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Review and Practice Rome Republic ________ Twelve Tables _________ Patricians and Plebeians _________ Punic Wars _________ Augustus Caesar _________ Mediterranean _________ Constantine _________ Latin _________ Government and Law _________ Pax Romana _________ Invaders _________ World History/Napp A. It was a time of peace in the Roman Empire. No major wars developed as Rome expanded and grew in prosperity. It began with Augustus Caesar and continued for several hundred years. B. He saw a cross in the sky and said that he would conquer in the sign of the cross. He was tolerant of Christians and eventually personally accepted Christian ideas. C. There were many causes of the fall of the Roman Empire such as high taxes and corrupt emperors. But this was the immediate cause of the fall of Rome. D. It was the language of the Roman Empire. It was the language of the Roman Catholic Church and the basis of French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. E. It was the written laws of Rome. It was written to protect the plebeians from the changing whims of powerful men. F. It was a conflict between Rome and Carthage in North Africa. Both sought to control the Mediterranean. Carthage lost. G. In this political system, citizens vote for representatives. In Rome, only patricians could be Senators in the Senate. H. The terms refer to the two social classes in Rome. One class consisted of wealthy landowners. The other consisted of the working peoples of Rome. One class had more power than the other. I. It was the center of the Roman Empire. It connected three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. It was profitable for trade. J. It was the most significant Roman contribution to world history. Ideas like innocent until proven guilty and equality under the law influenced later modern law codes. K. He was the first emperor of Rome. He battled Mark Anthony and Cleopatra for power and his reign ushered in a golden age. He beautified the city of Rome. He acted as if Rome was still a republic but it was not. The aqueducts of ancient Rome demonstrate that this early civilization (1) used large wooden structures for protection (2) practiced religious toleration (3) were able to prevent flooding (4) had advanced technology One explanation for the fall of the Roman Empire is that it (1) refused the aid of foreign mercenaries (2) grew too large to govern their territories effectively (3) banned long-distance trade causing economic strain (4) required devotion to a single religion The Pax Romana was a period of (1) cultural isolationism (2) censorship and regulation (3) advancements in arts and in knowledge (4) decreasing influence of religion on cultural practices Which geographic feature was central in helping the Romans unify their empire? (1) Alps (3) Mediterranean Sea (2) Tiber River (4) Great Rift Valley A geographic similarity between Italy and India is that both of these countries are located (1) on peninsulas (2) on archipelagos (3) between two oceans (4) south of the equator One contribution of ancient Roman culture was the development of (1) the concept of zero (2) the process of making silk (3) a republican form of government (4) the printing press The Roman Empire grew wealthy because it (1) developed extensive trade networks (2) created classless societies (3) encouraged democratic ideals (4) established free-market economies How did the geography of the Italian peninsula influence the development of the Roman Empire? (1) The unnavigable rivers in the northern part of the peninsula protected the Romans from their neighbors. (2) The harsh climate prevented agricultural production on the Italian peninsula. (3) The lengthy, rugged seacoast encouraged frequent invasions of the Italian peninsula. (4) The location of the peninsula contributed to Roman control of the Mediterranean region. The Code of Hammurabi and the Twelve Tables of Rome are examples of (1) written laws (2) religious rules of conduct (3) economic sanctions (4) early constitutions One contribution of ancient Roman culture was the development of (1) the concept of zero (2) the process of making silk (3) a republican form of government (4) the printing press An immediate result of the fall of the Roman Empire was (1) a renewed interest in education and the arts (2) a period of disorder and weak central government (3) an increase in trade and manufacturing (4) growth of cities and dominance by the middle class Thematic Essay – Practice Theme: Change – Collapse of a Government The sudden death of a ruler, a defeat in war, or a successful revolution has often led to the collapse of a government. Political, social, and economic changes have occurred as a result of the collapse of a government. Task: Select one situation where the collapse of a government has led to significant changes in a country or region and for each • Describe the historical circumstances that led to the collapse of a government • Discuss the political, social, and/or economic changes that occurred as a result of the collapse of that government * Our choice: the collapse of the Roman Empire Outline of Ideas for Essay Below: Historical Circumstances that Led to the Collapse of the Roman Empire Political, social, and/or economic changes that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Roman Empire One Body Paragraph: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Reading: “The Western Roman Empire may have fallen more than 1,500 years ago, but its rich legacy of innovation and invention can still be seen today. The Romans enjoyed many amenities for their day, including public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public baths. None of these aquatic innovations would have been possible without the Roman aqueduct. First developed around 312 B.C., these engineering marvels used gravity to transport water along stone, lead and concrete pipelines and into city centers. Aqueducts liberated Roman cities from a reliance on nearby water supplies and proved priceless in promoting