Download WORLD IN TRANSITION

WORLD IN
TRANSITION
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
BYZANTINE EMPIRE: The Beginning
o Eastern part of the former Roman
Empire
o Constantinople is the capital
o Strong for 1000+ years
o Most speak Greek and are
Christian
o Byzantine Empire protected
Western Europe from attack by
Persians, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, and
the Ottomans until they took
control
BYZANTINE EMPIRE: Justinian
o Emperor in 527 to
565
o Conquers much
of entire old
Roman Empire
o Wife, Theodora is
very influential in
his reign, coEmperor
BYZANTINE EMPIRE: Justinian Code
o Goes through all of the old Roman Laws and simplifies
o Creates JUSTINIAN CODE: Single, uniform code of about 5,000 laws
o Covers every aspect of Byzantine Life
o Marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, criminal justice, women’s rights
o Used for 900 years
o Justinian & the entire Byzantine Empire preserves Greek and Roman (GrecoRoman) culture
o Emphasis on education – Greek and Latin grammar, philosophy, literature,
science
o Former western part of the Roman Empire grows “dark” and doesn’t really
preserve the past. Byzantine Empire does.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE:
Justinian’s Other Accomplishments
o Constructed many public
buildings in Constantinople
o Rebuilt fortifications (walls)
around Constantinople
o Passion for Church building
o Hagia Sophia
o Built baths, aqueducts, law courts,
schools, hospitals
BYZANTINE EMPIRE: The Decline & Fall
o Declining population
o Bubonic Plague hits
o542 AD: 10,000 people die each day
o Attacked by many different invaders over time making
Empire smaller
o 1453: Constantinople fell to Ottoman Turks
o Led by Mehmed – Ottoman Sultan
o Mehmed changes Constantinople to Istanbul and makes it
the capital of Ottoman Empire
FEUD OVER
RELIGION
CHRISTIANITY
o Made the official religion of both Roman and
Byzantine Empires
o Christianity different in Byzantine Empire
o Differences in styles of:
oWorship
oRole of Emperor & church leaders
oOpinions on various issues (use of icons vs no
icons)
FIRST SPLIT IN CHRISTIAN CHURCH
o 1054: Christianity splits into TWO
1. Roman Catholic: Western part of former Roman
Empire
2. Eastern Orthodox: Byzantine Empire
o Major Cause: Role of the Pope
o Roman Catholic Church: Pope is the leader; infallible
o Eastern Orthodox Church: Pope equal to everyone
including Emperor
THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
o 1359 – 1922
o Officially became an Empire in 1453 when
Constantinople fell
o Last Sultan: Mehmen Vi Vahdetin (Nov. 1, 1922/Turkish
War of Independence
o Arabic and Muslim
o Protectors of education, fueled the Renaissance
o Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,
Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia,
the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen
The
Ottoman
Empire
1359-1683
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: Suleiman
o Sultan of Ottoman from 1520 – 1566
o Known as “ The Magnificent” in Europe, “The Lawyer
in Muslim world
o Expands Empire to include Austria Hungary
o Creates law code for civil and criminal cases
o Simplifiers taxes
o Makes government more efficient by reducing
bureaucracy
o Allows for religious freedoms for non-Muslims
THE ARAB EMPIRE
THE ARAB EMPIRE
o Muslims armies were well disciplined and also too
advantage of weak surrounding empires (Byzantine)
o Religious tolerance
o Umayyads: came into power, made capital Damascas,
changed ways from simple to extravagant causing a
divide
o Abbasids: overthrew the Umayyads, moved capital to
Baghdad – ideal location from trade
CHINA
THE QIN DYNASTY
o Ruled by Emperors “divine
authority”
o Unifies states into country
o 4,000 miles of highways – trade
o Universal system of writing, laws,
currency, weights and measures
o High taxes and repressive
government – force labor
(Great Wall)
o Falls apart with death of son
THE HAN DYNASTY
o Central government
o Lower taxes and punishments
o Expands west
o Structured society
o Rich: Emperor and other state officials
o Poor: peasants, merchants, soldiers, and lastly slaves
o Peasants paid taxes in form of crops, owed a month of
military service or labor to the government each year
o Labor used to expand Great Wall and build canals, roads, and
