common use of 的 clauses is to indicate where or when something happened.
often omitted.
Target 35
SENTENCE == Ns PREDa 還是 PREDb
你們要看電影還是聽音樂？
Questions of this type offer a choice between only two alternatives.
Target 36
NOUN = NOUNa 還是 NOUNb
她是你的老師還是你的女朋友?
The word 在 is
還是 can be used with nouns as well as with predicates.
Target 37
Ns 離 Ngx SV
舊金山離北京很遠。
Often it is not sufficiently clear to say that something is far away, and one wants to say where
that place is far away from. So 離 introduces the point from which distance is measured.
Target 38
Ns 離 Ng Distance
北京離舊金山多少英里？
One can express a specific distance in miles, kilometers, etc.
Target 39
PRED = PREDa (to) PREDb
這本書很難念。
In English it is necessary to separate two predicates with "to", but in Chinese there is no such
necessary separator. Expressions like "difficult to look at" can mean "ugly," so "difficult to
read" is usually expressed by using 難念 instead of 難看.
Target 40
SENTENCE == p=p=36(是) SENTa 還是 SENTb
是在宿舍念書好，還是在圖書館念書好？
還是 can be used to set up a choice between ideas expressed in two full sentences.
Target 41
Ns 到 Ngx 來/去
他們到房子外頭去。
In Chinese, the destination is introduced by 到, and 來 or 去 appear after the destination. When
one wants to mention the point of origin, one can substitute 從 for 到.
Target 42
SENTENCE = Ns 到 Ngx 來/去 PRED
他們到房子外頭去抽煙。
Chinese being a very logical language, this sentence pattern is used to express the idea that
one travels somewhere in order to do some particular thing.
Target 43
SENTENCE = Ns 從 Ngx 來/去
他們從圖書館來。
This pattern is similar to (39) except that the point of origin is mentioned, rather than the
destination.
Target 44
SENTENCE = Ns 從 Ngx1 到
我們從學校到圖書館去。
Ngx2 來/去
When both the point of origin and the destination of a trip are mentioned, Chinese is very
logical in mentioning the origin before mentioning the destination.
Target 45
PRED = 往 DIRECTION 走/拐/etc.
往東走。
The verb 往 means to head oneself in a certain direction. It must be followed by a word meaning
to walk, to run, to turn, etc.
Target 46
SENTENCE = SENTENCE 吧
你去吧。
Adding 吧 at the end of a sentence changes a command or a flat statement into a suggestion.
Target 47
Ns 比 Nstandard PRED
她比我會開快車。
Often it is not enough to say something is large or that it is small. It is necessary to state
that it is large as compared to some standard.
Target 48
Ns 比 Nstandard ITV 得 RESULT
他比我說得好。
Predicates such as those found in (16) can also be used in comparisons.
compared to.?
As before, 比 means ?as
Target 49
Ns ITV 得 比 Nstandard RESULT
我說得比她慢。
Sentences like (47) can also be rearranged as shown above.
Target 50
★ Rote memory required. *v*
SENTENCE = Ns TV No TV 得 RESULT
他寫字寫得漂亮。
When the object of a transitive verb is mentioned that seals off the verb, preventing it from
being modified by a resultative ending (得).
In order to make the desired statement about the
capacity of the subject to do something one must use the pattern:
VERB OBJECT VERB 得.
Target 51
SENTENCE = Ns TV No 比 Nstandard TV 得 RESULT
他寫字比我寫得漂亮。
There are several ways of formulating comparisons involving adverbs of capacity (using 得). This
is one kind.
Target 52
SENTENCE = Ns TV No TV 得比 Nstandard RESULT
他寫字寫得比我漂亮。
This pattern is an alternative to (50)
Target 53
DATE = ___年___月___日/號
他們是一九八七年十月二十三日回去的。
Dates always proceed from the largest unit to the smallest.
Target 54
★★ Be aware: There are two kinds of 了. *v*
了 after a verb means: Did do it.
了 after a sentence means: There has been a change.
