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BIOLOGY 262, PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY: ORGANISMIC BIOLOGY ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION REVIEW QUESTIONS Review Questions 1. For a population undergoing logistic growth with a starting size of 100000, an intrinsic rate of increase of 0.10, and a carrying capacity of 200000, what is the population size after 1 year? 2 years? 3 years? 2. In a suburban area there were three patches of unmodified habitat supporting a threatened species of small lizard. A new shopping center was built destroying one of the patches of habitat (and therefore all the lizards in that patch as well. Over the period of a few years all the lizards in the other two patches that were not altered by the new shopping center disappeared. What most likely happened? How might a detailed population study of the patches before construction began have predicted that this would occur? 3. Two populations of white clover were sampled for their genotype for a cyanide production gene. The allele C increases cyanide production by the plants. The allele c blocks cyanide production. Cyanide discourages grazers but harms or kills the plant when the temperature dips below freezing. population St. Petersburg, Russia Istanbul, Turkey CC individuals Cc individuals cc individuals climate 0 200 800 cold 500 450 50 warm (a) Calculate the Hardy-Weinberg expected numbers for both populations and indicate if each is at HardyWeinberg equilibrium. (b) Interpret your results above in terms of evolution of the two populations using all the information above. Briefly, what evolutionarily is happening to the allele frequencies in each population? 4. You study the adult hemoglobin genes in a human population in Cameroon, Africa. The number of individuals with each genotype is HbaHba = 2225, HbaHbs = 998, HbsHbs = 1. Hba is the allele for “normal” hemoglobin. Hbs is the allele for “sickled” hemoglobin. (a) Is this hemoglobin gene at Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in this population? (show your calculations) (b) Based on the lectures in class what do you know about the affects of having different hemoglobin genotypes on the health of individuals? (c) Based on your knowledge of this genetic system which microevolutionary process (if any) likely is affecting this population? (d) Given the results of your population genetic analysis of this population what conclusion could you draw about infection disease in this population? 5. You study the cystic fibrosis genes in a human population in Ireland, Europe. The number of individuals with each genotype is CC = 5435, Cc = 55, cc = 4. C is the allele for “normal” lung function. c is the allele for impaired (c.f.) lung function. (a) Is this cystic fibrosis gene at HardyWeinberg Equilibrium in this population? (show your calculations) (b) Which microevolutionary process (if any) likely is affecting this population? (c) Explain in which way this system differs from the sickle cell disease example in 9 above? 6. Coherently explain what the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equation are. Then explain why these assumptions are not reasonable for most biological systems. Finally, explain how the equation is useful. 7. Use the data below to construct a phylogenetic tree of the species in the left column. Show the derived traits on your phylogenetic tree. OG = Outgroup horns stomach chambers carnassial teeth pouch hooves Antelope present 4 absent absent present Cow present 4 absent absent present Whale absent 4 absent absent absent Walrus absent 1 present absent absent Wolf absent 1 present absent absent Opossum OG absent 1 absent present absent 8. Use the data below to construct a phylogenetic tree of the mythical species in the left column. Show the derived traits on your phylogenetic tree. wings warts nose ear tips eye color size garden gnome absent no warts stubby rounded green small field gnome absent no warts stubby rounded green small eastern pixie present no warts slender rounded green small western pixie present no warts slender pointed golden small island pixie present no warts slender pointed golden small troll (outgroup) absent warts slender rounded green large