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IIX. Reproduction in Flowering Plants A. Flower Structure: 1. Essential Flower Parts a) ______________________- male reproductive structure consisting of two parts: 1) ___________________- pollen producing structure 2) ___________________- stalk which supports the anther b) ______________________- (carpel) female reproductive structure 1) ___________________- sticky tip of the pistil 2) ___________________- stalk that supports the stigma 3) ___________________- swollen base of the pistil with ______________ that produce eggs. 2. Nonessential Flower Parts a) ______________________- holds the flower on the stem b) _____________________- tiny leaves that form the ___________________ c) _______________________- help attract insects for pollination. Collectively called the Corolla. B. Kinds of Flowers 1. _________________________- contains all the essential and nonessential parts 2. _________________________- lack one or more of the essential or nonessential parts. 3. __________________________- contains both pistil and stamen 4. __________________________- contains either the pistil or stamen, but not both C. Gamete Formation 1. Pollen Grain Formation a) Anthers have 4 __________________ which contain ___________________ which undergo meiosis and produce 4 haploid _______________________. b) __________________ divide by mitosis and form a ___________________ made of two cells: a _________________ and ________________________ Stamen Anther cross section In Pollen Sac Generative Cell Tube Cell Anther Filament Pollen Sacs Microspore mother cell meiosis 4 Microspores mitosis Pollen Grain 2. Egg Cell Formation a) Ovules contain ____________________ which undergo meiosis and produce 4 haploid _____________________. 3 die. b) The surviving megaspore undergoes mitosis producing 8 haploid nuclei. c) 3 nuclei migrate to each end of the cell and 2 move to the center and are called the ______________________. d) Cell walls form around each group of nuclei forming the ________________ e) The cell nearest the ovule opening (micropyle) is the ______________. Ovary Ovule Ovule Megaspore mother cell Ovule divides by meiosis making 4 Megaspores Megaspores divide by Mitosis making seven cells with eight nuclei Polar Nuclei Micropyle Egg Female Gametophyte D. Pollination and Fertilization 1. ________________________- transfer of pollen from the anther to stigma by animals, wind or water. 2. ________________________- union of sperm and egg a) When the pollen lands on the stigma, the _______________ _____________ starts to form a tube down the ovule. b) The ___________________ ___________ divides and forms two sperm which go down the Pollen tube. c) One sperm fertilizes the egg forming a ___________________, while the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei forming the ______________________ which is a nutritive tissue. Pollenation Pollen Tube Formation Double Fertilization Pollen grain Stigma Pollen tube Style Sperm Polar Nuclei Tube Cell Sperm Ovary Ovule Egg E. Fruits and Seeds 1. Seed and Fruit Formation a) The outer tissue of the ovule hardens forming the ___________ ____________ containing the _____________________ and the zygote which undergoes mitosis until it forms the ________________ . b) The _______________________ swells and becomes the ________________ while the reproductive structures wither and fall off. c) Types of Fruit 1) ______________________- forms from a single ovary. (Beans, peaches, tomatos) 2) ______________________- forms from flowers with many pistils (strawberries, blackberries and raspberries) 3) _______________________ form from many individual fruits growing together forming one structure. (Pineapple and figs) 2. Seed dispersal (fruit and seeds aid in dispersing seeds in a variety of ways. See chart.) a) _______________________- process in which the seed starts to grow after a period of dormancy. Moisture and warmth are two factors which start the process. Dicot Seed Epicotyl Hypocotyle Radical Cotyledon Seed Coat b) _______________________- the embryo possesses all the basic plant organs in embryonic form 1) ______________________- part of the stem above the cotyledon where the first leaves grow 2) ______________________- below the cotyledons. Becomes the stem 3) ______________________- becomes the root 4) _______________________- contains endosperm which will feed the plant until photosynthesis starts 5) _______________________- protective covering F. __________________________________- reproductive process that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent 1. Natural Propagation a) _____________________________________- producing new individuals from the leaves, roots or stems b) _________________ or Stolon- low running modified stems that start adventitous roots and start new plants c) ___________________________- underground modified stems that produce new plants d) _________________________- thick stem for food storage that have “eyes” capable of producing a new plant e) ___________________- stems with layered leaves that produce new plants 2. Artificial Propagation a) ______________________________- pieces of stem cut from a plant that develop new roots when placed in water b) _____________________- buds or sections of stem called scions are attached to another plant called the stock c) ____________________________________________1) tissues are removed from a plants pith and are grown in culture dishes 2) Layering involves folding a branch down and covering it with soil. Some plants grow new roots and the nodes IX. Plant Growth and Response A. Factors Affecting Growth 1. Influences from the Environment a) Light 1) Supplies energy for photosynthesis 2) __________________________- plant response to changing light and dark periods. Often triggers budding, flowering and dropping leaves 3) _____________________________- produce flowers in spring or fall 4) _______________________________- produce flowers in summer 5) _______________________________- light doesn’t determine when they flower b) Moisture 1) ____________________________- Need very little water 2) ____________________________- thrive in wet conditions 3) ____________________________- need an intermediate amount of water c) _________________________- plants grow best in temperature between 50-100 oF 1) When temperatures drop below 50 oF the metabolism of a plant slows and it enters a period of _______________________ 2) Some seeds must go through a period of chilling called _____________________________ before they grow 2. Internal Factors (_________________________)- Powerful chemicals that cause most internal changes a) _________________________- stimulate elongation of cell, promote meristematic growth and inhibit abscission b) __________________________- stimulate rapid growth c) __________________________- promotes seed and bud germination, stem elongations and flower & fruit development d) __________________________- inhibits cell growth causing dormancy in seeds e) __________________________- stimulates fruit ripening B. Plant Movements (Tropisms)- occurs when one part of a plant organ grows faster than another causing bending 1. _____________________________- movement towards light 2. ____________________________- movement towards the ground 3. ____________________________- curving response to contact with a solid object. (Ivy) 4. ____________________________- movement toward water 5. ____________________________- movement not related to a direction of a stimulus (opening and closing of petals, venus fly trap capturing prey