Rule:
If nothing happens, do not use 了.
Target 55
Time = Event 以前
上車以前要不要買票？
The word 以 means 烠 o the?so in connection with 東、西、南 、北、上、下 it means to the east,
to the west, to the south, to the north, above (us), below (us), and so forth. Two of the most
common expressions are 以前 (before) and 以後 (after).
Target 56
SENTENCE = Ns PREDa (to) PREDb -- with 用、給、對
當時，您的母親對我很好。
These verbs tell what tool was used, whom something was given to (or whom some favor was done
for), and toward whom some attitude or behavior was directed.
Target 57
noun = clause 的 noun
不能去的人
Any modifier that consists of two or more characters (and many that have only one character)
must be followed by 的 to form a correct structure. In particular, modifiers that contain a verb
must be created this way.
Target 58
VERB = VERB + 過
她沒有去過我家。
The verb ending 過 gives a positive answer to the implied question as to whether something has
ever happened or has ever happened within a specified time period. Unlike 了, it can be negated.
Target 59
VERB = VERB 得/不 VERB-COMPLEMENT
你看得見看不見(他們)？
Verb phrases of this time set up the implicit (or in some cases explicit) question of whether
some specified result follows from a certain action. For instance 看得見 asserts that it is
possible or it has indeed proven possible to look and actually perceive something, whereas 看不
見 asserts that even though one looks one is unable to perceive. These are called resultative
compounds.
Target 60
No = time period 的 noun
他天天看一個鐘頭的書？
These modifiers may best be understood by comparing them to English expressions 浾 dollar 掇
worth of nails,?浻 ifty cents worth of candy,?浾 lifetime of toil,?etc. They all describe the
amount of work or experience done by asserting that a certain amount of time has been devoted to
it.
Target 61
No = SENTENCE
爸爸反對我到美國去念書。
The object of a transitive verb can be an entire sentence. In the example above, what Papa
objects to is neither his child nor the general idea of going to America to study, but to the
idea of this particular person going to America to study.
Target 62
Time accreted to an activity (with 有)
他研究狼有三十年了。
Ta-men yan/ jiu` lang/ you^ san- nian/ le.
Their studying wolves has accrued three years as of now.
There are no common parallels for this usage in English. In Chinese one indicates that a certain
amount of time devoted to some kind of activity has piled up and is now possessed by that
activity. The example asserts that someone has thirty years of wolf study, i.e., that he or she
has studied wolves for thirty years.
Target 63
Number of occurrences.
我坐了五次輪船。
Wo^ zuo`le wu^ ci` steam ship.
I have ridden a steam ship five times.
The number of times one has done something such as riding on a steamboat is expressed by
sentences of this form.
Target 64
PRED = FV 得/不 Vcomplement Nfv Post-V
你飛得過高山回基地嗎？
Ta- fei- de/ guo` gao- shan` hui/ ji- di` ma?
Can he succeed in flying over high mountains to return
to base?
Complicated phrases involving verbs, verb complements, post-verbs, etc. typically involve a set
sequence. Learning the most complicated form will enable the easy creation of simpler forms with
the elements in the correct order.
Target 65
Ns 把 No PRED
老虎會把牛都吃掉。
Lao/ hu^ hui` ba^ niu/ dou- chi- diao`.
The tigers are apt to eat up all the cattle.
The 把 structure is typically used in two situations. One is to give prominence to the idea of
getting one 掇 hands on something or somebody to do something to their detriment. The other is
simply to reposition the object of the verb ahead of the rest of the predicate to enable it to
be governed by 都 or to avoid breaking up verb clusters and making their meaning less clear.
The noun governed by 把 is always a specific individual or group. 公公每次來就給我們書 says that
Grandpa gives us books every time he visits, but it is not some known group of books. 公公把書
給我們, however, has to refer to 烠 he books.?
Target 66
SENTENCE = 連 Ns 也/都 PRED
連他媽媽都不喜歡他。
Lian/ ta- ma-ma dou- bu` xi^ hua- ta-.