irrigation ditches
HAN DYNASTY COMES TO AN END
o Large gap between rich and poor
o Tradition held that land was divided between male heirs
o As time went on, family land got smaller and smaller
o Eventually hard to grow food to sell and even for family
o Take out loans at high interest rates to buy more land
o Large land owners didn’t have to pay taxes
o Government needed money so small land owners needed to
pay more
o Time of social unrest
o By 220 CE, dissolves into kingdoms
EUROPE
THE STORY SO FAR
o Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare
o Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s
o Fighting disrupts trade and government, people abandon
cities
o Marks the beginning of the Middle Ages – from 500 to 1500
o The Decline of Learning- Dark Ages – 500 to 700 AD
o As cities are abandoned, level of learning declines
o Knowledge of Greek language and culture almost lost
o Loss of Common Language
o Introduction of German language changes Latin; dialects
develop
GERMANIC &
EUROPEAN
KINGDOMS
GERMANIC KINGDOMS
o 400-600
o Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces
o Continual wars change borders between kingdoms
o The Church provides order and security
o Government
o Germans held together by family ties/loyalty, no
government
o Small communities governed by unwritten rules and
traditions
o Warriors pledge loyalty to their chief; live in lord’s hall
THE FRANKS
o Clovis Rules the Franks
o Hold power in Roman
province of Gaul
o Clovis, leader of the Franks,
converts to Christianity in
496
o Leads warriors against other
Germanic armies
o Unites Franks into one
kingdom with Church’s help
by 511
GREGORY I
o 590, Gregory I becomes Pope
o Under Gregory I, Church becomes secular – a
political power
o Pope’s palace center of Roman government
o Uses Church money to raise armies, care for
poor, negotiate treaties
o Establishes a Christendom – churchly kingdom
spreading out from Rome
EUROPEAN KINGDOMS
o The Franks control largest and strongest kingdom
o By 511, Frankish rule extends over present day France
o Charles Martel Emerges
o Most powerful official in kingdom
omajor domo – mayor of the palace
o In 719, he becomes more powerful than king
o Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty – family ruled
from 751 - 987
ENTER CHARLEMAGNE
o Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to two sons
o One son dies, leaving second son, Charlemagne,
to rule
o Charlemagne’s armies reunite western Europe,
spread Christianity
o In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to protect
Pope Leo III from mobs
o Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; gives him
title-”Roman Emperor”
o This act united Germanic power, the Church, and
heritage of Roman Empire
CHARLEMAGNE
o Charlemagne strengthens his royal power by limiting nobles power
through royal agents
o Royal agents sent out to keep counts in check, confirm that they’re
treating their counties justly
o Encouraged learning, opens palace school, and orders monks to
open schools for future monks/priests
o Died in 814, son Louis rules poorly
o Louis’ three grandsons fight for control of the empire
o In 843 they divide empire into three kingdoms; sign Treaty of Verdun
o Divide of Empire leads to lost power and lack of central authority,
leads to feudalism
FEUDALISM
o 850 to 950 FEUDALISM emerges: political system based
on land control
THE FEUDAL PYRAMID
King served by nobles
Nobles served by knights
Peasants served at bottom
o Lord: landowner who gives fiefs (land grants) in
exchange for services
o Knights: Horsemen, defend their lord’s land in exchange
for fiefs
o Vassals: People who receive fiefs, become powerful
landowners
SOCIAL CLASSES
o Three Social Groups
Those who fight: nobles and knights
Those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church
Those who work: peasants - horseless, weaponless,
powerless
 Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are
peasants
 Most peasants are serfs; people tied to place of birth by law
 Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord
MANORIALISM
MANOR LIFE
o The Lord’s estate, a manor, has an
economic system (manor system)
Serfs and free peasants maintain
the lord’s estate, give grain
The lord provides housing,
farmland, protection from bandits
