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WORLD GEOGRAPHY THE GRID SYSTEM SYSTEM OF IMAGINARY LINES THAT GIVE THE EXACT POSITION OF A PLACE ON EARTH. LATITUDE IMAGINARY LINES THAT TRAVEL HORIZONTALLY AROUND THE EARTH MEASURING NORTH AND SOUTH LATITUDE LINES MEASURE THE SAME ALL THE WAY AROUND. EQUATOR - IMAGINARY LINE (0°LATITUDE) THAT DIVIDES THE EARTH INTO NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERES. (HALF AN EARTH) 90°NORTH LATITUDE IS THE NORTH POLE LONGITUDE • IMAGINARY LINES THAT RUN VERTICALLY FROM POLE TO POLE. • DIVIDE THE EARTH INTO EASTERN AND WESTERN HEMISPHERES • ALSO CALLED MERIDIANS • PRIME MERIDIAN 0°LONGITUDE • INTERNATIONAL DATELINE (180°LONGITUDE) DIVIDES THE DAYS. TOPIC: FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY EQ: How will knowing and understanding the 5 themes of Geography help you succeed in World History? THEME ONE: LOCATION REFERS TO THE POSITION OF PEOPLE AND PLACES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE. TWO TYPES OF LOCATION: ABSOLUTE LOCATION RELATIVE LOCATION ABSOLUTE LOCATION EXACT POSITION ON EARTH USING A GRID SYSTEM OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. Examples Mt. St. Helens in Washington State is at 46°N, 122°W Mesa High is at 33.396323°N, 111.794642°W RELATIVE LOCATION THE RELATIONSHIP OF ONE PLACE TO OTHER PLACES Examples Decide where to live Where to work Where to put a landfill Where to put a military base Arizona is north of Mexico RELATIVE LOCATION CAN CHANGE CHANGES IN RELATIVE LOCATION RELATIVE LOCATION BETWEEN TWO PLACES CAN INCREASE OR DECREASE Example: Decreased relative location: information getting from New York to San Francisco Stage - 27 days Pony Express - 15 days Railroad - 4.5 days Air Mail - 3 days Next Day Delivery Fax - Minutes Computer – Seconds Increased relative location Email doesn’t work and you have to mail information Bus breaks down and you have to walk QUESTIONS TO ANSWERED BY KNOWING THE LOCATION: Where is it? Why it is there? THEME TWO: PLACE THREE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACE 1. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Geological, hydrological, atmospheric, biological, natural environment. Examples: Venice, Italy - island and canals - boats instead of cars Burma - Houses built on stilts to protect from floods. PLACE CONT 2. HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS HUMAN IDEAS AND ACTIONS THAT RESULT IN CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT Buildings, farms Examples: Long farms next to rivers for access Rivers as original means of transportation Different ways of looking at land: land rich for mining vs. sacred land 3. IMAGE PEOPLE HAVE OF THE PLACE PLACE ACTIVITY o In a group of four o Select a place in the world that is easily described. Try to pick unique descriptions. o Take 5 minutes and describe at least 5-10 things that would help identify the place. o Be prepared to read these in front of the class and have them guess the location. THEME THREE: HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS What is the relationship between humans and the environment? THREE KEY CONCEPTS Humans DEPEND on the environment Natural environment: made up of all living and non-living things Living things: people, animals, plants Non-living things: air, land, water DEPEND ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT FOR BASIC NEEDS Congo River Basin: people new to Congo starve Native people can find food HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT CONT Humans MODIFY the environment Modification by agriculture Turning deserts into Agricultural areas Humans ADAPT to the environment Settle everywhere by adapting Adaption may be affected by the culture’s economy, politics, technology Solutions may cause more problems - Borneo Mosquitoes Discussion: How do students depend, modify and adapt to Mesa High? THEME FOUR: MOVEMENT Relationships between people in different places How and Why are place related to one another? THREE TYPES OF MOVEMENT Movement of PEOPLE MIGRATION: Move to a new location for settlement - forced or voluntary Movement of GOODS Goods being moved from one place to another Movement of IDEAS Ideas borrowed from other groups and adapted for our own purpose THEME FIVE: REGIONS AREAS THAT HAVE UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS REGION TYPES Human regions: Corn belt, Rocky Mountain region Physical regions: Topography (what surrounding area looks like), Climate Political Boundaries: Borders Cultural regions: Bible belt, Latin America, Little Italy Global regions: Similarities, language, climate Local regions: Schools, zip codes LOCATIONS CAN BE IN MORE THAN ONE REGION! APPLICATION HOW DO THESE FIVE THEMES APPLY TO US? Location Place Human/Environment interaction Movement Regions To Mesa, AZ? To Mesa High School?? How would a CHANGE in any of these affect you on a daily basis? TOPIC: FIVE TRAITS OF CIVILIZATION EQ: How will knowing and understanding the 5 traits of civilization help you succeed in World History? TRAIT ONE: ADVANCED CITIES CITIES WITH LARGER POPULATIONS ARISE, BECOME CENTERS OF TRADE Examples: Uruk: population originally 50,000; became 100,000 within 200 years Lagash: 10,000- 50,000 Umma:10,000-50,000 About the same amount of people that live in Casa Grande TRAIT TWO: SPECIALIZED WORKERS LABOR BECOMES SPECIALIZED – WORKERS DEVELOP SPECIAL SKILLS TO SURVIVE Examples: Teachers Merchants Soldiers Priests Potters Scribes Farmers Government workers TRAIT THREE: COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS: GOVERNMENTS, RELIGION, THE ECONOMY ARE ESTABLISHED GOVERNMENTS ESTABLISH LAWS, MAINTAIN ORDER TEMPLES ARE CENTERS FOR RELIGION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE TRAIT FOUR: RECORD KEEPING PROFESSIONAL RECORD KEEPERS, SCRIBES, WRITE DOWN TAXES AND LAWS SCRIBES INVENT CUNIFORM, A SYSTEM OF WRITING AROUND 3000 B.C. PEOPLE BEGIN TO WRITE ABOUT CITY EVENTS – THEY WRITE HISTORY! TRAIT FIVE: IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY NEW TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES MAKE WORK EASIER AND QUICKER THE BRONZE AGE STARTS IN SUMER AROUND 3000 B.C. PEOPLE REPLACE COPPER AND STONE WITH BRONZE TOOLS & WEAPONS WHEEL, PLOW AND SAILBOAT ALSO ALREADY IN USE AT THIS TIME