Even his mom doesn't like him. (Not to mention the others.)
The idea behind this sentence structure is that of an ordered chain of possibilities leading to
the least likely possibility actually to be experienced. Perhaps nobody is universally liked, so
it may be no surprise that the principal does not like a certain boy. The teachers may all
dislike the boy, and so on. But almost always the boy 掇 mother will retain some affection for
him when nobody else does. In the extreme case mentioned in the example above, not even the
child 掇 mother likes him.
Target 67
SENTENCE =連 (Ns) No (Ns) 也/都 PRED
連她我也沒有請。or 我連她也沒有請。
Lian/ ta- wo^ ye^ mei/ you^ qing^.| Wo^ lian/ ta- ye^
mei/ you^ qing^.
I didnt even invite her. (Not to mention the others.)
連 can govern the object of the sentence, in which case the subject of the sentence can appear
in two different positions.
Target 68
QWs as indefinites
誰都沒有去。
Shei/ dou- mei/ you^ qu`.
X individuals all did not go. = Nobody went.
The so-called 烗 uestion words?actually function more like the algebraic x. All x have failed
to go amounts to saying that nobody has gone. Statements of this form ordinarily appear only in
the context of formal logic (浣 or all X, if X is a male then X cannot produce ova? but the
usage is very common in Chinese.
Target 69
SENTENCE = Ns 跟/像 Nstandard 一樣。
你跟我哥哥完全一樣。
Ni^ gen- wo^ ge-ge wan/ quan/ yi/ yang`.
You are just like my elder brother.
It is possible to assert that two things are identical to each other, e.g., 你們都一樣。 But it
is also common to compare a specific individual to some kind of standard that everyone is
presumed to know about.
Target 70
Ns 跟/像 Nstandard 一樣 PRED
他跟孫中山一樣聰明。
Ta- gen- Sun- Zhong- Shan- yi/ yang` cong- ming/.
He is as intelligent as Sun Yat 帩 en.
When one wants to assert that a specific individual is like a well known example or standard in
some respect, a clause can be added as shown in the example. Instead of simply asserting that
somebody is like Sun Yat-sen, that person is said to be as intelligent as Sun Yat-sen.
Target 71
Ns 有 Nstandard 那麼 PRED
他有朱八德那麼喜歡吃東西。
Ta- you^ Zhu- Ba- De/ ne`me xi^ huan- chi- dong- xi.
He has Pigsy's avidity for eating things.
The subject of a sentence can be said to possess a certain kind of likeness to some familiar
figure or standard of comparison. In the example above the subject is asserted to posses the
avidity for eating of Pigsy (one of the heroes of the novel Monkey).
Target 72
Ns TV No TV 得跟 Nstandard 一樣 PRED
他念書念得跟 Kennedy 一樣快。
Ta- nian` shu- nian` de/ gen- Kennedy yi/ yang` kuai`.
He reads as rapidly as did John Kennedy.
This sentence pattern is just an assemblage of earlier-seen and simpler sentence patterns.
Remember that the 浧 OBJ V 得?sequence is mandatory even though 浶 e reads books reads as
rapidly as Kennedy?would seem strange in English.
Target 73
Ns TV No TV 得 有 Nstandard 那麼 PRED
她念書念得有孫中山那麼仔細。
Like (70), this sentence pattern is a more complicated version of sentence patterns already
introduced above. The example asserts that some person reads books as meticulously as did Sun
Yat-sen.
Target 74
Ns SV 得 PRED
她漂亮得人人都喜歡她。
Ta- piao` liang(`) de/ ren/ ren/ dou- xi^ huan- ta-.
She was so beautiful that everybody liked her.
This sentence pattern is used to assert that someone is so (whatever the Stative Verb is) that
the predicate naturally follows. The example asserts that some lady is so beautiful that
everyone likes her.
Target 75
SENTENCE = Ns ADVmanner PRED
他少給了一塊錢。
Ta- shao^ gei^le yi/ kuai` qian/.
He gave a dollar less (than required).
Adverbs of manner tell how, in what spirit, etc., something is done. Frequently they express
ideas such as 浵 urriedly,?but they can also describe cases in which one does too much or too
little, or to urge a guest to eat a little more or a friend to drink a little less.
Target 76
Practical equivalence of adverbs of manner
and adverbs of capacity in some circumstances
走慢一點 =? 慢一點走
Zou^ man` yi` dian^ =? Man` yi` dian^ zou^.
Walk and proceed slowly =? Rather slowly proceed.
Whereas 烒 apidly move?and 烝 ove rapidly 茳 eem to be functionally equivalent in English, in
Chinese adverbs of manner and adverbs of capacity are strongly differentiated. Ancient and
debilitated people can be said to 快快兒的走 in cases of urgent need, even if their actual speed
in miles per hour is quite low, but it cannot be said that they 走得很快. However, in cases
where one is urging someone else to go faster or slower, etc., the two ways of speaking seem to
amount to the same thing. In one case the speaker urges the result, in the other the speaker
urges that psychological attitude appropriate to achieving the result.
Target 77
VERB = VERB 著
瓶子上寫著『三碗不過岡』。
Ping/zishang xie^zhe "San- wan^ bu/ guo` gang-"
On the bottle was written: "Three bowls and you won't make
it over the ridge."
The use of 著 in Chinese superficially resembles the English verb-ending 涐 ng?but in fact the
two are quite different. The example derives from a story in Outlaws of the Water Margins where
one of the heroes visited a wine shop that provided patrons with a wine so strong that three
bowls full would make them too drunk to head on up the mountain. So the sentence says, 浯 n the
bottle was (write and continue on in that state =) written, 偲 hree bowls and no crossing the
ridge!梌 The idea is that while the writing may have been done quite some time ago, the result
of that writing has persisted on into the present. When things are hanging on the wall, flying
from a flag staff, etc., it is appropriate to use this form and not 正在, which would imply,
e.g., that somebody is this minute hanging up the portrait (when in fact it has been hanging
there for years).
Target 78
不是 item 1 就是 item 2
有人撞死那隻貓。不是他就是他哥哥。
Bu/ shi` _____ jiu` shi`_____.
If it isn't _____ then it is _____.
This sentence structure is used to narrow things down to two alternatives. The example asserts
that somebody has run over a cat, and that it must either be a certain guy or his elder brother.
Target 79
SENTENCE = V 來 V 去 (也沒有) PRED
我們一直跑來跑去，可是沒有找到弟弟。
Wo^men yi` zhi/ pao^ lai/ pao^ qu`,
ke^shi mei/ you^ zhao^ dao` Di`di.
We kept running all over the place,
but we could not find Bud.
The expression V 來 V 去 means to go to and fro while doing whatever the main verb is.
Sometimes it is a figurative moving to and fro, as when one thinks here and there trying to
cover all possibilities. In the case of the sentence pattern above, someone is asserted to have
made rather exhaustive efforts to cover all possibilities and yet has achieved no positive
result.
Target 80
ADV = 除了 N 以外
除了我哥哥以外，誰都不知道這件事情。
Chu/le wo^ ge-ge yi^ wai`,
shei/ dou- bu` zhi- dao` zhei` jian` shi`.
With the exception of my elder brother,
nobody know about this matter.
以 means “to the,”and 以外 literally means “to the outside.”
除 means “to weed out,” and 了 means “put an end to the matter,” so the whole phrase
indicates taking something out of its normal group and putting it somewhere else, i.e., taking
it out of consideration. So the example above could be translated, “Taking my elder brother out
of the mix, all people are ignorant of this matter.”
Target 81
Fact 是 Fact， 可是....
這輛汽車，好看是好看，可是很慢。
Zhei` liang` qi` che-, hao^ kan` shi` hao^ kan`,
ke^shi hen^ man`
This car does indeed look good, but it is pretty slow.
In this sentence pattern, the first Fact is a topic and the rest of the sentence is a comment.
是 is a strong affirmation, i.e., in this case it means something like 涐 t is indeed.?The
remainder of the sentence expresses an exception to what one might ordinarily expect given the
Fact. The examples says, 毣 s regards this automobile, as for being good looking, it is indeed
good looking, however it is pretty slow.?
Target 82
一 as an ADV meaning “no sooner than”
你一告訴你哥哥，他就跟我說了。
Ni^ yi/ gao`su ni^ ge-ge, ta- jiu` gen- wo^ shuo- le.
The instant you told your elder brother,
he then spoke to me.
The word 一 in this pattern expresses the idea of
action described by the predicate. So the example
your elder brother than he passed the information
situations describing some kind of a surprise, as
Target 83
VERB = VERB + 起來
我想起來了。
Wo^ xiang^ qi^ lai/ le.
I've recalled it!
the first thing that happens following the
may be translated: “No sooner did you tell
on to me.” Frequently this pattern is used in
in, “The moment she opened the door...”
In this sense the 起來 ending indicates the inception of some some kind of activity such as
recalling, weeping, etc. The factors precipitating this action may have been present for a
while, but the action in response to them begins suddenly. "He just started up crying..."
Target 84
VERB = VERB + 起來
她看起來好像很糊塗。
Ta- kan` qi^ lai/ hao^ xiang` hen^ hu/ tu/.
She appears to be pretty scatterbrained.
One may perceive someone or something through many different sense modalities, through abstract
processes, etc. Each mode of understanding may give a different impression of the thing being
examined. The example says, "Just looking at her, she would seem to be rather scatterbrained."
Sentences of this type give the speaker an easy way to back down if the initial impression
proves false.
Target 85
Expressions with 打
不要把門打開！
Bu/ yao` ba^ men/ da^ kai-!
Do not knock the door open!
In some of these sentences the sense of 打 is very figurative, and may have a meaning something
like the expression “hit on”or "strike on" in English. The example is more straightforward,
“Do not strike the door open.”
Target 86
Resultative verbs (more)
他跑得不快。
Ta- pao^ de/ bu/ kuai`.
He cannot run fast.
When a V+得 structure is descriptive of how something is done it can involve a negated SV, e.g.,
跑得不慢, but when the question is whether something can or cannot bu done, a negated verb
complement would not work, e.g., 走不不慢.
Target 87
involving freedom from hindrance --> 要 V 什麼 就 V 什麼
那個小孩子不懂事。她要說什麼就說什麼！
Nei`ge xiao^ hai/zi bu` dong^ shi`.
Ta- yao` shuo- she/me jiu` shuo` she/me.
That child does not know how the world works.
She says whatever she feels like saying.
This is the Chinese way of saying “Do whatever you want.”
Target 88
誰要 PRED 誰就 PRED
誰要回去，誰就回去。
Shei/ yao` hui/ qu`, shei/ jiu` hui/ qu`.
Whoever wants to go back, just go back.
This is the Chinese way of saying, “Whoever wants to may go ahead with it.”
Target 89
就是... Ns 也 PRED
就是你去，我也不去。
Jiu` shi` ni^ qu`, wo^ ye^ bu/ qu`.
Even if you go, I still will not go.
Often involves an event (e.g., your going somewhere)
Even if..., nevertheless...
Target 90
就是 Ns 也 PRED
就是嚴老師也去了。
Jiu`shi Yan/ Lao^ Shi- ye^ qu` le.
Even Teacher Yan is going!
Generally involves people who are "out of the loop."
Even X does/did that.
Target 91
TV No --> No TV
他們沒有飯吃。
Ta-men mei/ you^ fan` chi-.
They do not have [any] food to eat.
In English, an association of ideas like “eating food”can be reversed to express a different
kind of idea, “ood to eat,” but in Chinese the same thing happens without the insertion of the
word “no.”
Target 92
ADV = SV
不大喜歡
bu/ da` xi^ huandoes not much like
There are many examples of using a stative verb as an adverb, for instance:
不大明白, 很少有..., 白學, 老吃, 大吃, 晚回去, 不大喜歡
慢走, 老說話, 慢開,
Target 93
PRED = 越 PRED 越 PRED
他越吃花生米越想吃。
Ta- yue` chi- hua- sheng- mi^ yue` xiang^ chi-.
The more he ate peanuts, the more he wanted to eat.
This pattern is used to express ideas of the form “the more x happens, the more y happens,”
but also statements to the effect that somebody was ‘more and more” xyz. Since 來 has a sense
of events coming down to the present, as in 近來, those situations are expressed by predicates
like 越來越 xyz.
Target 94
ADV of manner = SV SV 兒地
我將來會好好兒地念書。
Wo^ jiang- lai/ hui` hao^ haor-de nian` shu-.
[Sometime] in the future I will study responsibly.
These adverbs indicate the attitude of mind with which one performs a certain action. One cannot
promise to run fast, but one can promise to run as fast as one is able, to try to run fast, etc.
Target 95
Reduplication of MWs
這些書，本本都是她爸爸寫的。
Zhei` xie- shu-, ben^ ben^ dou- shi` ta- ba`ba xie^ de.
Every single one of these books are by her dad.
These expressions are something like English adverbs such as “day after day,” “volume after
volume,” etc.
Target 96
Use of 一 as = 全
我們一家子都好！ 謝謝！
Wo^men yi` jia-zi dou- hao^! Xie` xie`!
The whole family is fine! Thanks!
In this case 一 means “the entire.”
Target 97
Passives with 被
他們都被土匪打死了。
Ta-men dou- bei` tu^ fei^ da^ si^ le.
They were all killed by bandits.
被 might be translated as “by,” but it really means something more like “was subjected to.”
Target 98
SENTENCE == Ns TV Nido Ndo
你給她什麼(甚麼)禮物？
請您給我畫地圖。
Ni^ gei^ ta- she/me li^ wu`?
What are you giving her as a gift?
Qing^ ni^ gei^ wo^ hua` di` tu/
Please draw a map for me.
The Mandarin Chinese handling of indirect objects works the same as one of the English patterns.
(In Chinese one can also be said to give people the performanc of some activity.)
Target 99
the 是... 的 structure
她是大學畢業的。
Ta- shi` da` xue/ bi` ye`de.
She is someone who has graduated from college.
This structure has many practical uses. It can indicate a kind of passive idea when, e.g., a
book is described as one that that Hemingway wrote, it can be used to give prominence in a
sentence to the element that immediately follows 是, and it can give essentially the same
information as is given in English by putting the main verb of a sentence in past tense.
Target 100
Ns TV 著 No PRED
他喝著酒開車。
Ta- he-zhe pi/ jiu^ kai- che-.
He drinks beer while driving.
The PRED element gives the main action, the thing that the subject should be mainly concerned to
do, whereas the TV 著 No element indicates something done at the same time. Although it is
dangerous, one could take an occasional swig of alcohol while driving, but it would be
impossible to drink steadily and occasionally put hands to the steering wheel and feet to pedals
and brakes, so that fact determines that the example sentence above is the correct way to state
things.
Target 101
SENTENCE == SENTENCEa CONJ SENTENCEb
我本來要去，可是現在我不去了。
Wo^ ben^ lai/ yao` qu`, ke^shi xian` zai` wo^ bu/ qu` le.
I originally wanted to go, but I'm not going anymore.
The words for 浾 nd? that can join nouns cannot be used to join predicates.
且 (bing` qie^), etc. are used instead.
而且(er/ qie^)、並
Target 102
IMPERATIVES
下車！
Xia` che-!
Get out of the car!
As with English, it is common to omit the subject in imperative sentences.
Target 103
PRED = 不 SV1 不 SV2
這本書不好不壞。
Zhei` ben^ shu- bu` hao^ bu/ huai`.
This book is neither good nor bad (i.e., is so 帩 o).
Sentences of this time are commonly used to indicate that the subject is in some state
intermediate between the two stated extremes.