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Core Content: SS-0.8-5.1.2 I can explain how history is a series of connected events shaped by multiple cause-and-effect relationships and give examples of those relationships. SS-0.8-5.2.3 I can explain how the growth of democracy and geographic expansion occurred and were significant to the development of the United States prior to Reconstruction. In the early 1800’s, Americans moved west in search of land and adventure. They headed over the Appalachian Mountains into Kentucky and Tennessee. Daniel Boone found the way through these mountains through the Cumberland Gap. • Settlers loaded their household goods into Conestoga Wagons. Page 293 • Two of their most valued possessions were an axe and a rifle. • The land west to the Mississippi River is called the Louisiana Purchase. • Pioneers settled along the river so they could ship their crop to markets. These were unloaded in New Orleans and to the East Coast. • The Louisiana Purchase- was bought by Thomas Jefferson from Napoleon Bonaparte the dictator of France for $15 million (3 cents an acre) ,(France made a secret treaty with Spain). The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. The Constitution did not say anything about buying land, so Jefferson feared it would be illegal. However, the president is allowed to make treaties with foreign countries, which is how he bought the Louisiana Purchase. Page 287 • • • • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led an expedition called the Corps of Discovery to explore the new territory They left from St. Louis in 1803 and traveled up the Missouri River They were looking for the Northwest passage – a water route to India After 18 months and nearly 4000 miles, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean Sacagawea- was a Shoshone woman who led Lewis and Clark on their expedition War of 1812The War of 1812 was against Great Britain and ended in 1814. Why was there a War? • The British were kidnapping Americans, and forcing them to serve in their Navy, this is called impressments • Frontier Conflict- The British were stirring up Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley o Settlers were moving in on Native American land that had been guaranteed to the Native Americans by a treaty. o A powerful Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, built a confederacy among Native American in the northwest to fight against white settlers o Video: Lewis and Clark • Battle of New Orleanso Andrew Jackson became a national hero (nickname was Old Hickory) o This battle was fought after the War of 1812 had officially been ended because the troops did not know it had been declared over. Review: Who was fighting who? United States and Great Britain Why were they fighting? 1. British were impressing Americans and attacking American ships 2. Stirring up the Native Americans in the Ohio Valley Who won the war? United States *Why is this event important? The United States had gained a new respect from other nations in the world and Americans felt a new sense of patriotism and strong national identify. Vocabulary Words: Nationalism – loyalty to one’s country Frigates – warships Privateers – armed privately owned ships Chesapeake – American warship that was attacked by the British off the coast of Virginia *During a British attack on Fort Henry, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner. In 1931, Congress designated it to be the National Anthem. (words on page 616) The Jackson EraThe Election of 1824Four candidates from the Republican Party competed for the presidency. Candidate: Electoral Votes: Popular Vote: House of Representatives: Andrew Jackson 99 153,544 7 John Quincy Adams 84 108,740 13 Williams Crawford 41 46,618 4 Henry Clay 37 47,136 0 • Andrew Jackson received the largest number of popular votes but no candidate got the majority of the electoral votes. When this occurs, the House of Representatives decides who will become the President. • Henry Clay met with John Quincy Adams and agreed to use his influence as Speaker of the House, if Adams would name him Secretary of State. Jackson accused the two men of making a “corrupt bargain” and stealing the election. The Election of 1828- • The Republican Party split into two separate parties called the Democratic-Republicans or “Democrats” and the National Republicans • The Republicans support John Quincey Adams and favor a strong central government. • The Democrats support Andrew Jackson and favor state’s rights and individualists. • Both Parties resulted in mudslinging, or attempts to ruin your opponent’s reputation by slander. • Jackson won by a landslide (and overwhelming victory). • Spoils System- The practice of replacing government employees with the winning candidate’s supporters. • Bureaucracy- a system in which nonelected officials carry out laws. The Trail of Tears: Moving the Native Americans. The Cherokee: • Through treaties with the US, the Cherokee became a sovereign nation, within Georgia. • Had their own government, language, schools, newspaper and written Constitution. • Sequoya’s invention of a Cherokee alphabet enabled many to read and write their own nation language Five Civilized Tribes: • Cherokee, Creek Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. • Whites