Manors include lord’s house,
church, workshops, village
Cover a few square miles of land,
are largely self-sufficient
MANOR LIFE
 Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; to get married;
pay a tithe to priest
 Tithe: a church tax; equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s
income
 Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds
 Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing
family
 Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35
years
 Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan
THE CRUSADES
PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH
o Problems in the Church
o Some Church officials marry even though against Church
o Some officials selling of religious jobs (simony)
o Kings used non-ordained men as bishops
oChurch believed they should be the only ones to appoint
bishops
o Response: Spiritual Revival
o Monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival
o Reformers help restor and expand Church power
THE CRUSADES
o In 1093, Byzantine emperor wanted to prevent the Muslim
Turks from taking Constantinople
o Pope Urban II issues a call for a CRUSADE, a “holy war”
o Goals of the Crusades
o Reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christendom
o Kings can get rid of knights who cause trouble
o Younger sons want land and glory by fighting
o Merchants join to gain wealth through trade
THE FIRST & SECOND CRUSADES
o Pope promises Crusaders who die place in
heaven
o First Crusades: Three armies gather at
Constantinope in 1097, capture Jerusalem
two years later
o Captured lands along coast divided into four
o Muslims take back territory.
o Second Crusade: Retake Jerusalem again.
o In 1187, Jerusalem falls to Muslims lead by
Saladin
THE THIRD CRUSADES
o Started by three powerful rulers:
o Philip II (France)
o Frederick I (German)
o Richard the Lion-Hearted
(England) fought to regain Holy
Land from Saladin
o After many battles, Richard and
Saladin agree to truce
o Saladin keeps Jerusalem but
Christian pilgrims could enter city
SPANISH CRUSADES
o Most of Spain controlled
by Moors, Muslims
o Reconquista: Christians
drive Muslims from Spain,
1100 - 1492
o Inquisition: Attempt
reunite Christians,
suppress heresy (slander
against church) & expel
non-Christians
RESULT OF THE CRUSADES
o Crusades show power of Church
o Convince thousands to fight
o Women manage estate & business
affairs
o Merchants expand trade
o Southwest Asia
o Failure of later crusades weakedns Pope
and nobles, strengthens kings
o Create lasting bitterness between
Muslims and Christians
MEANWHILE IN
ENGLAND
COMMON LAW & THE MAGNA CARTA
o Henry II 1154-1189
o Formed common law: basis of many Englishspeaking countries today including the US
o John, Henry’s son,
o King after the death of his father and brother
o Terrible military leader
o Cruel to subjects; constant taxing
o Nobles revolted; forced John to sign MAGNA
CARTA: guaranteed basic political rights,
safeguarded feudal rights and limited king’s powers
THE GREAT SCHISM
THE PLAGUE
HUNDRED YEARS WAR
THE GREAT SCHISM
 Pope and King Collide
 In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts authority over France’s Philip IV,
Kings must obey pope.
 Philip has him imprisoned; Pope dies soon after
 Avignon and the Great Schism
 1305, French Pope is chosen; moves to Avignon, city in France
 1378, two Popes chosen, one in Rome, one in Avignon
 Each declares the other false, causing split called Great Schism
 1417, Council of Constance ends schism, chooses Martin V as
pope
THE PLAGUE
 Origins and Impact of the Plague
1300s, Euope suffers bubonic plague, extremely deadly
disease
Begins in Asis; spreads to Italy and other countries over
trade routes via fleas on rats
Abour 1/3 of Europe’s population dies
 Effects of the Plague
Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise
Some serfs leave manors for paying work
Many Jews blamed and killed; Church status weakened
THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
 1337-1453, between England and
France
 English king Edward III claimes French
throne
 Fighting continues over trade and land
 Effects:
 Marks the end of medieval society
 Established borders of France and
England
 England a mess- begins War of
Roses- 2 families fight for the throne