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Colonization of Land Kingdom Plantae Four Main Groups of Land Plants Liverworts Hornworts Moss Four Main Groups of Land Plants 1) Bryophytes: non-vascular plants • Non vascular (no tissues of cells joined into tubes to transport water or nutrients) Four Main Groups of Land Plants Lycophyte - Club “Moss” Horsetail Whisk Fern Fern Four Main Groups of Land Plants 1) Bryophytes: non-vascular plants • Non vascular (no tissues of cells joined into tubes to transport water or nutrients) 2) Pteridophytes: seedless plants Four Main Groups of Land Plants conifers Four Main Groups of Land Plants 1) Bryophytes: non-vascular plants • Non vascular (no tissues of cells joined into tubes to transport water or nutrients) 2) Pteridophytes: seedless plants 3) Gymnosperms: plants with naked seeds (seeds protected in cones) Four Main Groups of Land Plants Flowering plants Four Main Groups of Land Plants 1) Bryophytes: non-vascular plants • Non vascular (no tissues of cells joined into tubes to transport water or nutrients) 2) Pteridophytes: seedless plants 3) Gymnosperms: plants with naked seeds 4) Angiosperms: flowering plants with seeds protected in ovaries (fruit) Vascular Plants Where did plants evolve from? From Charophycean Algae Evidence? Homologies in… 1) Rose-shaped proteins that make cellulose in cell walls 2) Peroxisome organelle most closely associated with chloroplasts 3) Sperm Structure 4) Cell plate formation during division Plant Adaptations 1. Apical Meristems: Localized areas of cell division at tips of shoots and roots Adaptive significance: Plant tissues differentiate and serve different functions Plant Adaptations 2. Multicellular embryos remain within tissues of female parents Adaptive significance: Placental transfer of nutrients, AA, sugars from parents to embryo Plant Adaptations 3. Alternation of Generation Life Cycle Gametophyte generation is dominant in bryophytes Sporophyte generation is dominant in vascular plants Plant Adaptations 4. Sporangia: organs found in sporophytes (2N) that make spores (N) Adaptive significance: Spores are durable and tough; resistant to harsh environments Plant Adaptations 5. Gametangia: organs found on gametophytes (N) which make gametes (N) Archegonia: Female gametangia Antheridia: Male Gametangia egg sperm Plant Adaptations 6. Cuticle: Waxy covering on leaves Stomata: Pores under leaves Adaptive Significance: Prevents water loss and microbial attack while also allowing for gas exchange Plant Adaptations 7. Vascular Transport System Xylem: Specialized cells that transport water Phloem: Specialized cells that transport carbohydrates and other nutrients Adaptive Significance: Ability to grow higher away from the ground Plant Adaptations 8. Secondary Compounds - Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Tannins with bitter tastes, strong odors, toxic effects Adaptive Significance Defense against UV rays, microbes, herbivores Plant Adaptations 9. Deciduousness Shedding of leaves Adaptive Significance: Minimizes water loss and energy waste during dormant seasons Bryophytes Group 1 - nonvascular Ex. Liverworts, hornworts, mosses Gametophyte (N) generation is dominant (larger) in Bryophytes Gametophyte (N) generation is dominant (larger) in Bryophytes Gametophyte (N) generation is dominant (larger) in Bryophytes Protonema: Multicellular (N) with large SA to absorb water and minerals “rhizoids” = fake roots used for anchoring, not water absorption Sprophyte (2N) small and insignificant; attached to gametophytes Pteridophytes Group 2 – seedless, vascular Ex. Lycophytes(club “moss”), pterophytes (ferns), sphenophytes (horsetails) Sporophyte (2N) generation is dominant (larger) in Pteridophytes Sporophyte (2N) “leaves of ferns” Sporangia = called “sori” in ferns; produces (N) spores by meiosis Sporophyte (2N) generation is dominant (larger) in Pteridophytes Significantly small and less complex (N) gametophyte with large sporophyte growing out of it Lycophytes or Club “moss” Club shaped “strobili” = sporangia These can typically be “epiphytes” or grow on other plants Sphenophytes or “horsetails” Strobili Hollow ribbed stems joined at “nodes” with small scale-like leaves What did you notice about the size of the gametophytes of the first two plant groups? • The gametophyte of the bryophytes are larger and more complex _______________________ while that of smaller the pteriodophytes are _____________ In plants that produce seeds, the reduction of gametophytes continues Adaptive Advantage: 1. Gametophyte is protected from environment 2. Embryo is protected 3. Gametophyte can get nutrients from sporophyte In seed plants, the sporophyte has 2 kinds of sporangia Female Sporangia (2N) = Megasporangia (Found inside of an ovule) megaspore(N) Megasporangia produces haploid megaspores through meiosis Integument: protective layer that later becomes the seed coat Ovule In seed plants, the sporophyte has 2 kinds of sporangia Male Sporangia (2N) = microsporangia (found inside of the anther/pollen sac) Microsporangia produces haploid microspores through meiosis Pollen Sac = Microsporangia Mega and Microspores female or male gametophytes Gametophytes created from the mega and microspores by mitosis ___________ Female gametophyte is contained within the ovule Male gametophyte = pollen gametes Gametophytes create _________ Male gametophytes create sperm (contained within the pollen grain) Female gametophytes create egg (contained within the ovule) Pollination Definition: the transfer of pollen to ovule Adaptive Advantage of Pollen: eliminated the need for water to transfer sperm to egg Pollination When pollen lands on an ovule, a pollen tube forms and sperm move through the tube to fertilize the egg inside the ovule Diploid Zygote within ovule Pollen tube Micropile = opening through integument that allows pollen to access the egg seed Pollen grain Gymnosperms Group 3 – naked seeds, vascular Ex. Conifers, Pines, Cedar, Redwoods Gymnosperms • They have “naked” seeds • Lack ovaries (fruit) in which ovules (seeds) develop • Ovules develop on specialized leaves called sporophyll Sporangia by a different name… Megasporangia of gymnosperms are contained within female ovulate cones • Microsporangia of gymnosperms are contained within male pollen cones Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm Angiosperm Group 4 – flowering plants, vascular Seeds are contained in protected ovaries (fruit) Parts of a Flower Stigma Stamen (male) Anther Filament Style Ovary petals ovule sepal Carpel/ Pistil (female) Sperm Formation Anther contains the microsporangia Microsporangia (2N) creates 4 haploid microspores by meiosis Each microspore will undergo mitosis to make a generative cell and a tube cell Generative cell goes through mitosis to create 2 sperm Pollen = male gametophyte Gametes (2 sperm) formed by gametophyte Egg Formation Megasporangia divides by meiosis to create 4 haploid megaspores 3 megaspores die Female gametophyte 3 mitotic divisions 3 Antipodal cells 2 Polar nuclei 2 synergids egg Double Fertilization of ovule Pollen containing 2 sperm and 1 tube cell 1. Tube cell creates a pollen tube down the style until it reaches the micropile 2. The 2 sperm follow the path of the tube to the egg 5. Ovule is now a seed; the ovary develops into a fruit 3. One sperm fertilizes the egg, creating a diploid zygote 4. 2nd sperm fuses with the 2 polar nuclei, creating a 3N nucleus. This divides and forms the “endosperm” = nourishment and food for the zygote Fruit assists in seed dispersal and protects the seed with the developing embryo