wanted to relocate Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi River so they could take their land. • Jackson supported the settlers demand for the Native American’s land. Indian Removal Act• 1830- Allowed federal government to pay Native Americans for their lands and moved the Indians to present day Talequah, Oklahoma. • The Cherokee nation refused to give up their land • They sued the state of Georgia. The case went to the Supreme Court (Worchester vs. Georgia). • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee. • President Jackson ignored the Court’s ruling by saying “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” • Political cartoon – King Andrew The Trail of Tears- page 343 - 347 • In 1838, General Winfield Scott and an army of 7000 federal troops moved the Cherokee west, by force. • Over 4000 Cherokee died of hunger, disease, and coldness on the trip. • Another 800 died afterwards because of their state of health. Power point of Cherokee Way of Life Artifacts Video Manifest DestinyChapter 12 Vocabulary• Joint-Occupation- People from two separate nations can settle in another country. Example: In 1818, Adams formed a Joint-Occupation and both Britain and Americans could live in the United States. • Mountain Men- were fur traders that first discovered the Oregon Country. They lived in the Rocky Mountains. • Rendezvous- a meeting of the mountain men in late summer to trade furs • South Pass- a broad break through the Rocky Mountains found by Robert Stuart and Jedediah Smith. • Emigrants- Someone who leaves one country to go to another Example: Tens of thousands of people moved from the US to Oregon, which is also known as the Great Migration. • Manifest Destiny- John O’Sullivan declared “It was America’s Manifest Destiny to overspread and possess the whole continent which Providence has given us.” Meaning it was America’s fate to extend its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean. • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Ended the war with Mexico and made Californios (Mexican Californians) United States citizens. • Mexican Cession- Mexico gave their citizens of its provinces of California and New Mexico to the United States in trade of $15 million. • Gadsden Purchase- a strip of land along the southern side of New Mexico and Arizona that became part of the US by the paid amount of $10 million in 1853. • Forty-Niners- People who came to California in search of gold in 1849 (The Gold Rush). • Vigilantes- citizens who took the law into their own hands, acting as police, judge, jury, or executioner. Chapter 12 – Manifest Destiny Read page 356 The Oregon Country – included all of what is now Oregon, Washington and Idaho, plus parts of Montana and Wyoming. Four nations claimed this vast area: United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Russia President John Adams negotiated a treaty with Great Britain to have joint occupation of Oregon Mountain Men were the first to explore this area. Robert Stuart and Jedediah Smith found the South Pass, a passage through the Rocky Mountains *This became the route that settlers took to Oregon In the 1840’s “Oregon fever” swept through the Mississippi Valley. The “Great Migration” had begun The pioneers were called emigrates because they left the U.S. to go to Oregon. (which was outside of the U.S.) • 2000 mile journey • Lasted 5 to 6 months • About 1 in 10 died on the trail from disease, overwork, hunger, or accidents Page 359 Oregon Trail – most wagon trains left from Independence, Missouri in early spring and traveled across the Great Plains, along the Platte River, and through the South Pass. Once over the Rocky Mountains, they took the trail north and west along the Snake and Columbia Rivers into the Oregon Country. Independence for Texas: page 363 -367 Texas Independence The area known as Texas was owned by Spain as of 1819. The Spanish wanted to promote the growth of Texas, so they offered huge tracts of land to people who agreed to bring families to settle on the land. Moses Austin received a land grant in 1821. He died and his son Stephen Austin took over and recruited 300 American families to settle along the Brazos River and the Colorado River. Many received 960 acres with additional acres for each child. (page 365) 1823-1825 - Mexico passed three colonization laws. All these laws offered new settlers large tracts of land at extremely low prices, and reduced or no taxes for several years. Laws: 1. Must learn to speak Spanish 2. Must become a Mexican citizen 3. Must convert to Catholicism (the religion of Mexico) AND OBEY ALL MEXICAN LAWS In 1830 Americans in Texas outnumbered Mexicans. The Americans did not honor their promises to adopt Mexican ways. The United States had twice offered to buy Texas from Mexico. The Mexican government issued a decree, official order to stop immigration from the United States and put a tax on goods imported from the United States which angered the Texans 1836 Texas became an independent country. (Texans fought the Mexican troops under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna) Major battle was the Alamo – 180 Texans against several thousand Mexican troops. Famous leaders at the Alamo were Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, and William