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Unit 2 Vocabulary #2 AP World History 1. Mamluks - Turkic military slaves who formed part of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries; they founded their own state in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries 2. Medieval - Pertaining to the middle ages of European history 3. Mexica - The name given to themselves by the Aztec people 4. Middle Ages - The period of European history traditionally given as 500-1500 5. Minaret - A tower attached to a mosque from which Muslims are called to worship 6. Mississippians - Were a Chalcolithic (copper age) mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1500 A.D., varying regionally. 7. Mita - A labor system used by Andean societies in which community members shared work owed to rulers and the religious community 8. Moldboard Plow - A form of plow consisting of a plowshare (blade) and hitch attached to livestock. It turns the soil in one run across the field, depositing the weeds and remains of the previous crop under the soil and raising the rain-percolated nutrients back to the surface. This plow also allowed for plowing while the ground was wet. 9. Mound-builders - In North American archaeology, name given to those people who built mounds in a large area from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mts. The greatest concentrations of mounds are found in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. 10. Neo-Confucianism - A philosophy that blended Confucianism with Buddhism and Daoism 11. Parallel Descent - In Incan society, descent through both the mother and father 12. Parliament - A representative assembly 13. People of the Book - A term applied by Islamic governments to Muslims, Christians, and Jews in reference to the fact that all three religions had a holy book 14. Quechua - Andean society also known as the Inca 15. Quipus - A system of knotted cords of different sizes and colors used by the Incas for keeping records 16. Quran - The holy book of Islam Unit 2 Vocabulary #2 AP World History 17. Ramadan - The holy month of Islam which commemorates the appearance of the angel Gabriel to Muhammad; fasting is required during this month 18. Scholar-gentry - The Chinese class of well educated men from whom many of the bureaucrats were chosen 19. Seppuku - The Japanese formal language term for ritual suicide. Hara-kiri is the common language term. Hara-kiri, which literally means "stomach cutting", is a particularly painful method of selfdestruction. Only the samurai class was allowed to commit seppuku. 20. Serf - A peasant who is bound to the land he or she works 21. Shariah - The body of law that governs Muslim society 22. Shinto - The traditional Japanese religion based on veneration of ancestors and spirits of nature 23. Shi’ite - The branch of Islam that holds that the leader of Islam must be a descendant of Muhammad’s family. 24. Shogun - Japanese military leaders under the bakufu 25. Shogunate - The rule of the shoguns in Japan 26. Sufis - Muslims who attempt to reach Allah through mysticism 27. Sultan - An Islamic ruler 28. Sunni - The branch of Islam that believes that the Muslim community should select its leaders; the Sunnis are the largest branch of Islam 29. Tea Ceremony - An ancient Shinto ritual still performed in the traditional Japanese capital of Kyoto 30. Tribute - The payment of a tax in the form of goods and labor by subject peoples 31. Toltecs - Ancient civilization of Mexico. The name in Nahuatl means "master builders." The Toltec formed a warrior aristocracy that gained ascendancy in the Valley of Mexico c. AD 900 after the fall of Teotihuacán. 32. Umma - The community of all Muslims believers 33. Vassal - In medieval Europe, a person who pledged military or other service to a lord in exchange for a gift of land or other privilege 34. Zakat - Religious tax, one of the five basic requirements (arkan or "pillars") of Islam. All adult Muslims of sound mind and body with a set level of income and assets are expected to pay zakat. * Spelling counts to some extent for each word.