Download بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Arya Widyawan (428 121 714) Effects of

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Arya Widyawan
(428 121 714)
Effects of Solarization and Ammonium Amendments on Plant-Parasitic
Nematodes
R. McSorley and R. J. McGovern
Supplement to the Journal of Nematology 32(4S):537–541. 2000.
© The Society of Nematologists 2000.
Summary
Soil solarization for 3 weeks application suppressed population level of Belonolaimus longicaudatus,
Criconemella sp., and Dolichodorus heterocephalus. Levels of Meloidogyne incognita were
suppressed initially, but population densities increased by the end of the crop in several cases. In
one site, numbers of Paratrichodorus minor resurged following solarization to levels that were
greater than those present in unsolarized control plots. The effect of solarization was not enhanced
by combination with ammonium amendments, but, in one site, application of ammonium
bicarbonate or ammonium sulfate resulted in lower numbers of B. Longicaudatus than in the
unamended control.
Question
1. What can we do to increase the efficacy of soil solaraization.
In order to increase soil solarization, we may use a double layer of clear plastic (McGovern and
McSorley, 1997; McSorley and McGovern, 1999). Combination with chemical pesticide or
amendments such as ammonium phosphate or composted chicken litter (Gamliel and Stapleton,
1993).
2. What is the most difficult nematode to manage by solarization?
The most difficult nematode to manage by solarization is Paratrichodorus minor
3. Did ammonium amendment increase the efficacy of soil solarization? Why? And what is the
conclusion of this experiment?
Ammonium amendment did not increase the efficacy of soil solarization. This was because the
response given by nematode in this experiment are different one each other. The response of B.
longicaudatus to ammonium amendments and the resurgence of P. minor following solarization
were not typical of the responses observed for the majority of nematodes present.
An important information that can be concluded from this experiment is that different species and
isolates
of nematodes may respond differently to management practices (McSorley, 1998), differential
responses to other types of management practices must also be considered. Distinguishing and
understanding these responses will be essential in optimizing the use of solarization, amendments,
and other tactics in nematode management.
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Arya Widyawan
(428 121 714)
A new approach for soil solarization by using paraffin-wax emulsion as a
mulching material
A.W. Al-Kayssi and A. Al-Karaghouli
Solar Energy Research Centre, Jadiriyah, P.O. Box 13026, Baghdad, Iraq
Renewable Energy 26 (2002) 637–648
Summary
A new mulching material, paraffin wax emulsion, has been found to be effective in soil solarization
application. Both numerical and field experiments show that mulching the soil with paraffin-wax
emulsion, rather than transparent polyethylene ones, results in more effective heating of the soil
and, therefore, faster killing of pathogenic soil fungi. A new research should be conducted in order
to find out the effectiveness of paraffin wax emulsion to control plant parasitic nematode. The
hypothesis is that this mulching material may effective to control plant parasitic nematode since the
material may increase soil temperature higher than Polyethylene.
Question
1. Why do we use polyethylene as a mulching material in soil solarization?
We use polyethylene as mulching material because polyethylene sheets are hydrophobic, This may
make water condensed on them in very small droplets, thus increasing reflectance and finally will
increase the temperature.
2. Why should we find other mulching material ? and What is another material that is
suggested to be used and to replace the polyethylene in this research?
We should find another mulching material because polyethylene is relatively expensive and not
environmentally safety. Another material that is suggested to be used in soil solarization is paraffin
wax emulsion.
3. According to this research, is paraffin wax emulsion more efficient that polyethylene? Why?
And what are other advantages of using paraffin wax emulsion?
Yes, paraffin wax emulsion is more efficient that poly ethylene because paraffin wax makes a perfect
coating to the soil surface without forming air gaps which may act as an insulator. Other advantages
of using paraffin wax are easy in handling, transporting, and application.
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Arya Widyawan
(428 121 714)
Author: Anou-Jawdah, Y.; Melki, K.; Hafez, S. L.; Sobh, H.; El-Masri, Y.; Sundararaj, P.
Title: Alternatives to methyl bromide for root knot nematode management on cucumber in Lebanon
Publication info.: Nematropica (2000:June) v.30;no.1 p.41-46
Publication date: June 2000
Collection: Nematropica
Abstract
An experiment to compare nematode management tactics was conducted in South Lebanon on
cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne
incognita and M. Javanica. Significant increases in fruit yield and a reduction of root galling index
and nematode juveniles in soil were observed in plots following soil solarization for 50 days, and in
plots treated with methyl bromide. The use of “bio-rational” products containing naturally occurring
agents with putative activity against nematodes (Bio-Act, Bio-Zymes and Sincocin) were ineffective in
our tests, nor did these products enhance the efficacy of soil solarization.
Question
1. What is the objective of this experiment?
an experiment was conducted to study the effect of the integration of biological control organisms
with soil solarization on M. Incognita and M. Javanica on greenhouse grown cucumber.
2. According to this research, How do we conduct soil solarization on greenhouse?
The soil was flood irrigated, fertilized (2 kg cow manure/m2) plowed, and roto-tilled. The soil was
then solarized for 50 days. The soil was irrigated initially to about 80% field capacity and covered
with polyethylene sheeting of 50 mm thickness and received supplemental irrigation twice.
3. Did the biological control organism give a significant level of protection against Meloidogyne
sp.? Why?
None of the biological control organisms tested gave a significant level of protection against
Meloidogyne sp. This may be partially attributable to the high pH of Lebanon soils or to problems in
formulation or in maintaining viability of biocontrol agents during shipment.
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Arya Widyawan
(428 121 714)
Author: GRECO, N.; BRANDONISIO, A.; DANGELICO, A.
Title: CONTROL OF THE POTATO CYST NEMATODE, GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS, WITH SOIL
SOLARIZATION AND NEMATICIDES
Publication info.: Nematologia Mediterranea vol.28 no.1 (2000 JUNE) p.93-99
Publication date: June 2000
Collection: Nematologia Mediterranea
Summary
Research on several period of soil solarization and nematicide was conducted to study their efficacy
on The potato cyst nematode population. The result show that soil solarization is as effective as
nematicide (1,3D) in controlling potato cyst nematode.
Question
1. What was the objective of this research
The objective of this research was to asses the efficacy of different soil solarization period for the
control of Globodera rostochiensis in comparison with other nematicide.
2. How long the period of soil solarization that was apllied in this research?
The soil solarization period in this research was 4, 6, and 8 weeks.
3. What can be concluded from this research? Explain.
This research show that soil solarization was a satisfaction method for controlling G. rostochiensis.
This is because soil solarization reduced nematode egg survival, suppressed invasion of the potato
root by nematode , reduced nematode’s production rate and increased the yield production.
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Arya Widyawan
(428 121 714)
Author: LAMBERTI, F.; D'ADDABBO, T.; GRECO, P.; CARELLA, A.; DE COSMIS, P.
Title: MANAGEMENT OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES BY COMBINATION OF SOIL SOLARIZATION AND
FENAMIPHOS IN SOUTHERN ITALY
Publication info.: Nematologia Mediterranea vol.28 no.1 (2000 JUNE) p.31-45
Publication date: June 2000
Collection: Nematologia Mediterranea
Summary
Management of root knot nematode may be achieved by combination of soil solarization and
nematicide application. The study show that combination of this factor may increase the nematode
control. Though variable result still unclear related to the time of application of pesticide.
Question
1. What is the objective of this research ?
The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of soil solarization combined with the
granular formulation of systemic organophosphate nematicide, fenamiphos.
2. When is the best application of fenamiphos in order to increase lettuce yield
The best application of fenamiphos in order to increase lettuce yield is at the end of eight weeks
solarization
3. What is the trend of root not nematode control, rate of fenamiphos, and duration of soil
solarization?
The trend of root not nematode control, rate of nematicide and duration of soil solarization is
positive. This means that root not nematode control will more effective if the rate of nematicide is
increased and duration of soil solarization is long.