Download SS-0.8-5.1.2 I can explain how history is a series of connected

Core Content:
SS-0.8-5.1.2 I can explain how history is a series of connected events shaped by multiple
cause-and-effect relationships and give examples of those relationships.
SS-0.8-5.2.3 I can explain how the growth of democracy and geographic expansion occurred
and were significant to the development of the United States prior to Reconstruction.
In the early 1800’s, Americans moved west in search of land and adventure. They headed over
the Appalachian Mountains into Kentucky and Tennessee. Daniel Boone found the way
through these mountains through the Cumberland Gap.
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Settlers loaded their household goods into Conestoga Wagons. Page 293
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Two of their most valued possessions were an axe and a rifle.
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The land west to the Mississippi River is called the Louisiana Purchase.
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Pioneers settled along the river so they could ship their crop to markets. These were
unloaded in New Orleans and to the East Coast.
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The Louisiana Purchase- was bought by Thomas Jefferson from Napoleon Bonaparte
the dictator of France for $15 million (3 cents an acre) ,(France made a secret treaty
with Spain). The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S.
The Constitution did not say anything about buying land, so Jefferson feared it would be illegal.
However, the president is allowed to make treaties with foreign countries, which is how he
bought the Louisiana Purchase. Page 287
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•
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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led an expedition called the Corps of Discovery to
explore the new territory
They left from St. Louis in 1803 and traveled up the Missouri River
They were looking for the Northwest passage – a water route to India
After 18 months and nearly 4000 miles, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean
Sacagawea- was a Shoshone woman who led Lewis and Clark on their expedition
War of 1812The War of 1812 was against Great Britain and ended in 1814.
Why was there a War?
• The British were kidnapping Americans, and forcing them to serve in
their Navy, this is called impressments
• Frontier Conflict- The British were stirring up Native Americans in the Ohio
River Valley
o Settlers were moving in on Native American land that had been
guaranteed to the Native Americans by a treaty.
o A powerful Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, built a confederacy among
Native American in the northwest to fight against white settlers
o Video: Lewis and Clark
• Battle of New Orleanso Andrew Jackson became a national hero (nickname was Old Hickory)
o This battle was fought after the War of 1812 had officially been ended
because the troops did not know it had been declared over.
Review:
Who was fighting who? United States and Great Britain
Why were they fighting?
1. British were impressing Americans and attacking American ships
2. Stirring up the Native Americans in the Ohio Valley
Who won the war? United States
*Why is this event important? The United States had gained a new respect from
other nations in the world and Americans felt a new sense of patriotism and
strong national identify.
Vocabulary Words:
Nationalism – loyalty to one’s country
Frigates – warships
Privateers – armed privately owned ships
Chesapeake – American warship that was attacked by the British off the coast of
Virginia
*During a British attack on Fort Henry, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled
Banner. In 1931, Congress designated it to be the National Anthem. (words on
page 616)
The Jackson EraThe Election of 1824Four candidates from the Republican Party competed for the presidency.
Candidate:
Electoral Votes:
Popular Vote:
House of
Representatives:
Andrew Jackson
99
153,544
7
John Quincy Adams
84
108,740
13
Williams Crawford
41
46,618
4
Henry Clay
37
47,136
0
•
Andrew Jackson received the largest number of popular votes but no candidate got the majority
of the electoral votes. When this occurs, the House of Representatives decides who will
become the President.
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Henry Clay met with John Quincy Adams and agreed to use his influence as Speaker of the
House, if Adams would name him Secretary of State. Jackson accused the two men of making a
“corrupt bargain” and stealing the election.
The Election of 1828-
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The Republican Party split into two separate parties called the Democratic-Republicans or
“Democrats” and the National Republicans
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The Republicans support John Quincey Adams and favor a strong central government.
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The Democrats support Andrew Jackson and favor state’s rights and individualists.
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Both Parties resulted in mudslinging, or attempts to ruin your opponent’s reputation by slander.
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Jackson won by a landslide (and overwhelming victory).
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Spoils System- The practice of replacing government employees with the winning candidate’s
supporters.
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Bureaucracy- a system in which nonelected officials carry out laws.
The Trail of Tears: Moving the Native Americans.
The Cherokee:
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Through treaties with the US, the Cherokee became a sovereign nation, within Georgia.
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Had their own government, language, schools, newspaper and written Constitution.
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Sequoya’s invention of a Cherokee alphabet enabled many to read and write their own
nation language
Five Civilized Tribes:
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Cherokee, Creek Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw.
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Whites wanted to relocate Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi River so
they could take their land.
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Jackson supported the settlers demand for the Native American’s land.
Indian Removal Act•
1830- Allowed federal government to pay Native Americans for their lands and moved
the Indians to present day Talequah, Oklahoma.
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The Cherokee nation refused to give up their land
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They sued the state of Georgia. The case went to the Supreme Court (Worchester vs.
Georgia).
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Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the
Cherokee.
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President Jackson ignored the Court’s ruling by saying “John Marshall has made his
decision; now let him enforce it.”
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Political cartoon – King Andrew
The Trail of Tears- page 343 - 347
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In 1838, General Winfield Scott and an army of 7000 federal troops moved the Cherokee
west, by force.
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Over 4000 Cherokee died of hunger, disease, and coldness on the trip.
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Another 800 died afterwards because of their state of health.
Power point of Cherokee Way of Life
Artifacts
Video
Manifest DestinyChapter 12
Vocabulary•
Joint-Occupation- People from two separate nations can settle in another country.
Example: In 1818, Adams formed a Joint-Occupation and both Britain and Americans
could live in the United States.
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Mountain Men- were fur traders that first discovered the Oregon Country. They lived in
the Rocky Mountains.
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Rendezvous- a meeting of the mountain men in late summer to trade furs
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South Pass- a broad break through the Rocky Mountains found by Robert Stuart and
Jedediah Smith.
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Emigrants- Someone who leaves one country to go to another
Example: Tens of thousands of people moved from the US to Oregon, which is also
known as the Great Migration.
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Manifest Destiny- John O’Sullivan declared “It was America’s Manifest Destiny to
overspread and possess the whole continent which Providence has given us.” Meaning it
was America’s fate to extend its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Ended the war with Mexico and made Californios
(Mexican Californians) United States citizens.
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Mexican Cession- Mexico gave their citizens of its provinces of California and New
Mexico to the United States in trade of $15 million.
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Gadsden Purchase- a strip of land along the southern side of New Mexico and Arizona
that became part of the US by the paid amount of $10 million in 1853.
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Forty-Niners- People who came to California in search of gold in 1849 (The Gold Rush).
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Vigilantes- citizens who took the law into their own hands, acting as police, judge, jury,
or executioner.
Chapter 12 – Manifest Destiny
Read page 356
The Oregon Country – included all of what is now Oregon, Washington
and Idaho, plus parts of Montana and Wyoming.
Four nations claimed this vast area: United States, Great Britain, Spain,
and Russia
President John Adams negotiated a treaty with Great Britain to have
joint occupation of Oregon
Mountain Men were the first to explore this area. Robert Stuart and
Jedediah Smith found the South Pass, a passage through the Rocky
Mountains
*This became the route that settlers took to Oregon
In the 1840’s “Oregon fever” swept through the Mississippi Valley. The
“Great Migration” had begun
The pioneers were called emigrates because they left the U.S. to go to
Oregon. (which was outside of the U.S.)
• 2000 mile journey
• Lasted 5 to 6 months
• About 1 in 10 died on the trail from disease, overwork, hunger, or
accidents
Page 359
Oregon Trail – most wagon trains left from Independence, Missouri in
early spring and traveled across the Great Plains, along the Platte River,
and through the South Pass. Once over the Rocky Mountains, they took
the trail north and west along the Snake and Columbia Rivers into the
Oregon Country.
Independence for Texas: page 363 -367
Texas Independence
The area known as Texas was owned by Spain as of 1819.
The Spanish wanted to promote the growth of Texas, so they offered
huge tracts of land to people who agreed to bring families to settle on
the land.
Moses Austin received a land grant in 1821. He died and his son
Stephen Austin took over and recruited 300 American families to settle
along the Brazos River and the Colorado River. Many received 960
acres with additional acres for each child. (page 365)
1823-1825 - Mexico passed three colonization laws. All these laws
offered new settlers large tracts of land at extremely low prices, and
reduced or no taxes for several years.
Laws:
1. Must learn to speak Spanish
2. Must become a Mexican citizen
3. Must convert to Catholicism (the religion of Mexico)
AND OBEY ALL MEXICAN LAWS
In 1830 Americans in Texas outnumbered Mexicans. The Americans did
not honor their promises to adopt Mexican ways. The United States
had twice offered to buy Texas from Mexico.
The Mexican government issued a decree, official order to stop
immigration from the United States and put a tax on goods imported
from the United States which angered the Texans
1836 Texas became an independent country. (Texans fought the
Mexican troops under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna)
Major battle was the Alamo – 180 Texans against several thousand
Mexican troops. Famous leaders at the Alamo were Davy Crockett, Jim
Bowie, and William Travis, all were killed. Only a few women and
children survived the battle.
It is important because they bought Texans some much needed time.