Travis, all were killed. Only a few women and children survived the battle. It is important because they bought Texans some much needed time. Economic GrowthIndustrial Revolution• Up until the 1800’s people worked in their own homes or in workshops making cloth, furniture, farm equipment, household items, and clothing. • Soil in New England was poor so people were willing to leave their farms to find work elsewhere • New England’s geographic location was an advantage due to: • Many rushing rivers and streams which provided waterpower necessary to run machinery in the factories • Close to other resources including coal and iron • Also had many other parts New Inventions• Eli Whitney: 1. Invented cotton gin, a simple machine that quickly removed the seeds from the cotton fiber 2. Came up with interchangeable parts (identical parts that could be quickly put together) • Samuel Slater: Stole the design for spinning cloth from Great Britain by memorizing the design. • Robert Fulton: Perfected the steamboat Travel in the 1800s• Turnpikes- inland roads built by private companies that charged fees to help pay for construction • Steamboats- greatly improved the transport of goods and passengers up and down major rivers • Canals- an artificial waterway Example: The Erie Canal was connected to Albany, New York on the Hudson River to Buffalo on Lake Erie. The North and South• Famine- An extreme shortage of food • Capital- Money for investment • Yeomen- a southern owner of a small farm who did not have enslaved people. • Sustenance Farming- Raising only enough crops to survive • Tenant Farmers- a farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent in either cash or crops. • Spiritual- an African American religious folk song • The Underground Railroad- a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South in the North. • Abolitionist- a person who strongly favors doing away with slavery Events Leading up to the Civil War: • Sectionalism- Loyalty to a region (Americans see themselves as westerners or southern or northerners) • Missouri Comprise- 11 states permitted slavery and 11 did not. • Compromise of 1850- Had 5 main points. o California would be admitted as a free state o New Mexico would have no restrictions on slavery o The New Mexico Territory and Texas border dispute would be settled in New Mexico’s favor o The slave trade, but not slavery would be abolished in the District of Columbia o A fugitive slave act would be enacted • Fugitive Slave Act- required all citizens to help runaway slaves. Anyone who aided a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned. Slaveholders stepped up their efforts to catch runaway slaves. • Kansas-Nebraska Act- Stephen A. Douglas proposed doing away with the Missouri Compromise and letting settlers in each territory vote on whether to allow slavery. He called this popular sovereignty (let the people decide). • Bleeding Kansas- Those for and those against slavery poured into Kansas to vote on the issue of slavery when violence broke out. Slavery supporters the town of Lawrence, burned, and looted the town. Anti-slavery supporters retaliated. • Harper’s Ferry Raid- A raid, led by John Brown, of a targeted arsenal, a storage place for weapons and ammunition, which started an increase of uprising from abolitionists. • Secede- To leave or withdrawal The Civil War: • Rebel- Confederate (South) Soldier • Yankee- Union (North) Soldier ∗ On February 1861, Texas, Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansas joined the Confederate states. They chose Jefferson Davis as their president and Richmond, Virginia as their capitol. ∗ The Union states had Abraham Lincoln as their president, and Washington D.C. was the capitol. ∗ States’ Rights: Southerners justified succession with the theory of states’ rights. ∗ Battle at Fort Sumter- is the first battle of the Civil War, which was fought in South Carolina. Instead of beginning the war, Abraham Lincoln left that decision to the Confederates. ∗ The following four states allowed slavery but remained in the Union: Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and Delaware. North Union South Confederacy Yankees Rebels • Larger population • More industry • More resources • Fought in familiar territory • Better banking system • Strong military R • Owned more ships • Had Jefferson Davis E • Loyal navy • Better railway • Lack of materials- S T N network (larger and G more efficient system) • Had Abraham Lincoln • The North had to work W E A • N E S white population o Few factories the Southern states o Less food supplies back. o Produced little weapons In battles, the North • and hold the South • Strong support from the to retrieve and recruit would have to invade K • Southerner’s white Difficult to deliver supplies to troops • The belief of states’ rights support remained hindered the states from strong giving a lot of power to their own federal government. Causes and Effects of Westward MovementCause: Americans accept Manifest Destiny. Effect: Native Americans are forced off their land. Cause: As the East becomes more corwded, Americans want more land. Effect: The U.S. goes to war with Mexico Cause: The west contains furs, lumbur, and precious metals. Effect: The U.S. extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific.