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Geology
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Types of rock
There are 3 types of rock:
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
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Igneous rocks
Some igneous rocks have small crystals. These have
cooled quickly close to the surface. These are hard rocks.
An example of this type of igneous rock is basalt.
Some igneous rocks have large crystals. These have
cooled slowly deep underground. These are hard rocks.
An example of this type of igneous rock is granite.
In igneous rocks the crystals are in a random order (no
pattern).
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Granite
Granite has
visible crystals.
What differences do you
notice between these
two igneous rocks?
Basalt
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The formation of igneous rocks
Extrusive
igneous rocks are
cooled quickly
so small crystals
form (e.g. basalt).
volcano
magma
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Intrusive
igneous rocks are
cooled more
slowly so large
crystals form
(e.g. granite).
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Igneous rocks
Basalt
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Igneous rocks
Granite
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Basalt pillars
These pillars were formed when lava cooled on the
Earth’s surface.
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Sedimentary rocks
These are made from layers of sediment. They are grainy
and crumbly and may contain fossils.
Examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone and
limestone.
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Sedimentary rock – sedimentation
layers of
sediments
getting older
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The formation of sedimentary rocks
These were formed from layers of sediment
which were squeezed together.
rivers
new
deposits
sea/lake/river
land
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layers of
sediments
getting
older
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Sedimentary rocks
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sandstone
sandstone
limestone
chalk
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Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks show small crystals in layers (bands).
Metamorphic rocks are hard and smooth.
Examples of metamorphic rocks are slate and marble.
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Metamorphic rock - formation
Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of extreme
pressures and temperatures deep within the Earth.
This alters the structure of the existing rock.
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The formation of metamorphic rocks
volcano
sedimentary
rocks
are changed
here due to
heat and pressure.
magma
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Metamorphic rocks
marble
slate
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Metamorphic rocks
Continent collision causes metamorphism and
huge folds like this one in Scotland.
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Rock formation
rocks are broken
up by the action
of weather
volcano
Igneous rocks
basalt
rises to
surface
where it
cools
rapidly
rocks rise
to surface by
uplift and erosion
sea
Sedimentary rocks
mudstone
Igneous rocks
granites
slow
solidification
high pressure
and temperature
Metamorphic rocks
slate and marble
magma
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transportation
and deposition
melt
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Rock cycle
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C
Chalk
A
Match the rocks with the correct label
Basalt
B
D
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Put the following rocks in the correct column
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
slate
chalk
sandstone
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clay
Igneous
basalt
marble
shale
granite
limestone
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Make a simplified rock cycle
rock is broken down
(weathered) and
transported into rivers
pressure and heat
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rock is uplifted
rock is broken down
(weathered) and
transported into rivers
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Rock cycle
rock is broken down (weathered)
and transported into rivers
pressure and heat
rock is broken down
(weathered) and
transported into rivers
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heat
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Identify these rocks
A slate
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B basalt
C granite
D chalk
E sandstone
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