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Session 44 –– The Nebular Session Nebular Theory Theory In the past few sessions we looked at the Big Bang theory and how it tries to explain the universe as a whole Today we will look on a smaller scale of our solar system, and how the Big Bang theory explains (or doesn’t explain) the formation of the solar system The nebular theory The nebular theory is a naturalistic way to explain the formation of solar systems The theory states the sun (star) forms from a gas cloud, and the remaining debris of this circulating gas cloud create planets/moons (that maintain this rotational motion (planets orbit) around the star The Sun The sun contains 99.8% of the mass in our solar system (a lot) It is powered by nuclear fusion (and is not shrinking) Like the planets, the sun rotates on it’s axis, and has a magnetic field The sun has presented a problem to the nebular theory when we look at the angular momentum that it posses The sun only has 2% of the angular momentum in the solar system. If the solar system was formed by the mechanisms that the nebular theory claims, the sun should have much more angular momentum “Our sun spins very slowly, while the planets move very rapidly around the sun. In fact, although the sun has over 99 percent of the mass of the solar system, it has only 2 percent of the angular momentum. This pattern is directly opposite to the pattern predicted by the nebular hypothesis. Evolutionists have tried to solve this problem, but a well-known solar system scientist, Dr. Stuart Ross Taylor, has said in a recent book, “The ultimate origin of the solar system’s angular momentum remains obscure.” Dr. Jonathan Sarfati Mercury The closest planet to the sun is where we will (naturally begin) The stripe you see in the image is not part of the planet, but instead a place we don’t have pictures The problematic feature for the nebular theory on Mercury is the huge iron core. The core composes around 70% of the planets mass which is hard for the nebular theory to explain What is the explanation for this feature? Venus - Hottest planet in our solar system (900 Degrees F) Pressure of 90 atmospheres Hard to study the surface because of these extreme temperatures Problem: Venus spins backwards Conservation of angular momentum The solution? According to the theory Venus was originally rotating the correct way, until an asteroid (big one) collided with it and turned it around Keep in mind, there is no evidence for this (except they can’t explain it) Problems - Venus has the most circular orbit of all the planets in our solar system - Venus has the least axial tilt of any of the planets in our solar system If such a catastrophic event had taken place, you would not expect this to be the case on for Venus Mars - Largest volcano in the solar system - Violent Dust storms covering much of the planet The most interesting features are huge canyons that show signs of being formed by water Some of these canyons formed by erosion are bigger than the continental united states There is evidence there used to be water on mars (but the atmosphere is too hot for it to exist today) How do they explain this? One theory is Mar’s used to have a thick atmosphere that made temperatures more stable, and under that atmosphere water was able to exist just fine Until something came along and stripped mars of the atmosphere Jupiter is the next planet on our list It has some interesting features (such as the red spot which is a huge storm) Problem for the nebular theory: Jupiter rotates much faster than it should be You would expect small planets like earth to rotate faster than HUGE planets like Jupiter Jupiter rotates every 10 hours “We came to the conclusion,’ says Lissauer, ‘that if you accrete planets from a uniform disk of planetesimals, [the observed] prograde (Expect direction) rotation just can’t be explained.’ The simulated bombardment leaves a growing planet spinning once a week at most, not once a day.” ( Richard A. Kerr, “Theoreticians Are Putting a New Spin on the Planets,” Science, Vol. 258, 23 October 1992, p. 548) Two moons of Jupiter right next door to each other (Europa and Collisto) make things interesting for the nebular theory Collisto is the most heavily cratered body in our solar system. Why is that interesting? Europa is the smoothest body in our solar system They are both Galilean moons of Jupiter and are right next door to each other… They should have similar history of comets/asteroids Because of this discovery people have concluded that Europa has liquid water beneath it causing this (and possibly aliens) Saturn Saturn is an interesting planet that if you had a big enough bathtub would actually float Saturn’s rings show evidence of being young, but we discuss that in more detail in other classes Uranus The confusion that Uranus brings to the nebular theory is the angle at which it rotates around the sun Most planet rotate like a spinning topic (on the galactic plain) while Uranus rolls (almost like a wheel) around the run Miranda “Scientists believe that Miranda may have been shattered as many as five times during its evolution. After each shattering the moon would have reassembled from the remains of its former self with portions of the core exposed and portions of the surface buried. Miranda's appearance can be explained by theories, but the real reason is still unknown” - NASA Neptune is the next planet on our list (and the last planet by today’s standard It is one of the most beautiful looking planets in the solar system, but is often over looked Neptune has 14 moons and has rings (like Saturn) that are hard to see Problems with both Uranus and Neptune “Pssst… astronomers who model the formation of the solar system have kept a dirty little secret: Uranus and Neptune don’t exist. Or at least computer simulations have never explained how planets as big as the two gas giants could form so far from the Sun. Bodies orbited so slowly in the outer parts of the sun’s protoplanetary disk that the slow process of gravitational accretion would need more time than the age of the solar system to form bodies with 14.5 and 17.1 times the mass of Earth” (Astronomy, April 20, 2000) “What is clear is that simple banging together of planetesimals to construct planets takes too long in this remote outer part of the solar system. The time needed exceeds the age of the solar system. We see Uranus and Neptune, but the modest requirement that these planets exist has not been met by this model” (Nebular theory model) 10,000,000,000 years needed” Creation magazine, Spike Psarris, 2002 Next on the list (or old list) Just a few interesting things about Pluto The formation of the moon There have been a few theories to explain how the moon formed The Fission Theory There are several problems with this theory (recognized by creation and non creationists) ”The fission theory… While the moon was moving outward from the earth, gravity would have pulverized it into Saturn type rings. Fourth, moon rocks are somewhat different from the equivalent material on earth.” (they shouldn’t be by this theory) Don DeYoung, Iowa State University (Ph.D., Physics) Another problem with this theory has to do with earths rotation Earth would have to rotate on its axis every four hours for there to be enough momentum for this theory to happen (part of the earth fly off to become the moon) How then did the earth slow down? Tidal friction is the only way, and if that were it the energy release would raise the temperature to 1000 degrees Celsius The Capture Theory This theory says the moon formed elsewhere in our solar system and eventually the earth captured it by gravity and has held on to it every since It turns out that’s not really possible, and most reject this theory now Nebular Theory This theory says the moon and planet earth both formed in the same area from the same dust cloud left over from the formation of the sun There are two objections here First they should be a lot more similar if formed together, second accretion is debated This has caused a new theory to give rise The idea here is an asteroid his planet earth and causes matter from the asteroid and planet earth to fly into space and gradually condense into the moon The question comes up again if dust particles (and larger rocks) can collide and build like the theory says, especially with the earth right next door Memory Verse Genesis 1:16“And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.”