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Station 1 Greek Money Barter: A long time ago, people traded for what they wanted. Perhaps one person had a wonderful spear made of stone and wood. Another person had a beautiful necklace made of stones and shells. Each wanted what the other had. To solve this, they traded. This is called bartering. Different Kinds of Money: Sometimes, it was hard for people to put a barter price on things. Instead of barter, people began to use money as a form of payment. In the beginning, things were not very consistent… The ancient Egyptians used ring money. Ring money was an actual ring made of bronze, copper, or gold. In ancient Egypt, people like to wear their wealth. When it came time to pay their bills, they simply pulled off a ring or two to use as payment. The Celts in ancient Ireland also used ring money, plus bracelet money. In other places in the world, people tried to use rice, or bread, or chocolate as money. But that did not work very well. The food went bad, or it was eaten. Ancient Greece: The Greeks had a great idea! Someone thought of using metal coins as money. Before you know it, the idea of coinage spread rapidly. By 2,500 years ago, each Greek city-state had developed its own coinage. Each Greek city-state had banks where visiting traders could exchange their coins for Greek coins. In ancient Greece, coins were also believed to have magical powers. The Greeks designed their coins with pictures of their gods and goddesses. The Greeks were the first civilization to use pictures of real people on their coins. The first was Alexander the Great, back around 325 BCE. As time went on, the Greeks created bigger coins, each designed to commemorate a special event. *People other than the Greeks soon learned that although many things would work as money, to be useful, the item or items they chose to use as money had to follow a few simple rules: It had to be accepted as money by others It had to have an assigned value or worth It had to be easy to carry It had to be made of a strong material, something that could be handed from person to person. Station 2 The Spartan Army The Spartan Army was made up of elite warriors who were well trained from a young age. Being a warrior was the only career the men of the Spartan Army ever held; it was what their entire society and life was built upon, making the Army stronger. With the weight and effort of the entire society behind the warriors, it is no surprise that they had the strongest, most advanced, and most deadly weapons and military techniques. Each Spartan was expected to provide his own weapons and armor. Due to the large expense of good equipment the Spartans would frequently pass down weapons, armor and particularly shields within families. It would not be unusual for a man to go to battle equipped in his fathers and grandfathers, often even fighting on the same exact battlefields. This added even more weight to their commitment to fight, to drop your ancestral weapons and shield and run would be seen as a disgrace on multiple levels. Watch the Video Clip Station 3 Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War: a conflict between Athens and Sparta that lasted for 27 years Throughout the Golden Age, Athens gradually became richer and more powerful than all the other city-states. As its influence grew, the leaders of Athens began to demand loyalty from the other city-states. This loyalty was further strengthened when an alliance was formed to fight the Persians, who were invading Greece. After the Persians were defeated, the troops raised for the war were used by Athens to control the other city-states. Shortly after, an Athenian general by the name of Pericles insisted that all criminal trials be held in Athens. He also attempted to force the other city-states to adopt and use Athens money. Led by Sparta, the other city-states rebelled against the growing strength of Athens. This war lasted from 431 B.C. until 404 B.C., and had devastating effects on Greece. At first it appeared that Athens would win. Their powerful navy dominated the Mediterranean Sea. However, the Spartans traded their lands to Persia for money. Sparta then used this gold to build a navy of their own. For decades, the war tore the city-states of Greece apart. Finally, in 404 B.C., Sparta was able to conquer the city of Athens and demand its surrender. Though Sparta had won, no one could claim victory. The war had resulted in the deaths of many of their citizens. Orchards, vineyards and fields had been destroyed. The treasuries of the citystates and faith in democracy had both been destroyed. Delian League: Athens and its Allies Peloponnesian League: Sparta and its Allies (Persian Empire) Station 4 The Agora of Athens The agora is also known as the marketplace of Athens. It was the heartbeat of Ancient Athens because all of the major daily activities occurred there. In addition, it was one of the most important parts of an ancient city of Athens. The agora was the main place for Ancient Greeks to buy and sell all types of goods. From fishes, to herbs and grains, the people assembled there to find new goods and sell other goods. Today the Agora still exists in Athens and it is still an important aspect of the City. The Agora has three main parts today. It has the Ancient Agora, which is the ruins of the past, the Market, which has buying/selling vendors, and the Businesses, which are made up of the more permanent businesses of Athens. The Agora today is still and incredibly busy place that many still consider to be the heartbeat of Athens. Watch the Video Clip Station 5 The Persian War Greece was not alone in the ancient world. Egypt was flourishing. Other civilizations were developing around the Mediterranean. One of the largest and most powerful was the Persian Empire. As the Persians continued to expand their empire into Europe, they counted on Greece being an easy win. The many islands and lack of unity between city-states seemed to be a civilization that could be easily controlled. What the Persians forgot, or perhaps they just did not know, was that the Greeks were incredible warriors. Athens had a highly capable navy, with ships that were tiny and easy to maneuver. The Spartan army was terrifying. The Persians came three times, and fought three huge battles - Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis. Each time the Persians were convinced they could easily conquer the Greeks. Each time, the Greeks drove them away or. Battle Battle of Marathon (Greeks Won) Interesting Facts After Athens defeated the Persian army, the Athenian soldier Phidippides was asked to run to Athens to bring the news of victory and a warning of the approaching Persian ships. Phidippides' 26mile run from Marathon to Athens, the first marathon ever, was successfully completed in about three hours. Battle of The Spartan Army (elite 300) held off thousands of Thermopylae Persian troops. Spartans forced the Persians into a narrow pass in order to fight smaller groups of (Greeks Persian soldiers. This allowed other Greek armies to Lost) retreat and meet up with other Greek troops. Battle of Salamis (Greeks Won) The Athenian Navy set the Persian ships on fire and the Spartan Army killed all the Persians who swam to shore for safety. This ended the Persian war and helped establish the Delian League (Treaty between city-states to stick together in times of war.)