Download Project information Project number Innovation Fund Proposal

Project number 33089
Innovation Fund
Proposal
Project information
Project title
The Churchill Marine Observatory
Applicant institution
University of Manitoba
Collaborating institutions
University of Calgary, University of Victoria
Project leader
Name
David Barber
Title/position
Professor, Canada Research Chair (Tier 1), Associate Dean (Research)
Project funding
Total project cost
$31,775,435
Amount requested from the
CFI
$12,396,452
Percentage of the total project
cost requested from the CFI
(maximum 40%)
39%
Disciplines
Primary discipline
GEOPHYSICS
Primary sub-discipline
Applied Geophysics
Secondary discipline
ENVIRONMENT
Secondary sub-discipline
Bioremediation
Tertiary discipline
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Tertiary sub-discipline
Digital Signal Processing
Areas of application
Primary
Development of the North
Secondary
Fossil fuels and their derivatives
Submitted on 2014-06-27
Project number 33089
Innovation Fund
Proposal
Keywords
Research or technology
development
Bioremediation, chemical dispersants, petroleum ecotoxicolgy, sea ice dynamics
and thermodynamics, ecology and ecosystem structure
Specific infrastructure
Arctic, Oil in Ice Mesocosm, Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring, Hudson
Bay
Submitted on 2014-06-27
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Project number 33089
Plain language summary
This summary will not be used in the review process. Should the project be funded, the CFI
may use it in its communication products.
The Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) will be a globally unique, highly innovative, multidisciplinary
research facility located in Churchill, Manitoba, adjacent to Canada’s only Arctic deep-water port. The CMO
will directly address technological, scientific, and economic issues pertaining to Arctic marine transportation
and oil and gas exploration and development throughout the Arctic.
CMO will include an Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm (OSIM), an Environmental Observing (EO) system, and
a logistics base. OSIM will consist of two saltwater sub-pools designed to simultaneously accommodate
contaminated and control experiments on various scenarios of oil spills in sea ice. The EO system will be
located in the Churchill estuary and along the main shipping channel across Hudson Bay and Strait. The EO
system will provide a state-of-the-art monitoring system and will be used to scale process studies conducted
in OSIM to Hudson Bay and the larger Arctic environment. The logistics base will underpin all CMO research.
CMO will position Canada as a global leader of research into the detection, impacts, and mitigation of oil
spills in sea ice. Knowledge gained through CMO will strengthen Canada’s technological capacity to protect
the Arctic environment. Partnerships with indigenous organizations will ensure knowledge exchange; the
private sector will provide market-driven uptake of technology; and various levels of government will transfer
knowledge into policy and regulation.
Project summary
Proposal
3
University of Manitoba
Project Summary
33089
The Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) represents a first-of-a-kind facility for the
circumpolar Arctic. Located in Churchill, Manitoba, and adjacent to Canada’s only Arctic deepwater port, CMO will dramatically advance knowledge of oil spills in areas with sea ice, impacts
of these contaminants on the marine ecosystem, and development of environmental technologies
designed for detection and mitigation of oil in ice-covered waters. The CMO will allow the
international research team to continually strive for global leadership by conducting world-class,
transformative research and technology development in Arctic System Science. This strategic
priority is shared by University of Manitoba (UM), the University of Calgary, and the University
of Victoria, the three collaborating institutions in this proposal. In addition, CMO fully
complements existing research facilities in Churchill and contributes to the formation of a
national observing system for the Arctic in partnership with the Canadian High Arctic Research
Station (CHARS), Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC), private sector partners, and
multiple government levels.
Proposed Research Infrastructure
CMO is specifically designed to investigate a
variety of contaminants under both landfast
first-year sea ice and mobile ice types. Three
mutually supporting core research and
technology elements are proposed: 1) the Oil
in Sea Ice Mesocosm (OSIM); 2) a fully
integrated Environmental Observing (EO)
system; and 3) a Logistics Base. Research
capacity enabled by CMO will include the
following:



A newly developed suite of remote
sensing and modeling tools for detecting contaminants at multiple space and time scales.
Procedures to mitigate environmental impacts from a spill using conventional techniques
such as dispersants and in situ burning, in addition to novel techniques such as cold
temperature-adapted bioremediation.
Advanced capacity to monitor for and quantify potential impacts from shipping and
development activities in the Arctic while also providing advanced information required
by operators for safe shipping, exploration and development.
The true strength of the proposed program is the full integration of OSIM research and
technology development with the state-of-the-art EO system. The EO system directly supports
OSIM by supplying in situ data on the natural range and variability of the key environmental
factors that define ocean/sea ice/atmosphere (OSA) climate states. By deploying identical
instruments in both OSIM and the EO system, equivalent observations will be made in the upper
ocean, ocean-ice interface, through the ice volume, and the ice-atmosphere interface. This level
of coordinated cross-disciplinary environmental monitoring is unprecedented in Canada’s Arctic.
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University of Manitoba
Project Summary
33089
OSIM will address research of how crude oils, distillates, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants
and residues from in situ burning, liquefied natural gas, and other transportation-related
contaminants affect processes across the OSA interface. The OSIM science objectives are
organized under three broad categories: i) detection, ii) impacts, and iii) mitigation to develop an
understanding of what effects various contaminants have on Arctic ecosystems, and on the
thermodynamic and dynamic evolution of snow-covered sea ice.
To bridge the gap between field experiments and those conducted under simulated conditions,
OSIM will offer a unique opportunity to grow Arctic sea ice under ambient winter conditions. It
will consist of a reinforced above-ground pool, 30’ (width) x 60’ (length) x 10’ (depth) with a
permanent dividing wall to create two sub-pools. Natural seawater will be pumped from the
estuary into the sub-pools. One sub-pool will be dedicated to oil spill and other contaminant
mesocosm experiments with the second sub-pool as an uncontaminated control. This facility
will also feature a retractable roof and above- and below-water sensor systems.
By drawing water directly from the estuary, OSIM will also provide capacity for discrete daily to
weekly monitoring of standard physical-chemical attributes of water quality, spectral
fluorescence, size distribution, and environmental DNA to assess microbial abundance and
diversity and to screen for invasive species. This will contribute to scale studies.
The EO will provide a synchronized suite of instruments to study processes of OSA coupling,
biophysical monitoring, and, in particular, the effects of freshwater and extreme weather on oil
spills and other contaminants from marine transportation. This facility (approx. locations below)
will incorporate underwater moorings and atmospheric observation platforms, capable of near
real-time internet data transfer, located along the shipping corridor to/from the Port of Churchill.
One estuary, one smart-profiling, and three
shipping lane moorings are proposed. The estuary
observatory (E in map) and the smart profiling
observatory (2 in map) will be dedicated
technology-development moorings. Efforts will
focus on the development and testing of tools such
as fish biomass sensors and logic-driven profiling
“SeaCycler” technology that senses and adapts
sampling strategies to respond automatically to
prevailing conditions. In collaboration with ONC, the estuary mooring will be linked with a
direct optical cable connection to CMO. The system will be designed and equipped for real-time
observations of biogeochemical and optical water properties including monitoring of algal
biomass for major taxonomic groups, zooplankton biomass and species composition, fish
biomass and species composition, and acoustic tracking of marine mammals. By sampling water
directly from the inlet structure of OSIM, variation in chemical and biological properties will be
integrated with experiments conducted in OSIM to evaluate how shipping and oil may impact
higher trophic levels. All moorings will monitor ice thickness using ice profiling sonar.
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University of Manitoba
Project Summary
33089
In support of comprehensive ocean system observation, the shipping lane moorings (1 in map)
located in Hudson Bay and Strait will monitor ice thickness and motion, as well as salinity,
temperature, ocean fluorescence, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and other relevant ocean-state
variables. Locations of the moorings will be selected to optimize the relevance of observations
to marine transportation and maximize the ability to detect and monitor conditions should
contamination occur along the transportation corridor. These moorings will also permit the
deployment of developmental technologies such as a contaminant-detection system.
An atmospheric observatory (E in map) will provide real-time data on extreme weather events
and atmospheric chemistry at the OSIM site. In addition to monitoring atmospheric variables,
the observatory will house a scanning X-band dual-pole Doppler weather radar and suite of realtime sensors for air quality. Parameters from these instruments are central to understanding
extreme weather impacts on coupled OSA processes, dispersion, and burn studies of oil in ice.
