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Plants
1) Plants are:
a) unicellular eukaryotes
b) multicellular eukaryotes
c) unicellular prokaryotes
d) multicellular prokaryotes
2) There is a lot of cellulose in Charophyceans.
3) What is the apical meristem?
The tip of shoots and roots where growth occurs
4) Sporopollenin protects spores; Gametangia protects gametes
5) What are the problems with the moving of plants to land?
Availability of water, lack of nutrients, support, wind factor, reproduction
6) What are some plant adaptations made to overcome these problems? Give the function
of each adaptation.
Sporopollenin – protects spores
Cuticle – waxy coating
Vascular tissue to move nutrients (Xylem and Phloem)
Seeds – protective structure
Secondary products – secondary to metabolic processes - used by other organisms
7) T/F Bryophytes do not have phloem
8) T/F Bryophytes have seeds
Bryophytes do not have seeds
9) What are the 3 kinds of Bryophytes?
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
10) Gametophyte (haploid) is the dominant generation in Bryophytes
11) Bryophytes have a mat-like structure. What the advantages to having this?
Close to the ground so doesn’t have to transport nutrients very far
12) What are the two vascular tissues and what do they do?
Xylem – moves minerals from roots to the rest of the plant
Phloem – moves sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
13) Xylem is dead; Phloem is living
14) Give some characteristics of seedless vascular plants and give two examples of these
types of plants.
Vascular tissue, flagellated sperm, lack pollen and seeds, sporophyte is dominant
generation
Ex. Lycophyta and Pterophyta
15) What is the difference between homosporous and heterosporous?
Homosporous is one kind of spores, heterosporous is 2 kinds of spores
Heterosporous:
Megasporangium  Megaspore  female gametophyte  egg
Microsporangium  Microspore  male gametophyte  sperm
16) What are sori?
Clusters of sporangia
17) T/F ALL seed plants are heterosporous.
18) Draw a seed and label it. (use the margin) 
Look at lecture notes. It should include seed coat, food supply, and embryo.
19) What advantages does pollen have over flagellated sperm?
Pollen doesn’t need water to move and can travel a long distance (wind and insects)
20) Give some examples of Gymnosperms.
Cycads, Ginko, Gnetophyta, Conifers
21) What does Gymnosperm mean?
Naked seed
22) Draw and label the Pine Life Cycle. (use the margin) 
Use lecture notes and book
23) What’s the difference between monocot and dicot?
Monocots have one embryonic leaf in the seed; Dicots have two embryonic leaves
24) What are the structures of the flower and give their functions.
Sepals – lie under petals
Petals – attractants
Stamen – male
Carpel - female
25) What is a perfect flower? Imperfect flower?
Perfect flowers have both male and female parts. Imperfect flowers do not.
26) In Angiosperms:
the male gametophyte is called pollen grain.
the female gametophyte is called embryo sac.
27) What do the sperm do in the life cycle of Angiosperms? (2 functions for 2 sperm)
One sperm fertilizes the egg. The second sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei (1n + 1n) to
make a 3n endosperm (acts as a food store).
28) What is the purpose of fruit?
Mature ovary, protection, dispersal