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Transcript
Name:_______________________________________ Block: _________ Date:_________________ Genetics of Parenthood Introduction: Why do people, even closely related people look slightly different from each other? The reason for these differences in physical characteristics, or phenotypes, is the different combination of genes possessed by each individual. To illustrate the tremendous variety possible when you begin to combine genes, you and a classmate will create a potential offspring. Your offspring will receive a random combinations of genes that each of you, as genetic partners, will contribute. Because we do not know your real genotype, we are going to use specific traits and a coin to create the offspring. In this lab, there are quite a few gene pairs and traits, but in reality there are thousands of different gene pairs and so there are millions of different possible gene combinations. Objective: Create an offspring to observe the possible combinations of specific gene pairs. Materials: 2 coins, 1 for each partner reference sheets colored pencils Pre-lab Questions 1. In this situation, what does a single side of the coin represent? ______________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the probability, in percent, that a single coin toss will result in heads? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why is a coin toss a good way to represent allele combinations that occur in nature? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Can you accurately determine an organism’s genotype by observing its phenotype? Explain. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Procedure: 1. Determine which partner will toss for female and which will toss for male. 2. Discover your offspring’s gender. (XX- girl, XY- boy) This is entirely determined by the father. The mother always contributes an X. So, only have the father toss his coin and record on data sheet. Heads: X chromosome, so the child is a girl Tails: Y chromosomes, so the child is a boy 3. Name the offspring and record on data sheet. 4. Determine the child’s facial characteristics by having each parent flip a coin for each trait. Heads: offspring will inherit dominant allele or 1st allele (N1) Tails: offspring will inherit recessive or 2nd allele (N2) On the data sheet, circle the allele that the parent will pass on to the child and write the child’s genotype. Use the information in the guide to refer to the offspring’s phenotype. Some traits may have special conditions, such as incomplete dominance or polygenic traits. Be sure to refer to trait before flipping the coin. 5. When data sheet is complete, draw your “bundle of joy” with all of the traits you determined by the coin toss OR create an image of your offspring in “Paint” on the computer. Genetics of Parenthood Data Table: Parents: ___________________________________and __________________________________ Child’s gender:_____________________ Child’s Name:_______________________________ # Trait 1 2 3 4 5 Face Shape Chin Size Chin Shape Cleft Chin Skin color 6 Hair color 7 8 Hair type Widow’s Peak 9 Eye color 10 11 12 13 Eye distance Eye size Eye shape Eye slantedness 14 15 Eyelashes Eyebrow thickness 16 Eyebrow length Allele from Female A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k M1 M2 O o P p Q q R1 R2 S1 S2 T t U u V Z v z A a Allele from Male A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k M1 M2 O o P p Q q R1 R2 S1 S2 T t U u V Z v z A a Offspring’s Genotype Offspring’s Phenotype 17 18 19 20 21 22 Mouth size Lip thickness Dimples Nose size Nose shape Earlobe attachment B1 C D E1 F H B2 c d E2 f h B1 C D E1 F H B2 c d E2 f h 23 24 Hairy ears Freckles on cheeks K L k l K L k l 25 Freckles on forehead M m M m Follow-up Questions: 1. Define allele: _____________________________________________________________________ 2. How many alleles does each parent have for each trait? ____________________ 3. How many alleles will each parent pass to the offspring? ____________________ 4. What type of cell division separates the alleles to form haploid cells? ________________ 5. How many alleles does your baby carry for each trait? ______________ 6. Would you predict that another pair of students in your class would have an offspring genetically identical to yours? Explain. _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Is the principle of independent assortment represented in this activity? Explain. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Traits #7, 10, 11, 17, 20 are “incompletely dominant” traits. Based on your observations of phenotypes, what does incompletely dominant mean? ____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Traits #5, 6, 9 are “polygenic.” Based on the lab, what do you think polygenic means? What kinds of phenotypes are seen in polygenic traits? _______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. a. Complete the Punnett square to show the possible parental genotypes of trait #12, eye shape. What would the offspring look like (provide percentages)? T t T = almond shaped t = round shaped T t b. Complete the Punnett square to represent the possible parental genotypes of trait #7, hair type. What would the offspring look like (provide percentages)? M1 M1 M2 M2 M1 = curly hair M2 = straight hair