Economic GrowthIndustrial Revolution• Up until the 1800’s people worked in their own homes or in workshops
making cloth, furniture, farm equipment, household items, and clothing.
• Soil in New England was poor so people were willing to leave their farms to
find work elsewhere
• New England’s geographic location was an advantage due to:
• Many rushing rivers and streams which provided waterpower necessary to
run machinery in the factories
• Close to other resources including coal and iron
• Also had many other parts
New Inventions• Eli Whitney:
1. Invented cotton gin, a simple machine that quickly removed the
seeds from the cotton fiber
2. Came up with interchangeable parts (identical parts that could be
quickly put together)
• Samuel Slater: Stole the design for spinning cloth from Great Britain by
memorizing the design.
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Robert Fulton: Perfected the steamboat
Travel in the 1800s• Turnpikes- inland roads built by private companies that charged fees to
help pay for construction
• Steamboats- greatly improved the transport of goods and passengers up
and down major rivers
• Canals- an artificial waterway
Example: The Erie Canal was connected to Albany, New York on the Hudson
River to Buffalo on Lake Erie.
The North and South• Famine- An extreme shortage of food
• Capital- Money for investment
• Yeomen- a southern owner of a small farm who did not have enslaved
people.
• Sustenance Farming- Raising only enough crops to survive
• Tenant Farmers- a farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent
in either cash or crops.
• Spiritual- an African American religious folk song
• The Underground Railroad- a system that helped enslaved African
Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South in the North.
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Abolitionist- a person who strongly favors doing away with slavery
Events Leading up to the Civil War:
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Sectionalism- Loyalty to a region (Americans see themselves as westerners or
southern or northerners)
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Missouri Comprise- 11 states permitted slavery and 11 did not.
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Compromise of 1850- Had 5 main points.
o California would be admitted as a free state
o New Mexico would have no restrictions on slavery
o The New Mexico Territory and Texas border dispute would be settled in
New Mexico’s favor
o The slave trade, but not slavery would be abolished in the District of
Columbia
o A fugitive slave act would be enacted
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Fugitive Slave Act- required all citizens to help runaway slaves. Anyone who
aided a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned. Slaveholders stepped up their
efforts to catch runaway slaves.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act- Stephen A. Douglas proposed doing away with the
Missouri Compromise and letting settlers in each territory vote on whether to
allow slavery. He called this popular sovereignty (let the people decide).
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Bleeding Kansas- Those for and those against slavery poured into Kansas to vote
on the issue of slavery when violence broke out. Slavery supporters the town of
Lawrence, burned, and looted the town. Anti-slavery supporters retaliated.
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Harper’s Ferry Raid- A raid, led by John Brown, of a targeted arsenal, a storage
place for weapons and ammunition, which started an increase of uprising from
abolitionists.
•
Secede- To leave or withdrawal
The Civil War:
• Rebel- Confederate (South) Soldier
• Yankee- Union (North) Soldier
∗ On February 1861, Texas, Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi,
South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansas
joined the Confederate states. They chose Jefferson Davis as their
president and Richmond, Virginia as their capitol.
∗ The Union states had Abraham Lincoln as their president, and
Washington D.C. was the capitol.
∗ States’ Rights:
Southerners justified succession with the theory of states’ rights.
∗ Battle at Fort Sumter- is the first battle of the Civil War, which was
fought in South Carolina. Instead of beginning the war, Abraham
Lincoln left that decision to the Confederates.
∗ The following four states allowed slavery but remained in the Union:
Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and Delaware.
North Union
South Confederacy
Yankees
Rebels
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Larger population
•
More industry
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More resources
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Fought in familiar territory
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Better banking system
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Strong military
R
•
Owned more ships
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Had Jefferson Davis
E
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Loyal navy
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Better railway
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Lack of materials-
S
T
N
network (larger and
G
more efficient system)
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Had Abraham Lincoln
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The North had to work
W
E
A
•
N
E
S
white population
o Few factories
the Southern states
o Less food supplies
back.
o Produced little
weapons
In battles, the North
•
and hold the South
•
Strong support from the
to retrieve and recruit
would have to invade
K
•
Southerner’s white
Difficult to deliver supplies
to troops
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The belief of states’ rights
support remained
hindered the states from
strong
giving a lot of power to
their own federal
government.
Causes and Effects of Westward
MovementCause: Americans accept
Manifest Destiny.
Effect: Native Americans are
forced off their land.
Cause: As the East becomes
more corwded, Americans
want more land.
Effect: The U.S. goes to war
with Mexico
Cause: The west contains furs,
lumbur, and precious metals.
Effect: The U.S. extends from
the Atlantic to the Pacific.