Download Chapter 5 Section 1------A Growing Nation

I.
Chapter 5---The Young Republic (1816-1848)
Chapter 5 Section 1------A Growing Nation
A Revolution in Transportation (pp. 178-179)
A. National Road---Cumberland, Maryland –Vandalia, Illinois
1. Federally Funded Highway—Largest
*** Most Highway improvements(turnpikes) were funded by state & local
governments and by private businesses***
B. Robert Fulton---developed a steamboat called the Clermont(1807)
1. Made river travel more reliable
2. made upstream travel possible
***Caused growth in river travel & canal building***
C. Trains(railroads)---Peter Cooper—1st Locomotive
1. Impact: Trains traveled much faster than stagecoaches & could go anywhere
track was laid***
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III.
Industrialization Sweeps the North (pp. 179-181)
A. Industrial Revolution ----Began in Britain in the 1700s
1. Manufacturing shifted from hand tools to large, complex machines
2. Individual artisans gave way to organized workforces
3. Manufacturers sold their wares nationwide or abroad instead of just locally
B. U.S. Industrialization—1800s
1. Samuel Slater---stole techniques from the British & brought to America
2. Eli Whitney---interchangeable parts for guns
a. produced large amounts of identical pieces that workers
assembled into finished goods
3. Samuel Morse---Telegraph
a. speedily relayed news ---1848 Associated Press created
4. People moved from the farm to the city in search of factory jobs & higher
wages
5. Increase in immigrants between 1815 to 1860 (Germans & Irish)
a. In search of a better life
b. Nativism---hostility toward foreigners wascreated among
Americans (Know-Nothings)
6. 1820s & 1830s—Labor Unions organized to seek higher wages or shorter
workday
a. employers refused to bargain & the courts viewed them as
unlawful conspiracies
b. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) –Supreme Court ruled labor strikes
legal
The Continuing Importance of Agriculture (pp. 182-183)
A. Agriculture---Leading economic activity
1. Cotton, tobacco, rice, & sugarcane—major cash crops for the South—Cotto
being # 1
2. 1793---Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney)---Combed the seeds out of cotton bolls
a. increased the production of cotton in the South
B. South did not industrialize as quickly as the North
IV.
Enslaved & Free African Americans (pp. 183-185)
A. 1820-1860--# of enslaved people in the South almost tripled.
B. 2 Basic Labor Systems:
1. Task System (farms & small plantations)
a. workers given specific jobs to finish every day. They worked until
their tasks were done. Once done they can do other things.
2. Gang System (Large Plantations)—worked in fields from sunup to sundown
a. Driver—director of the work gang
C. Slave Codes forbade slaves from:
1. owning property
2. leaving their owner’s plantation without permission
3. owning firearms
4. testifying in court against a white person
5. learning to read & write
D. Frederick Douglass—former slave who became leader of the antislavery movement
E. Slave Rebellions:
1. Denmark Vesey (1821)—planned a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina, but
was betrayed, and arrested & hung by authorities
2. Nat Turner (1831)—killed more than 50 people before he was arrested &
hung
F. Free African Americans:
1. Lived in North & South
2. Some earned their freedom fighting in the American Revolution
3. Many bought their freedom or was granted freedom by their slaveholders
4. Came to the United States as indentured servants
5. half-white children of slaveholders—given freedom
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Chapter 5 Section 2------The Age of Jackson
The Resurgence of Sectionalism (pp. 187-189)
A. Missouri Compromise(1820----Henry Clay
1. Maine—Free State; Missouri---Slave State
2. Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory
B. Election of 1824 (4 Candidates)
1. Henry Clay---Kentucky---Favored the American System (West)
2. Andrew Jackson---Tennessee (West)
3. John Quincy Adams—Massachusetts---(New England)
4. William Crawford---Georgia (South)
***Favorite Son----person who had support of leaders from their own state &
region***
C. House of Representatives selected John Quincy Adams because Clay threw his
support toward Adams
1. “Corrupt Bargain”---Clay accused of winning votes for Adams in exchange
for the cabinet position, Sec. Of State
D. Jackson---Democratic Republicans (Democrats)
Adams----National Republicans
II.
A New Era in Politics (pp. 189-190)
A. Eliminated Property ownership as a qualification for voting
B. Election of 1828---Jackson v. Adams----Mudslinging campaign
1. Jackson won the election with the support of the South & West—“Common
Man’s President”
C. Jackson’s Platform:--Make government more democratic
1. Believed in participation of the average citizen in government
2. Supported the “Spoils System”—practice of appointing people to government
jobs on the basis of party loyalty & support
3. Replaced the Caucus system with the national nominating convention
III.
The Nullification Crisis (pp. 190-191)
A. 1828—Tariff of Abominations”---High Tax on goods imported into the U.S.
1. South Carolina threatened to secede (withdraw) from the Union
2. Vice President John Calhoun proposed “nullification”---states should have
the right to declare a federal law null & void (not valid)
3. 1830—Nullification Crisis---Hayne (states’ rights) v. Webster (national
rights)
4. President Jackson supported the Union
5. Calhoun resigned as Vice President & South Carolina declared the Tariffs of
1828 & 1832 unconstitutional
6. Solved by a Compromise bill (Henry Clay)—South Carolina repealed its
nullification of the tariff law
IV.
Other Domestic Matters (pp. 191-192)
A. Indian Removal Act (1830)—move Indians to uninhabited regions west of the
Mississippi River
1. Worcester . Georgia (1832)—Cherokee sued Georgia
a. Supreme Court supported the Cherokee, but President Jackson
refused to support the decision
2. Trail of Tears---Forcibly removing the Cherokee to Oklahoma & Arkansas
a. 2,000 Indians died due to starvation, disease, & exposure
B. National Bank Issue:
1. President Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the United States because he
said it only benefited the wealthy
2. President Jackson vetoed the bank’s charter & removed the government
funds & put it in state banks (pet Banks)
V.
A New Party Emerges (pp. 192-193)
A. Whigs---Opposed President Andrew Jackson
1. advocated expanding the federal government & encouraging commercial
development
B. 1836 Election---Martin Van Buren wins
1. Panic of 1837—Unemployment rose 7 thousands of farmers lost their land in
foreclosures
C. 1840 Election—Harrison v. Van Buren
1. “Tippecanoe & Tyler, too”
2. Harrison –shortest term as President---32 days—died of pneumonia
3. Tyler becomes President & opposes many of the Whig policies & sides with
the Democrats (President w/out a Party)
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Chapter 5 Section 3---------The Reform Spirit
A Religious Revival (pp. 194-195)
A. Dorothea Dix—worked for improved treatment of the mentally ill
B. Second Great Awakening---Revival of Nation’s commitment to religion
1. Joseph Smith---Founder of the Mormons
2. Moved to Illinois & then to Utah(Brigham Young) because of Religious
persecution
A Literary Renaissance (pp. 195-196)
A. Transcendentalism---Urged people to transcend the limits of their mind & let their
souls embrace the beauty of the universe
1. Ex: Ralph Waldo Emerson & Henry David Thoreau
B. Penny Press—As people learned to read & write, inexpensive newspapers were
printed to give people the news they wanted to know about
III.
Social Reform (pp. 196-197)
A. Utopian Communities—Ideal society
1. characterized by cooperative living & the absence of private property
2. Ex: Brook Farm (Massachusetts) & Shaker Communities
B. Temperance Movement
1. Excessive use of alcohol was the major cause of crime & poverty
IV.
2. encouraged people to abstain from alcohol
3. American Temperance Union—pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor
Educational Reform (pp. 197-198)
A. Horace Mann---Massachusetts Education Reformer (Why Public Schools?)
1. new technology required better-educated workers
2. increasing number of immigrants
3. surge in the voter roles all required broader public education
V.
The Women’s Movement (pp. 198-199)
A. Men—work; Women—took care of the house & women
B. 1848—Seneca Falls Convention—Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1. Focused on equal rights for women—“Declaration of Sentiments &
Resolutions”
2. Beginning of the women’s movement
VI.
The Abolitionist Movement (pp. 199-201)
A. Abolition—immediate end to slavery
B. American Colonization Society (ACS)—Send African Americans back to Africa
(Liberia)
1. Problems:
a. Cost too High
b. African Americans regarded the United States as their home & had no
desire to migrate to another continent
C. American Antislavery Society—William Lloyd Garrison—
4. Liberator—Antislavery newspaper
D. Frederick Douglass—Black Abolitionist
1. Published the North Star
E. Sojourner Truth—Black Abolitionist
F. Northern View. V. Southern View of Abolitionism
1. Northern View—many opposed abolitionism, fearing that it would disrupt
the social system because of an increase of Blacks to the North
2. Southern View: Slavery essential to their economy
Chapter 5 Section 4---------Manifest Destiny
I. The Western Pioneers (pp. 202-204)
A. Manifest Destiny—idea that the nation was to spread all the way to the Pacific Ocean
1. Oregon Trail (1840)---Most Popular Route---took 5 to 6 months
2. Treaty of Fort Laramie(1851)---Promise that defined territories would belong to the
Native Americans forever
As. Indians concerned that Buffalo would die off or migrate elsewhere
II. Americans Settle in Texas (pp. 204-205)
A. 1821---Mexico invited Americans to settle in the Northern Part because the Tejanos
refused to move to the north
B. Stephen Austin—1st & most successful empresarios (agents)
C. Americans agreed to Mexican citizenship, but they did not adopt Mexican customs
D. 1830—Mexico closed immigration by Americans to Texas & banned slavery &
discouraged trade with the U.S.
III. Texas Fight for Independence (pp. 205-207)
A. 1834---Santa Anna declares himself dictator of Mexico
B. September 1835—Mexico v. Texas
C. Battle of the Alamo—Feb. 1836
1. 180 rebels held off the Mexican forces for 13 days
2. March 6, 1836—Santa Anna defeated the Texans
a. Davy Crockett ,Jim Bowie, & William Travis all killed
D. Battle of San Jacinto
1. Sam Houston (Commander of the Texas Army) defeated the Mexican Army
2. Santa Anna captured & forced to sign a treaty recognizing Texas independence
E. September 1836—Sam Houston—Elected President of Texas
1. Lone star republic from 1836-1845
IV.
Texas & Oregon Enter the Union (pp. 207-208)
A. Feb. 1845---Texas Annexed to the United States
1. December 1845---Texas becomes a state
B. Oregon Territory---“Fifty-four Forty or Fight”
1. June 1846—Great Britain & U.S. agreed that the U.S. would acquire most of Oregon
south of the 49 North Latitude line
V. War with Mexico (pp. 208-209)
A. Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States over Texas Annexation
1. Main Conflict: dispute over Boundary Mexico: Nueces River
U.S.: Rio Grande River
B. Battle of Buena Vista—Zachary Taylor defeated Santa Anna
C. Bear Flag Republic (California)
1. Led by John Fremont
D. Battle of Vera Cruz & Mexico City
1. General Winfield Scott captured these places in Fe. 1848
E. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1. Mexican Cessian—Land given to the U.S.
2. Rio Grande—southern Border of Texas
3. U.S. agreed to pay Mexico $15 Million & take over $3 Million in debt that the Mexican
government owed American citizens