public health and sanitation. While the Romans did not invent the aqueduct – primitive canals for irrigation and water transport existed earlier in Egypt, Assyria and Babylon – they used their mastery of civil engineering to perfect the process. Hundreds of aqueducts eventually sprang up throughout the empire, some of which transported water as far as 60 miles. Perhaps most impressive of all, Roman aqueducts were so well built that some are still in use to this day. Rome’s famous Trevi Fountain, for instance, is supplied by a restored version of the Aqua Virgo, one of ancient Rome’s 11 aqueducts. Many ancient Roman structures like the Pantheon, the Colosseum and the Roman Forum are still standing today thanks to the development of Roman cement and concrete. The Romans first began building with concrete over 2,100 years ago and used it throughout the Mediterranean basin in everything from aqueducts and buildings to bridges and monuments. The Romans were known to contribute to public discourse through the use of official texts detailing military, legal and civil issues. Known as Acta Diurna, or ‘daily acts,’ these early newspapers were written on metal or stone and then posted in heavily trafficked areas like the Roman Forum. Acta are believed to have first appeared around 131 B.C. The Act was traditionally withheld from public view until 59 B.C., when Julius Caesar ordered their publication as part of the many populist reforms he instituted during his first consulship. Rome was the wellspring for many modern government programs, including measures that subsidized food, education and other expenses for the needy. These entitlement programs date back to 122 B.C., when the tribune Gaius Gracchus instituted lex frumentaria, a law that ordered Rome’s government to supply its citizens with allotments of cheaply priced grain. This early form of welfare continued under Trajan, who implemented a program known as ‘alimenta’ to help feed, clothe and educate orphans and poor children. For most of human history, literature took the form of unwieldy clay tablets and scrolls. The Romans streamlined the medium by creating the codex, a stack of bound pages that is recognized as the earliest incarnation of the book. At its height, the Roman empire encompassed nearly 1.7 million square miles and included most of southern Europe. To ensure effective administration of this sprawling domain, the Romans built the most sophisticated system of roads the ancient world had ever seen. Roman engineers adhered to strict standards when designing their highways, creating arrow-straight roads that curved to allow for water drainage. The Romans built over 50,000 miles of road by 200 A.D., primarily in the service of military conquest. Highways allowed the Roman legion to travel as far as 25 miles per day, and a complex network of post houses meant that messages and other intelligence could be relayed with astonishing speed. Arches have existed for roughly 4,000 years, but the ancient Romans were the first to effectively harness their power in the construction of bridges, monuments and buildings. The ingenious design of the arch allowed the weight of buildings to be evenly distributed along various supports, preventing massive Roman structures like the Colosseum from crumbling under their own weight. The modern Gregorian calendar is modeled very closely on a Roman version that dates back more than 2,000 years. Early Roman calendars were likely cribbed from Greek models that operated around the lunar cycle. But because the Romans considered even numbers unlucky, they eventually altered their calendar to ensure that each month had an odd number of days. This practice continued until 46 B.C., when Julius Caesar and the astronomer Sosigenes instituted the Julian system to align the calendar with the solar year. Caesar lengthened the number of days in a year from 355 to the now-familiar 365 and eventually included the 12 months as we know them today. The Julian calendar was almost perfect, but it miscalculated the solar year by 11 minutes. This led to the adoption of the nearly identical Gregorian calendar in 1582, which fixed the discrepancy by altering the schedule of leap years. Subpoena, habeas corpus, pro bono, affidavit – all these terms derive from the Roman legal system, which dominated Western law and government for centuries. The basis for early Roman law came from the Twelve Tables, a code that formed an essential part of the constitution during the Republican era. First adopted around 450 B.C., the Twelve Tables detailed laws regarding property, religion and divorce and listed punishments for everything from theft to black magic. Even more influential than the Twelve Tables was the Corpus Juris Civilis, an ambitious attempt to synthesize Rome’s history of law into one document. Established by the Byzantine emperor Justinian between 529 and 535 A.D., the Corpus Juris included modern legal concepts such as the notion that the accused is innocent until proven guilty. After the fall of the Roman empire, it became the basis for many of the world’s legal systems. The Romans invented many surgical tools and pioneered the use of the cesarean section, but their most valuable contributions to medicine came on the battlefield. Under the leadership of Augustus, they established a military medical corps that was one of the first dedicated field surgery units. These specially trained medics saved countless lives through the use of Roman medical innovations like hemostatic tourniquets and arterial surgical clamps to curb blood loss. Roman field doctors also performed physicals on new recruits and helped stem the spread of disease by overseeing sanitation in military camps. They were even known to disinfect instruments in hot water before use, pioneering a form of antiseptic surgery that was not fully embraced until the 19th century. Roman military medicine proved so advanced at treating wounds and promoting wellness that soldiers tended to live longer than the average citizen despite constantly facing the hazards of combat.” ~ History