The logistics base is a necessary supporting component of the CMO, underpinning all aspects of
the research at the facility. This base will provide access to the Churchill River estuary and will
include field preparation labs, a data acquisition room to acquire and transmit data streams from
CMO sensors, a dedicated coastal research vessel, and a staging/storage building. Additional lab
facilities located at the Churchill Northern Studies Centre will be used to provide for processing
and stabilization of samples prior to their transfer to more advanced laboratories.
Anticipated Outcomes
The CMO is proposed as a national facility, serving national and international needs and
gathering over 170 researchers from six Canadian universities, three international universities
(Aarhus, Denmark; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland; and University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington), 10 government departments, and 10 private sector partners.
This facility will present an exceptional opportunity to train a new generation of experts on
Arctic sustainable development.
CMO will lead direct integration of industry, government and academic interests, and ensure an
ability to forge and foster productive, value-added partnerships within and among institutions,
sectors and disciplines. Industry and government members of a CMO Board of Directors will be
able to capitalize on scientific knowledge from academic members, allowing them to
commercialize technologies and techniques first developed in CMO. Pre-competitive research
will focus around detection, impacts and mitigation of oil in ice technologies. The EO system
will be used to validate and scale studies from the OSIM facility in order to ensure Arctic-wide
relevance of CMO outputs. The three mutually supporting core research and technology
infrastructure elements will contribute to substantial research innovation, sustainable marine
transportation, and the exploration and development of Arctic resources. Through the Board,
and a commitment to sharing of results, data, technology, and methods, CMO will help ensure
that governments and industry have comprehensive information available to conduct
environmental assessments and to plan for and respond to economic development pressures
throughout the Arctic.
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Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Principal users
Name
Institution
Department
Barber, David
University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observation Science
Babin, Marcel
Université Laval
Faculté des sciences et de génie
Deming, Jody
University of Washington
School of Oceanography
Hubert, Casey
University of Calgary
Biological Sciences
Mundy, Christopher
University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observation Science
Rysgaard, Søren
University of Manitoba
Geological Sciences
Shafai, Lotfollah
University of Manitoba
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Stern, Gary
University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observation Science
Wang, Feiyue
University of Manitoba
Environment and Geography
Yackel, John
University of Calgary
Geography
Principal users
Proposal
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Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Other users
Name and title/position
Institution and department
Archambault, Philippe
Research Professor
Université du Québec à Rimouski
Institut des sciences de la mer
Davidson, Malcolm
Head of Campaigns
European Space Agency
Mission Science Division
Dimitrenko, Igor
Research Professor
University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observation Science
Ehn, Jens
Assistant Professor
University of Manitoba
Department of Environment and Geography
Eiken, Hajo
Professor
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Geophysical Institute
Fishback, LeeAnn
Scientific Coordinator
Churchill Northern Studies Centre
Science Programs
Ferguson, Steve
Research Scientist
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Arctic Aquatic Research Division
Geertz-Hansen, Ole
Senior Scientist
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
Department of Birds and Mammals
Gosselin, Michel
Professor
Université du Québec à Rimouski
Institut des sciences de la mer
Halden, Norman
Dean, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty
University of Manitoba
Department of Geological Sciences
Hanesiak, John
Professor
University of Manitoba
Department of Environment and Geography
Jackson, David
Director
Environment Canada
Canadian Ice Service
Juniper, Kim
Professor
University of Victoria
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences
McKernan, Michael
Principal, Environmental Management
Stantec Inc.
Project and Business Development
Juul Simon, Malene
Department Head / Senior Scientist
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
Greenland Climate Research Centre
Mojabi, Puyan
Assistant Professor
University of Manitoba
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Raillard, Martin
Chief Scientist
Aboriginal Affairs & N. Devp. Canada
Canadian High Arctic Research Station
Schimnowski, Adrian
Project Manager / Senior Advisor
Arctic Research Foundation
Operations
Smith, Bert
Principal
KGS Group Consulting Engineers
Management Executive
Wallace, Doug
Professor, CERC
Dalhousie University
CERC-OCEAN
Other users
Proposal
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University of Manitoba
Assessment criteria and budget justification
33089
Institutional track record and commitment
The University of Manitoba (UM) is pleased to present the Churchill Marine Observatory
(CMO) as a natural evolution in its long-standing history of leadership and investment in Arctic
research. Two of the six areas of UM’s current Strategic Research Plan reflect and support the
continued growth of an exceptionally strong capacity in Arctic research: 1) Sustainable Prairie
and Northern Communities and 2) Earth and Environmental Materials Science. UM is
continually advancing its Arctic research capacity. Currently, Arctic System Science and
Technology is anticipated to be one of only three areas of research excellence to be identified
within UM’s new Strategic Research Plan. The Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) and the
planned signature area of research excellence will continue to advance UM into a position of
global leadership in Arctic system science.
The UM is a leading Canadian university, attracting and retaining outstanding researchers to one
of the world’s largest dedicated research groups focusing on sea ice and Arctic systems science
and technology. The University’s Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and
Resources, Centre for Earth Observation Science (hereinafter, CEOS) serves as the ‘hub’ for
Arctic system science. CEOS has brought together 127 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff
including a Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) and two Canada Research Chairs into a
fully coordinated internationally recognized area of research excellence with members from the
departments of Geological Sciences, Environment and Geography (Riddell Faculty), Electrical
and Computer Engineering and Civil Engineering (Faculty of Engineering), and Soil Science
(Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences).
Since its inception in 1994, CEOS has expanded from 1.5 FTE staff and two graduate students to
include world-class researchers from around the globe including 14 tenure track faculty, 21
adjunct/research faculty, 27 Research Associates (post-PhD), 15 technical and support staff and
50 graduate students. Metrics of research excellence for CEOS members illustrate a high level
of distinction, a diversification of excellence, and a strong growth trajectory. The group has over
30,000 citations in peer reviewed literature; six faculty have citation totals exceeding 3,000 each.
The group has graduated 225 MSc and PhD students. The CMO will allow CEOS to expand on
this exceptional research record.
The world-leading faculty members at CEOS will all be involved in CMO research. The CMO
proposal is led by Dr. Barber, a Tier I Canada Research Chair in Arctic System Science, who
works on the thermodynamics and geophysics of sea ice and the dynamics of coupling to
biological systems. Additional UM faculty directly invested in the project include Drs. Rysgaard
(CERC in Geomicrobiology and Climate Change), Shafai (Tier I Canada Research Chair in
Applied Electromagnetics), Wang (contaminants), Stern (hydrocarbon monitoring), Hanesiak
(extreme weather), Papakyriakou (carbon exchange processes), Halden (geochemistry), Mundy
(marine primary production), Ehn (geophysics), Kuzyk (marine geochemistry), Dmitrenko
(oceanography), Ogi (climate forcing), Pućko (hydrocarbon chemistry), Ferguson (marine
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33089
ecosystems), Michel (marine microbial ecology) and MacDonald (aquatic geochemistry). These
faculty have contributed substantially to establishing UM’s exceptional research infrastructure.
When formed, the Riddell Faculty was awarded a $10M endowment from Clayton H. Riddell
which has funded equipment acquisition and laboratory renovation to support research on the
environment and its natural resources at an average annual rate of $300K per year. In the last
five years, the UM has prioritized the acquisition of analytical instrumentation with advanced
laboratory space. These acquisitions include a Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer,
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry laboratories, two gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometer laboratories, and a
new state-of-the-art two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a time-of-flight mass
spectrometer. This infrastructure will be used to analyze many samples from CMO.
In 2011, CEOS was successful in a national competition for the prestigious CERC research
program and hired world class biogeochemist Prof. Søren Rysgaard as the CERC in Arctic
Geomicrobiology and Climate Change. The CERC research program is a major initiative for
CEOS, raising over $52M in new investment to the group and doubling the number of staff,
equipment and field programs coordinated through CEOS. Funding for the CERC research
program included CERC core funds, new funds from the Province of Manitoba, a private
donation from Clayton H. Riddell and additional direct investments by the University of
Manitoba in new research space and faculty. The CERC research program provides an annual
operating budget to CEOS of $1.6M per year, which is about 40% of the total operating budget.
The importance of microbial biogeochemistry in remediation of hydrocarbon contamination at
the ocean/sea ice/atmosphere (OSA) interface places the CERC program at the centre of the
CMO initiative.
The UM has consistently invested in world-class facilities and equipment that supports leading
and innovative research reflecting the strong growth in its research teams. As a consequence of
the successful CERC research program, the UM invested an additional $16M to generate the new
state-of-the-art Nellie Cournoyea Arctic Research Facility, opened in 2013. This facility adds
60,000 square feet of space to the original 12,000 square foot CEOS facility. The new facility
consists of dedicated research space with 12 special-purpose laboratories, a geomicrobiological
lab, a class-100 Ultra Clean Trace Elements Laboratory (UCTEL), a nested suite of three
computer-controlled cold labs, a mooring preparation and deployment lab, and several electrical
and computing laboratories.
The dedicated research space at CEOS not only facilitates graduate-level research, but has
contributed to numerous breakthroughs in climate change impacts on changing sea ice and the
arctic ecosystem. For example, CEOS is one of the few groups internationally to integrate both
forward and inverse active microwave scattering models of snow-covered sea ice, and to conduct
ongoing studies of micro- and macroscale physical-biological-geochemical processes at the
OSA. The innovation proposed in the CMO will expand on the ability to mobilize state-of-theart equipment into an understudied region of Canada’s Arctic, thereby enhancing HQP training
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University of Manitoba
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33089
in subject areas required by industry, improving technology to detect oil in sea ice, and
informing environmental protection and safety, particularly in Arctic communities.
In 2010, the UM allocated approximately two acres of land to build a unique Sea-ice
Environmental Research Facility (SERF). This CFI-funded infrastructure is a mesocosm where
synthesized seawater is made and sea ice can be grown and melted in a controlled manner
throughout winter. The ability for SERF researchers to create sea ice under controlled
conditions, particularly during the Arctic “freeze-up” period is not only an extraordinary
technical achievement, but it improves techniques and refines estimation of the impacts of
climate change in the Arctic. The level of environmental control achieved at SERF is similar to
what is proposed at the CMO, but CMO will use natural seawater and will support contamination
experiments throughout the annual cycle, as well as burn studies, none of which are possible at
SERF. Experience gained through the development and implementation of SERF by UM’s
research team makes the CMO team exceedingly well prepared to implement this project.
The UM also contributed significantly to development of the Canadian Coast Guard Service
(CCGS) Research Icebreaker, Amundsen. The consortium responsible for incubation of the
Amundsen project consisted of ten Canadian universities and five federal departments.
Conversion of the Amundsen into a research icebreaker was funded through CFI (in excess of
$40M split between the Universities of Laval and Manitoba).
Broad investments have been made by UM in both field and analytical research capacity in the
Riddell Faculty. The CCGS Amundsen supports the group’s circumpolar field research with
ongoing operating funding coming from national and international partners. The equipment
utilized by the UM group includes advanced meteorological instruments to study atmospheric
chemistry, physics and gas fluxes, optical and microwave remote sensing instruments to study
sea ice geophysics, and the Portable In-situ Laboratory for Mercury Speciation to study
contaminants. Many in the group also have extensive histories in developing novel analytical
methods in earth and environmental material analysis. This innovation encompasses the
development and use of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy and crystal chemistry to
characterize minerals in the weathering environment. The analytical infrastructure developed to
date allows for trajectory analysis of contaminants in the Arctic marine system.
CEOS has very strong financial
support for operations and
maintenance of its infrastructure
(Figure 1). The group generates an
average of $4M in annual operating
revenue from a variety of private and
public sector partners. The
cumulative history for this funding
illustrates a high-achieving research
Figure 1: Cumulative funding average annual operations
group with strong growth over the long and maintenance at CEOS, UM.
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33089
term. Total operating funds have a dramatic upward trajectory, particularly since development
of the Federal Government’s ‘Innovation Strategy’ in 2002 (Figure 1). CEOS has also generated
over $250M in capital investments and has been successful in several CFI infrastructure projects.
CEOS has received significant levels of funding from ongoing partnerships with oil and gas
companies (Imperial Oil, Exxon, BP), from Manitoba Hydro, environmental consulting
companies (Kavik-Axis, C-CORE), various federal departments (DFO, EC, AANDC, and
NRCan) and non-governmental organizations (WWF, PEW Charitable Trusts, Villum
Foundation). In addition, CEOS has long-standing and very well-organized collaborations:
provincially, through strong collaborative ties with provincial departments of Infrastructure and
Transportation, Aboriginal and Northern Affairs, and Conservation and Water Stewardship;
nationally, through ArcticNet Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) (http://www.arcticnetulaval.ca/); and internationally, through the Arctic Science Partnership (http://asp-net.org) and
numerous other national and international networks. CEOS also works closely with the Canada
Excellence Research Chairs from Laval University (Marcel Babin) and Dalhousie (Doug
Wallace) both of whom are collaborators in various international networks with CERC. These
long-standing collaborative efforts will significantly enhance the ability of principal users to
successfully coordinate the implementation of the CMO.
The ArcticNet NCE is CEOS’s primary national network that supports eight projects at the UM.
The network approach to funding and logistical support taken by ArcticNet has removed
otherwise prohibitive barriers to conducting Arctic research. ArcticNet is organized around four
Integrated Regional Impact Studies (IRISs): Nunavik and Labrador, the Eastern High Arctic,
Western High Arctic, and Hudson Bay/Foxe Basin. Dr. Barber leads the Hudson Bay IRIS and
Dr. Stern leads the Western High Arctic IRIS. Drs. Papakyriakou and Stern are Research
Management Committee members; Dr. Barber leads the sea ice research in ArcticNet and Stern
leads the contaminants research. This expansive collaborative effort throughout the Arctic has
been exceedingly successful, connecting academia, government, industry and Inuit into a closely
coordinated research enterprise. In addition, these multiple projects encourage the networking of
HQP, helping to build connections and gaining knowledge through interactions with scientists
from all over the world during field programs.
In addition to his leadership capacity within ArcticNet, Barber led the International Polar Year
Circumpolar Flaw Lead system study, a $40M international science project focused on the
impacts of climate change on the high Arctic through an overwintering project in the Southern
Beaufort Sea. Nearly 400 scientists from 22 countries participated. This project was the first
ever to keep a fully staffed research icebreaker mobile in the flaw lead system of the High Arctic
through an annual cycle and has so far resulted in over 120 peer-reviewed papers informing
multiple areas of policy development in the western high Arctic.
Internationally, CEOS is one of three leading institutions in the Arctic Science Partnership (ASP;
http://asp-net.org), an initiative that integrates Arctic research through international
collaborations and enhanced HQP training and development. ASP was formed as part of the
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CERC research program, from the merger of CEOS (UM), the Greenland Climate Research
Centre in Nuuk, Greenland, and the Arctic Research Centre at the University of Aarhus,
Denmark. The ASP network takes the concept of ‘networking’ to the next level by developing a
common graduate level curriculum across ASP, jointly funding faculty and staff, sharing
resources for field programs and laboratory instrumentation and exchanging faculty, staff and
graduate students who work for extended periods in each other’s labs. The ASP network
represents over 350 investigators, all of whom focus on the implications of a changing Arctic
climate on processes operating across the OSA interface. ASP conducts joint international
Arctic field programs that include scientists from Norway, France, Germany, United Kingdom,
Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Greenland, China, Japan, Korea and the United States of America.
The highly collaborative and integrated approach described above is regularly recognized
nationally and internationally through advisory roles with government, distinguished lectureships
and media coverage. In recent years, UM has published three books: 1) On Thin Ice: a synthesis
of the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES); 2) On the Edge: From Knowledge to
Action During the Fourth International Polar Year Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study (20072008); and 3) Two Ways of Knowing: Merging Science and Traditional Knowledge During the
Fourth International Polar Year. These projects reflect the philosophy within CEOS that by
providing summaries of Arctic research in plain language, and with professional graphical
content, the impact of research can be more engaging for a large range of audiences in
governments, communities and industry. CEOS faculty conduct approximately 10 interviews per
month with national and international media outlets.
Although this proposal is led by the UM, the goals of CMO will not be realized without
extensive collaboration. The proposal is supported by a diverse mix of established, mid-career,
and early career researchers bringing the necessary expertise to resolve the complex issues
presented in this proposal. The CMO is supported by a national consortium of six universities
that will provide scientific and technical personnel with a subset (Manitoba, Calgary and
Victoria) contributing portions of their CFI envelope. The CMO links to University of Calgary’s
New Earth-Space Technology, and Energy Innovation strategic research themes, and to
University of Victoria’s Environment, Oceans, and Climate - Science and Policy strategic
research theme.
Key collaborating researchers come from the Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) at University of
Victoria, with expertise on observatory science, management and data dissemination (Moran and
Juniper), and from the University of Calgary, with expertise in earth observations (Yackel) and
microbial hydrocarbon degradation (Hubert). In 2014, the University of Calgary invested in the
Campus Alberta Innovates Program Chair for Prof. Hubert, attracting him from England. Prof.
Deming (University of Washington) contributes as a team lead in microbiology research. Other
collaborators come from Laval University with expertise in ocean optics (Babin); Rimouski, in
benthic processes (Archambault) and sea ice algae (Gosselin); and Dalhousie University, in
ocean instrumentation (Wallace).
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University of Manitoba
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33089
Research and Technology Development
The ongoing metamorphosis of the Arctic
sea ice cover has greatly increased national
and international interest in this frontier.
Ice-affected regions with significant oil and
gas deposits are found throughout the
circumpolar Arctic (Figure 2) (Reeves et al.
2014). However, an absence of clear
scientific knowledge quantifying the
possible impacts of treated and untreated
oil challenges both the public and
regulators. There is a risk that these groups
will make decisions with lasting
Figure 2: Oil and gas leases and licenses (red),
implications based on preconceptions and
major hydrocarbon provinces/basins/regions
sometimes erroneous conclusions. The
(yellow), as well as existing hydrocarbon extraction
lack of scientific knowledge underlying the sites (black dots) in the Arctic. Source: Adapted
development of sound policies and
from Reeves et al. (2014).
regulations could potentially hamper the development of Canada’s Arctic oil and gas industry.
Conversely, development of scientific knowledge regarding the distribution, behaviour and
persistence of hydrocarbons in the Arctic environment will help build confidence among
Canadians that there is an appropriate degree of science-based preparedness allowing increased
shipping activities and exploration/exploitation of Arctic offshore oil reserves to proceed.
In the event of a spill, the marine ecosystem will be affected by the presence, composition, and
dispersion of contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, chemical dispersants, and herding
agents used for clean-up. Understanding the fate of oil in sea ice and its effects on seawater and
biota is essential for the conduct of environmental risk assessments, net environmental benefit
analysis, and the development of oil spill countermeasures tailored to the Arctic. In addition,
there is a need for innovation to ensure that detection using under-ice, within-ice and above-ice
remote sensing technologies is possible and that habitat recovery can be monitored.
To date, much of what is known about the behaviour of oil in Arctic waters under varying sea ice
conditions and response operations for any large spill or worst-case spill scenario has been the
result of an ability to conduct field trials with experimental oil spills. Canada has benefited
greatly from this work, although in recent years (post-1993), the majority of these trials have
been conducted in Norway (Dickins, 2011). Acquiring permits for further field experiments has
become increasingly difficult both in Canada and abroad. For example, after hosting the three
most recent major oil spill field experiments in ice, Norway is now reconsidering the granting of
permits for any further studies in its waters.
Canada must continue or increase its participation in Arctic oil spill research and development in
order to remain at the forefront of engineering and scientific knowledge in this area. There is an
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University of Manitoba
Assessment criteria and budget justification
33089
urgent need to further develop oil spill field demonstrations, trials and tests in order to develop
and validate effective response operations. These steps are required to establish that a realistic
capability exists to deal with a worst-case discharge and that activities can be regulated and
safely undertaken in all Arctic waters.
The ability to conduct controlled experiments in a reproducible fashion is a clear necessity to
address questions around thresholds for impairment, severity of impacts, chemical fate and
partitioning, and potential for recovery and remediation from contaminants related to oil resource
extraction and shipping in Arctic marine waters. The recent report issued by the U.S. National
Research Council (NRC) (2014) makes this point one of its key recommendations.
The Churchill Marine Observatory
The CMO will directly address technological, scientific and economic issues pertaining to
marine transportation and oil and gas development throughout the Arctic. CMO is envisaged as
a state-of-the-art Arctic marine observatory, technology incubation and commercialization centre
that will revolutionize the research
ability to directly observe variability
and change in complex natural
systems and support cutting-edge
research. It will explore and develop
approaches and technologies
urgently needed to detect, quantify
and mitigate impacts in ice-laden
Arctic waters should accidental
release of various forms of crude oil,
liquefied natural gas, and
transportation-related contaminants
occur.
CMO is specifically designed to
investigate a variety of contaminants Figure 3: The central components of the CMO and its
both under landfast first-year sea ice location relative to the Town and Port of Churchill.
and in drift ice. Three mutually supporting core research and technology elements are proposed:
1) the Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm (OSIM); 2) a fully integrated Environmental Observing (EO)
system; and 3) a Logistics Base (Figure 3).
CMO will be a national facility, serving international needs and gathering over 170 researchers
from six Canadian universities, three international universities (Aarhus, Denmark; Greenland
Climate Research Centre, Greenland; and University of Washington, United States); ten
government departments, and ten private sector partners. In addition, CMO fully complements
existing research facilities in Churchill and contributes to the proposed formation of a national
observing system for Arctic waters in partnership with the Canadian High Arctic Research
Station (CHARS), Ocean Networks Canada (ONC), Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC),
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private sector partners, and territorial, national and international regulators. CMO represents a
first-of-a-kind facility for the Arctic. It will significantly advance knowledge of oil spills in sea
ice, impacts of these contaminants on the marine ecosystem, and development of environmental
technologies designed for detection and mitigation of oil in ice-covered waters.
This proposed research and technology development is both timely and fully unique in the world.
Its principal users are very active leaders at the international level, allowing CMO to address the
research questions at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and to address key knowledge gaps
relating to safe, sustainable marine transportation and the exploration and development of
hydrocarbon resources.
Behaviour of Oil in Sea Ice
Currently, Canada has a world-leading system to ensure that ships entering its Arctic waters are
capable of safe operations in the ice conditions being encountered (Arctic Ice Regime Shipping
System under the regulations of the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act). In addition, the
National Energy Board completed an extensive review of Arctic offshore drilling practices and
regulatory requirements in 2011 and is moving to enact those recommendations and apply them
to new developments. Despite these developments, there are knowledge gaps regarding how to
safely increase Arctic development and shipping, and a very limited capacity to respond in the
event of a spill. While future oil and gas exploration operators will be mandated to have a vast
array of resources on hand to respond immediately in the event of a spill, there are very limited
resources available to respond rapidly to a vessel spill. Both oil and gas operators and shipping
operators will benefit from additional research to better understand how hydrocarbons would
behave if accidentally released into the Arctic marine system. This improved understanding will
ensure that their response capacity is both appropriate to regional conditions and sufficiently well
developed to meet regulations.
Under lower temperatures, oil becomes viscous and does not spread as easily as it would in
warmer water. Depending on
the timing of a spill, oil may
become encapsulated as ice
grows, creating new vectors
for the movement, weathering,
and fate of spills (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Oil behaviour in ice-affected water (Allen, 2008).
The movement of oil on or
under ice is largely dictated by
the roughness of the ice
interface and can be tracked
using buoys deployed on ice
floes (Potter et al., 2012). Oil
moves small distances,
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typically only hundreds of meters for a spill size of thousands of barrels, from the point where it
impinges on the ice undersurface. Currents in excess of 15-20 cm/s are required to sustain oil
movement under the ice. In most Arctic areas, under-ice currents are many times less than this
threshold. Oil on the ice surface also spreads to cover a relatively small area, limited by
roughness and snow absorption. Furthermore, oil weathering rates are slower due to lower
evaporation losses and, for oil spilled under sea ice, a decrease in the rate of emulsification
stemming from reduced wave-action compared to open-water conditions. Snow and ice in all
forms greatly reduce oil spreading and weathering compared to a spill in open water.
The thickness of oil spilled on ice depends on the surface roughness, with thicker oil being
retained in depressions and irregularities in the ice (Fingas, 2011). The resulting oil layer is
typically about 2 cm thick, but can be over 30 cm thick in areas where the oil is contained by ice
deformation features such as rafting and pressure ridges (Fingas and Hollebone, 2003; Buist et
al., 2009). Oil may spread along the ice-snow interface, where approximately 25% of the oil
may be absorbed into dry snow cover. While this absorption limits transport of oil over the
surface of the ice, high wind conditions may still move the entire ice pack great distances
through dynamic forcing (Barber et al., 2014), resulting in local oil spills quickly becoming an
issue at the regional and even hemispheric level depending on the ice dynamic regime within
which the spill occurs.
For accidental release under ice, the nature and fate of the oil depends on ice conditions within
the water column and at the surface. Under solid ice cover, oil forms a relatively thick layer (on
the order of a few centimeters), which pools in undulations on the underside of the ice. Oil
movement is impeded by the interface roughness and may remain relatively localized. Studies
have found that a current with an approximate speed of 0.2 m/s is required to force the oil out of
undulations (Buist et al., 2009; Dickins and Buist, 1999). If the oil is accompanied by an
abundance of natural gas, the buoyant force resulting from gas build-up may crack young to thin
first-year ice cover allowing oil to flow onto the ice surface (Fingas and Hollebone, 2003).
Spilled oil during winter freeze-up becomes encapsulated in the growing ice sheet within
approximately two days (Buist et al., 1983), occurring more quickly under first-year ice than
under multi-year ice. Oil migrates to the ice surface in spring when the ice warms and brine
channels open (Potter et al., 2012). Once at the surface, oil floats on melt ponds and, due to the
low rate of weathering, is relatively “fresh”. Under conditions where atmospheric temperatures
are reasonably warm (> -15°C) and a thick snow cover exists, brine drainage channels can form
(Barber, 2005), thereby creating the potential for oil entrainment into the sea ice even in winter.
Not surprisingly, the behaviour and fate of oil in pack ice is heavily influenced by the
concentration of ice cover. The presence of close-pack ice (i.e., where the ice covers 6/10 of the
ocean’s surface) reduces the spread of oil and the spill will be thicker. This contained oil moves
with the ice floes. As ice cover decreases, the oil behaviour changes, approaching that of an
open-water spill for ice coverage of less than 3/10 of the ocean’s surface. Oil spreads more as
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the ice cover decreases (Dickins and Buist, 1999). The ultimate fate of the oil is dictated by ice
behaviour. The oil will eventually be distributed into the water as the ice deteriorates.
Oil spreading between broken ice is heavily influenced by slush and brash ice. As light
hydrocarbons surface to the water-air interface, heavier components will incorporate into the
slush and brash ice (Dickins, 2011). The lighter hydrocarbons evaporate, but heavier
components remain suspended in the slush – for example, the well-known Kurdistan tanker
incident off Nova Scotia in 1979 (Vandermuelen and Buckley, 1985). Local, regional and
hemispheric circulation of sea ice (Barber et al., 2014) can control the trajectory of oil spills in
the ice, while the presence or absence of ice changes the wave climatology of the marine system
affecting dispersion modeling (Asplin et al., 2014).
Over the years, tank trials have been conducted at national and international facilities such as the
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL; New Hampshire,
USA), the Ohmsett National Oil Spill Response Test Facility (New Jersey, USA), and Stiftelsen
for industriell og teknisk forskning (SINTEF; Trondheim, Norway) to study multiple aspects of
an oil spill, from the development of remote sensing based detection technologies and
effectiveness of herding agents to the effective burning of crude oil between ice blocks and
effects of emulsification of burning. The SINTEF Oil in Ice Joint Industry Program 2006-2010
focused on validation of tank research findings covering issues such as dispersion, weathering
rates, water in oil uptake, burn efficiencies, skimmer performance, etc. While these studies have
provided extremely valuable information regarding the basic physics of oil in sea ice, the results
have not been thoroughly tested under real Arctic oil spill conditions as they lack the ability to
use ambient Arctic conditions. None of these studies has used natural Arctic sea ice or real
Arctic seawater, limiting their ability to provide truly representative findings for ecosystem
impacts in Arctic seas. In addition, there is limited knowledge of how oil modifies the complex
dielectric and thermodynamic characteristics of snow and sea ice through the freeze-thaw cycle.
1) Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm
Research in OSIM will address the science of how various types of fresh, evaporated, and
emulsified crude oils, distillate, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues from in situ
burning, liquefied natural gas, and other transportation-related contaminants affect processes
across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere (OSA) interface. The OSIM science objectives are
organized around three programs: i) detection, ii) impacts, and iii) mitigation.
i) Detection of Oil in Ice
Various forms of oil will affect both the geophysical and thermodynamic state of the OSA
interface. The paradigm shift addressed here is from the typical view of remote sensing only as a
means of detecting the geophysical state (i.e., ice type) of snow-covered sea ice to its additional
novel use for contaminant detection. This transformative research will show how time-series
electromagnetic response, informed through an electro-thermophysical model, can be used to
detect the thermodynamic state and thereby the presence of contaminants beneath, within and on
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snow-covered sea ice through space and time. This usage will extend to the study of weathering,
evaporation, dispersive effect and influence on oil trajectories in sea ice across a range of initial
conditions and endpoints. Specifically, the objectives of the detection program are to:



Understand the role that oil and other contaminants have on the geophysics,
thermodynamics, and electromagnetics of snow-covered sea ice and develop an OSA model
integrating geophysics, thermodynamics, and dielectrics.
Understand the influence these contaminants have on the wavelength-dependent (ultraviolet
to microwave) radiative transfer in snow-covered sea ice across a range of sea ice
geophysical and thermodynamic states as defined by the electro-thermophysical model.
Develop and validate sub-ice, in situ, airborne and satellite remote sensing tools based on
the optimal selection of in situ studies at OSIM, extrapolated through an understanding of
the climate state variables observed in the EO system of the CMO, to aerial and satellite
scales of remote sensing for the detection of oil and other contaminants in sea ice.
OSIM is specifically designed to test various techniques required for detection of oil in sea ice
(see p. 25, Detection Technology Package). A variety of electromagnetic techniques are
currently available for detection studies of oil in sea ice (Goodman, 2008). In situ technologies
include underwater, in- and on-sea ice and above-ice techniques.
Several approaches to underwater experiments will be used to examine crude oil chemistry
constituents and degradation of the thermal properties of the OSA and on the visible, near
infrared and ultraviolet response, as described by Dickins and Anderson (2009). Sonar
experiments will be conducted at multiple frequencies to study the role acoustics have on
detection of oil below sea ice and oil contained within the interstices of ice floes. Upward
looking sonar and multibeam sonars can operate on an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) or
can be moored in regions of high risk of oil spills; they can be telemetered via optical fibre,
underwater or Iridium modem. Z-cell acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) will be tested
to study impacts of oil on the motion of water masses immediately beneath sea ice. Underwater
hyperspectral and fluorescence sensing and sonar will use common instruments in the OSIM and
EO components of the CMO.
On-ice sampling at the in situ scale includes laser fluorosensors (LFS). The detection of
aromatic hydrocarbons is known to work well with LFS systems, but the integration of this
technology with other detection techniques and its scaling to real-world scenarios requires
further study (Fingas and Brown, 1997; Brown and Fingas, 2003). Apart from a limited airborne
trial over pans set on land by Environment Canada in the early 1990s, little is known about the
true capabilities of the LFS in detecting oil on ice. Its performance over oil slicks at sea is well
known; LFS forms a valuable sensor component on state-of-the-art remote sensing surveillance
aircraft in Europe. The CMO provides an innovative capacity to advance this technology.
Surface-based scatterometers are of particular interest in sea ice mesocosm testing for detection
of oil in ice. This targeting is because the microwave scattering response can be quantitatively
linked to the geophysical state of the sea ice (e.g., based on the temperature and salinity of the
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ice, presence of crude oil and how the oil affects dielectrics) (Onstott, 1992; Dierking et al.,
2004). C, X and L-band scatterometers all hold promise as sensors with abilities to detect oil in
ice since the introduction of a new constitutive parameter (namely, crude oil) to the ocean/sea ice
system provides a measurable contrast at these frequencies, particularly in the time-series
evolution of the scattering (Barber, 2005). Polarimetric scatterometer systems can obtain
independent scattering information at multiple incidence angles, polarizations (VV, HH, and
cross-polarization) and polarimetric parameters (e.g., correlation coefficients, span, phase
difference, co-pol ratio, etc., each obtained at multiple incidence angles) (Scharien et al., 2011).
Geophysical, thermodynamic, and dielectric data will be used to interpret the scattering physics
of each radar and to examine the temporal and spatial (incidence angle) variability in the
returned signal. Oil chemistry will be assessed in parallel with scatterometer scans in order to
understand the returned signal and to explain the role of oil in the overall microwave scattering.
OSIM has also been designed to test and validate aerial remote sensing approaches. Candidate
sensors include surface hyperspectral radiometers and the use of spectral mixture techniques to
examine oil in ice detection; shortwave ultraviolet and mid- to far-range infrared radiometers to
investigate the surface reflection and emission; and photographic techniques specifically
designed for low light conditions. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) operating in the 250 MHz to
1 GHz frequency range, used in both ice surface and low altitude helicopter configurations, has
been shown to detect oil layers in smooth sea ice (Bradford et al., 2010). Helicopter-borne and
surface-borne EM induction (Prinsenberg et al., 2010) is also a key technology for oil in ice
detection (Lalumiere, 2011) and can play a supporting role in GPR surveys. The EM induction
system can measure a wide range of ice thicknesses, bottom and surface topography, and
measure ice and water conductivity (Holladay et al., 2010).
Underwater and in situ technologies for detection of oil in ice will ultimately benefit from
satellite-based earth observation technologies. The work being proposed herein will directly link
surface, subsurface and within-sea ice methods to existing and pending satellite-based systems.
For example, a dramatic improvement in the temporal resolution of satellite synthetic aperture
radar (SAR) systems, through the use of SAR constellation systems (e.g., the Canadian
RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) and European Copernicus mission) will be key, not
only for detection of oil, but also for high-resolution mapping of oil spill trajectories through
feature tracking of sea ice (Komarov and Barber, 2012). Calibration of these satellite data would
be achieved using in situ scatterometers configured to understand the time-series evolution of an
oil spill in sea ice conducted at OSIM. SAR systems will be investigated with emphasis on Cband fully polarimetric scattering and the potential for using SAR tomography and time-series
measurements in oil spill detection in sea ice. Recent advances using quad-polarized images
from RADARSAT-2 have shown promise for oil slick characterization (Staples, 2014).
However, these approaches have not been tested in ice-covered Arctic systems. By linking
OSIM scatterometer studies with satellite remote sensing and the environmental observing
system, CMO will provide the key technology to bridge Hudson Bay work to the entire Canadian
Arctic.
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ii) Impacts of Oil in Ice
OSIM will be used to test various chemical fate and partitioning processes, examine toxicity
effects, investigate ecological mechanisms and directly manipulate exposures and biological and
ecological responses to these stressors.
Mesocosms are one of the best tools available to researchers to draw on ecological realism (e.g.,
predator-prey interactions, trophic interactions) with replicated controls, and attempt to capture
the myriad of possible ecological mechanisms underlying adverse effect and recovery that
single-species laboratory tests miss (Scott et al., 2013; Van den Brink et al., 2005). The OSIM
sub-pools will provide both a ‘contaminated’ mesocosm and an ‘uncontaminated’ control (see p.
23-24, OSIM Infrastructure Description). Specifically, objectives of the ‘impacts’ program are
to:





Study chemical fate, partitioning and associated toxicity of fresh, evaporated, emulsified
crude oils, distillate, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues generated via in situ
burning (burned oil residue and smoke (soot)) in and across the sea ice environment.
Examine the potential toxic effects of these contaminants to determine thresholds for
impairment and severity of impacts on natural assemblages of biota.
Capture the myriad of possible ecological mechanisms (e.g., predator-prey interactions,
trophic interactions) of adverse effects (i.e., indirect effects of contaminants) and recovery.
Conduct manipulations of exposure to contaminant stressors of interest, species
composition and density, nutrient status, and energy (e.g., light, carbon) inputs.
Inform decision-making through the development of an oil spill Environmental Sensitivity
Index (ESI) to assess, forecast, and mitigate oil spill impacts, food web bioaccumulation,
and acute and chronic toxicity through trophic levels in Arctic systems.
To date, most ecological mesocosms have focused on understanding contaminant effects and
behaviour in freshwater systems, with few marine-focused facilities; none have been completed
in an Arctic marine environment. In many cases, where marine mesocosms have been employed
in northern environments, they are significantly smaller in size (only several hundred litres), with
significantly reduced ecological complexity and stability (e.g., Vestheim et al., 2012). The scale
of the CMO systems (0.25 million liters per sub-pool) allows for significantly longer biological
and temporal stability, on the order of weeks to months, to assess impacts.
One area in which mesocosms have played a significant role in understanding contaminant
effects in marine ecosystems is through the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’s use of coastal marsh mesocosms. Specifically, these have been used to inform
decision-making through the oil spill environmental sensitivity index to assess, forecast, and
mitigate oil spill impacts, and to predict oil and dispersant fate, food web bioaccumulation, and
acute and chronic toxicity from the individual to the ecosystem level in saltwater marsh systems
(Scott et al., 2013). Their strength in predicting and understanding effects in these saltwater
systems speaks to their value and potential in applying the same approaches to vulnerable marine
ecosystems in the Canadian Arctic.
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iii) Mitigation of Oil in Ice
The third program of OSIM is to understand how to evaluate various mitigation techniques for
responding to oil spills within the OSA environment across a range of time and space scales.
The mitigation program is organized around conventional technologies, such as dispersants and
in situ burning, and innovative bioremediation and genomic techniques. Both approaches will be
supported directly by the design of OSIM and are scalable through the EO system in terms of
atmospheric monitoring of burn effluent and ocean climate state variable effects on mitigation
technologies. Specifically, objectives of the mitigation program are to:




Investigate the effectiveness of dispersants and oil-mineral aggregation of various oils,
herding and emulsion-breaking chemicals under differing Arctic conditions.
Develop catalogues of in situ burning characteristics including, for example, the
composition, buoyancy and aquatic toxicity of burn residues.
Quantify the contribution of microbial communities and natural biodegradation of different
crude oil constituents under different temperature, salinity and sea ice regimes, using the
scaled-up mesocosm approach that OSIM will provide.
Compare lab-based microcosm with OSIM-mesocosm-derived hydrocarbon biodegradation
rates to enable broad interpretation of CMO studies in understanding responses in the
natural Arctic environment.
Dispersants are considered by industry to be a primary countermeasure for any large or worstcase spill scenarios. Dispersants provide environmental protection from spilled oil by diffusing
oil slicks into the water column, where they can then be more quickly diluted and degraded.
Since the early 1980s, a significant amount of research has been conducted into studying
dispersant effectiveness in cold and brackish waters (ESRF NE22-4/177E-PDF). In general,
chemical dispersion in cold marine environments was not found to impair dispersant
effectiveness unless environmental temperatures were below the spill oil’s pour point. It has also
been reported that dispersant effectiveness is greatest when water salinity lies between 25 and 40
(Fingas et al., 2006). The turbulent mixing energy from ice floe interactions in moderate ice
covers has been shown to enhance dispersant effectiveness. Once the cover exceeds more than
~50%, the wave damping and reduced surface mixing leads to declining dispersion efficiencies.
However, introducing mechanical mixing energy through vessel propwash can compensate for
this lack of sufficient natural turbulence in the upper water column and enable effective,
sustained dispersion with the simultaneous addition of chemicals or oil-mineral aggregates
(OMA). This technique was demonstrated in tank tests in Helsinki and in field trials in the
Barents Sea and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Sorstrom, et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2013).
In situ burning has been, and continues to be, a primary spill response option in ice-covered
Arctic waters. Experiments have been designed and conducted to study numerous issues, from
slick thickness to winds and water currents on burning rates and efficiency on various types of
fresh, evaporated, emulsified crude oils, distillate and residue fuel oils. Studies of various
ignition systems and herding agents (e.g., Helitorch, ThickSlick 6535 and SilTech OP-40) have
also been conducted (ESRF NE22-4/177E-PDF; http://www.arcticresponsetechnology.org). In
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general, the combination of natural containment and reduced wave generation in ice leads to
lower weathering rates (evaporation, natural dispersion, emulsification). This lowering can
significantly extend the “window of opportunity” for response operations such as burning or the
use of dispersants. Ice concentrations in the range 1/10 to 5/10 are often touted as representing a
“response gap” where there is too little ice for natural containment and too much ice to employ
booms. Fortunately, recent progress made by combining dispersants with burning in open water
and light ice cover goes a long way to closing or eliminating this gap (Buist et al., 2010; Dickins,
2010). While this knowledge gives a strong basis to recommend how in situ burning may be
implemented as a routine offshore Arctic countermeasure, there is still limited knowledge of the
lingering impacts of in situ burning on Arctic marine systems, particularly since ice
concentrations typically range from 1/10 to 5/10 in the summer.
The ability of microbes to degrade hydrocarbons is well known (Hazen et al., 2010) and presents
a prime example of the ‘ecosystem services’ (NRC Committee) that microbial communities can
provide to Canadian society and Canadian industries that produce and transport hydrocarbon
resources such as crude oil and bitumen. To fully realize these benefits, there is a need for better
understanding of chemistry, physiology and ecology of crude oil biodegradation in the Arctic.
It is important to understand the potential for microbial biodegradation in the Arctic. In the
event of large spill or worst-case spill scenarios in fall or winter under heavy ice conditions, in
situ burning, use of dispersants or other clean-up efforts may not be possible until the spring melt
period. Ecosystems are especially vulnerable during the spring phytoplankton bloom because
this forms the base of the entire marine ecosystem. This delay could result in crude oil persisting
for months where the only remediation potential rests with marine microbial communities in the
Canadian Arctic, whose inherent potential for hydrocarbon biodegradation at very low
temperature remains poorly understood. In principle, natural attenuation by resident
microorganisms may not require extensive intervention, particularly in cold or deep waters that
are already relatively rich in inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) that are essential for
microbial growth (Head et al., 2006). As such, Arctic microbes might indeed represent
invaluable first responders in the event of a cold Arctic oil spill. However, very little is known
about this potential in polar seas, or how temperature, oil chemistry and marine microbial
population structure might influence intrinsic bioremediation in the Canadian Arctic. A
comprehensive understanding of the natural degradation of petroleum by marine microbial
communities in Arctic ice-laden waters will contribute significantly to emergency preparedness
as industrial transport and development in the Canadian Arctic accelerates.
2) The Environmental Observing (EO) System
The full integration of OSIM research and technology development with the state-of-the-art EO
system is a truly innovative aspect of the CMO research program. The EO system directly
supports OSIM by supplying in situ data on the natural range and variability of OSA climate
states of key environmental variables (e.g., ocean salinity, temperature, ice thickness, roughness,
biological productivity, microbial community structure). By deploying identical instruments in
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both OSIM and the EO system, equivalent observations can be made in the atmosphere and
upper ocean, and through the ocean-ice interface, through the ice volume, and the ice-atmosphere
interface. This strategy will support scaling of detection, through satellite remote sensing, and
impact studies, conducted in OSIM throughout the region of the EO along the shipping route and
by extension with the proposed national marine observing system (CHARS S&T Plan).
The EO system is comprised of four elements: i) the estuary observatory; ii) smart profiling
observatory; iii) the shipping corridor observatory; and iv) the atmospheric observatory (Figure
5). The EO system will serve as a monitoring system along the shipping lane to and from the
Port of Churchill. These environmental moorings will provide a monitoring service and a testbed for innovative detection procedures developed in OSIM along a shipping track with a high
probability of contaminant spills in the Arctic. The EO system will also enable the scaling of
OSIM science to the natural conditions of Hudson Bay and by extension to the entire Arctic.
This ‘scaling’ capability is a critical part of the science linking detailed OSIM process studies to
those of real Arctic conditions and the practical utility of research to inform Arctic development.
Figure 5: Geographic location of the estuary
observatory (E), shipping lane observatory (1),
smart profiling observatory (2) and the atmospheric
observatory (E).
Each observatory element consists of
fully integrated state-of-the-art
instrumentation designed to act as a
detection system for ocean and
atmospheric climate state variables
(physical, biological and contaminant).
To further support scaling of the OSIM
mesocosm experiments, instruments in
the EO system are also designed to be
compatible with OSIM, the proposed
CHARS national observing system,
and experiments throughout the Arctic.
i) Estuary Observatory
Fibre optic cable will connect the
observatory in the mouth of the Churchill estuary (E; Figure 5) to the OSIM logistics base to
allow for real-time transmission of data. The bottom-mounted mooring will be modeled after the
ONC Observatory in Cambridge Bay, and will be only the second cabled sea floor observatory in
the Arctic providing real-time marine data via the Internet. Specific objectives of the Estuary
Observatory will be to:



Directly monitor physical and biological estuarine conditions for parameters that cannot
be measured cost-effectively using existing technology in real-time.
Quantify production and energy flow across trophic levels at a higher temporal resolution
than currently attainable at any other Arctic observatory.
Examine the impacts of anthropogenic contaminants (oil) and pollution in the Churchill
River estuary through OSIM and estuary-based experiments.
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The estuary observatory will be designed to include flow-through and moored components, both
key autonomous observations of the ecosystem. The flow-through component will
systematically divert water from the freshwater and marine intake hoses used to fill OSIM to a
set of in-line instruments able to make continuous measurements. This approach will allow
monitoring of the introduction of invasive species, as well as direct study of physiology,
reproduction, and mortality of lower trophic levels. Natural experiments will take advantage of
the moored component at the mouth of the Churchill estuary, combined with directed sampling
efforts coordinated with ships utilizing the Port. Furthermore, behavioural field studies using
visual and acoustic instruments will assess higher trophic behavioural and energetic responses to
anthropogenic activities.
The estuary observatory will be focused on providing continuous observations of
biogeochemical and optical water properties in support of CMO experiments. It will also provide
a discrete sample outlet valve to make daily to weekly measurements of nutrient concentrations,
spectral fluorescence, size distribution, taxonomic composition of microbes, and environmental
DNA to screen for invasive species, while providing samples for smaller scale lab experiments.
The cabled estuary mooring will attempt to duplicate many OSIM measurements, but with the
trade-off of reduced resolution to achieve greater representation of real situations. Specifically,
the cabled mooring will provide capability to monitor biogeochemical properties, light, algal
biomass of major taxonomic groups, zooplankton biomass and species composition, fish biomass
and species composition, and tracking of marine mammals.
An ADCP and upward-looking ice profiling sonar (IPS) will record current profiles and ice
velocity, thickness and bottom roughness. Surface-mounted and unmanned aerial vehicle video
flights will also provide records of beluga whales entering and exiting the estuary relative to
other physical, chemical and biological data sampled with the Estuary Observatory.
ii) Smart Profiling Observatory
The Smart Profiling Observatory is envisioned as a technology test-bed where innovative
observatory technology can be deployed for near real-time applications. Specific research
objectives of the smart profiling observatory will be to:


Provide an unparalleled ability to monitor physical and biological properties of the upper
ocean through the full annual cycle using logic-driven technology.
Deploy oil detection techniques and technologies (e.g., hyperspectral and fluorescence
instruments) developed in OSIM for monitoring and testing in natural Arctic conditions.
This observatory would be located in central Hudson Bay (2; Figure 5). The initial configuration
will consist of a buoyed taut-line mooring below the surface mixed layer (below 80 m depth),
and a separately anchored ‘smart’ profiler sampling the mixed layer (upper 50 m).
The profiling system will build on existing technology (e.g., SeaCycler) to develop a capability
to profile both under ice in winter, and through the mixed layer during the open water season,
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with the ability in the latter season to communicate data to CMO via Iridium modem. The
profiler will carry a CTD, a chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) sensor and
multispectral fluorometer as near the ice as feasible in winter and through the mixed layer
(including the chlorophyll maximum) during the open water season. Long-term stable oxygen
optodes will be included to reveal information on ice production in winter and primary
production in summer. It will also carry hyperspectral sensors (Satlantic HyperOCRs) to record
upwelling and down-welling irradiance and ultraviolet fluorometers to record under-ice
fluorescence typically associated with hydrocarbon contamination. Near under-ice spectral
downwelling irradiance will be used to characterize the under-ice light field with a particular
interest to estimate integrated algal biomass above the sensor in both the ice and water column.
Potential optical techniques to detect oil or other buoyant contaminants will be studied using
under-ice spectra.
This profiler will also include developmental logic-driven routines for adaptive sampling and
data transmission in response to environmental conditions. This mooring will serve as a test bed
for real-time observing systems required by industry. Mature technology will be migrated to
stationary drill ship locations or shipping corridor observatories.
iii) Shipping Corridor Observatory
Safe management of annual shipping will require knowledge of ice thickness and deformation
properties along the shipping routes. A series of observatories will be established along the
primary shipping route into and out of the Port of Churchill (1; Figure 5). Specific research
objectives will be to:


Investigate the processes of ice dynamics and thermodynamics in Hudson Bay, and their
variability as they are impacted by climate, freshwater fluxes (and their timing and
volume) and ocean circulation.
Create new monitoring capabilities (acoustic zooplankton fish profilers (AZFPs), spectral
fluoroprobe) in an extremely data-sparse region of the Canadian Arctic.
On these observatories, IPSs will be used to measure ice thickness, drift speed, and bottom
topography. Upward-looking ADCPs will be used to measure water column velocities and
vertical mixing of water masses, as well as ice velocity. Particularly strong deformation occurs
off Cape Churchill due to the prevailing cyclonic rotation of the Hudson Bay ice pack, but
variation within this prevailing system means that deformed ice produced there may be carried
far off, towards central Hudson Bay (Hochheim and Barber, 2014).
The shipping corridor observatories will also be instrumented to record temperature and salinity
(Seabird CTDs in and below the mixed layer), CDOM fluorescence, algal biomass and major
taxonomic groups (multispectral fluorescence), biomass productivity (sediment traps below the
mixed layer), vertical distribution of zooplankton and fish (AZFPs) and presence of marine
mammals using passive acoustic recorders. These sensors are not typically deployed in Arctic
environments, but will provide data sought by industry and necessary in the event of an oil spill.
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iv) Atmospheric Observatory
The overall goal of the Atmospheric Observatory (E; Figure 5) is to provide detailed atmospheric
measurements of burn effluent, contaminant transport, energy, and water fluxes and for the in
situ calibration of satellite remote sensing data. Extreme weather events can have profound
effects on transportation, infrastructure, and on the trajectory of ice motion, thereby affecting oil
spills in sea ice. Specific research objectives will be to:


Integrate assessment of the impacts on air quality from oil spills and associated
remediation techniques (e.g., use of dispersants, in situ burning) into net environmental
benefit analysis (a key decision tool in selecting appropriate response strategies).
Determine atmospheric transport and deposition of primary contaminants (e.g., mercury,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the Hudson Bay region from various sources.
The atmospheric observatory will work directly with the other EO observatories and OSIM to
examine how in situ burning impacts the atmosphere, conditions of atmospheric transport of
these contaminants, and effects of diverse atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) processes on
exchange and mixing. These same ABL processes will also be used to examine how storms,
freezing precipitation and fog can affect, for example, oil trajectory modeling in sea ice and
water, as well as how precipitation and winds may affect detection technologies being developed
through OSIM. All of these aspects will be investigated in coordination with the various
scientific components of the CMO. Data from the atmospheric observatory will be available in
real-time to CMO researchers and to Environment Canada for operational weather prediction
modeling, ice forecasting, air quality modeling, and calibration of satellite-borne sensors.
3) Logistics Base (Linking CMO to field programs and modeling)
To ensure comprehensive research support, CMO will require an advanced logistics base. This
base will support management of OSIM, downloading and management of EO system data, and
small craft to conduct near-shore surveys of coupled OSA-ecosystem processes, and
maintenance of the EO system. Key objectives include:




Spatial sampling of Eulerian (fixed point) variables to support Lagrangian (moving point)
sampling of the EO in the estuary and shipping corridor observatories.
Local estimates of total, new, and regenerated primary production in sea ice and the water
column using tracer techniques (Babin et al., 1994; Tremblay et al., 2006) and diatomproduced highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs), a novel analytical tool that differentiates
between sea ice and phytoplanktonic carbon (Brown et al., 2014).
Quantification of secondary and tertiary production by in situ sampling.
Analysis of higher trophic levels using Ecosim/Ecopath methodology (Hoover, 2010) and
to quantify trophic relationships and energy flow using stable isotopes and fatty acids as
trophic food web tracers (Wang et al., 2013).
The logistics base will benefit the scaling of OSIM through EO to Arctic-wide estimates of
detection and impacts of oil in ice through both spatial sampling and logistical support.
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Team
The team has the proven expertise, ability, and relevant collaborations and partnerships in place
to successfully conduct the proposed research and technology development activities of the
CMO. The proposal is strongly linked to national and international initiatives and builds directly
upon numerous national and international successes of the team. Nationally, ArcticNet will
provide an excellent framework for integration across science, NGOs, Inuit organizations,
industry and government. Internationally, the ASP will provide international science
collaboration and direct networking with oil and gas development in and around Greenland. The
ArcticNet industry partnership provides expertise and networking on oil in ice issues in the
Beaufort Sea.
Recently funded or current applications pertinent to this work include projects submitted to the
Environmental Studies Research Fund (ESRF), the Nunavut General Monitoring Plan (NGMP)
and the Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction and Response Network (MEOPAR),
Imperial Oil Resources, Exxon upstream research, BP, DuPont, Transport Canada, Villum
Foundation, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), European Space Agency (ESA), the Canada Research
Chairs and Canada Excellence Research Chairs (CERC) programs. All of these projects address
issues of oil in sea ice or marine ecosystem impacts.
CMO’s principal users have an extensive background in oil in sea-ice related research and over
200 person years of Arctic research experience. Their leadership experience spans the diversity
required to implement CMO. Their expertise and roles are summarized below:
David Barber; University of Manitoba
h-Index: 33, Citations: 3700
Title PhD, Canada Research Chair Tier 1,
Role Overall CMO Lead Scientist
Distinguished Professor
Lead, OSIM detection
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Led International Polar Year Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study (2007-2012).
- Lead, Hudson Bay Integrated Regional Impact Study, ArcticNet NCE (2004 to present).
- Member, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) national committees.
- Led successful UM proposal for CERC in Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Change.
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Scaling studies of oil in sea ice and thermodynamic modeling using SAR from OSIM through
to Hudson Bay and Arctic.
Marcel Babin, Université Laval
h-Index: 29, Citations: 3317
Title PhD, CERC in Remote Sensing of Canada's
Role Lead, Ocean Remote Sensing
New Arctic Frontier, Director of Takuvik
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Lead, Malina, a joint France-Canada-US project (2008-2012).
- Lead Greenedge, (2014-2017).
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Estimation and modeling of light-driven carbon fluxes and biomass production using EO
observations and satellite remote sensing.
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Jody Deming, University of Washington
h-Index: 36, Citations: >4000
Title PhD, Walters Endowed Professor,
Role
Oceanography
Lead, Microbiology Research
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Board member – U.S. Polar Research Board during the International Polar Year (2007–2009).
- National Academy of Sciences member, the U.S. Ocean Sciences Board and NRC Deepwater
Horizon Committee.
- Chair, Future of Ice Initiative, University of Washington (2014-2015)
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Scaling studies of micro-scale foraging, survival strategies, and cold adaptation in marine
microorganisms from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and pan-Arctic scale.
Casey Hubert, University of Calgary
Title PhD, Associate Professor, Campus Alberta
Innovates Program Chair in Geomicrobiology
Role
h-Index: 12, Citations: 692
Lead, Bioremediation
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) Research Fellow.
- Chief Scientist, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology research cruises (2007 &
2008).
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Assessing the microbial diversity and metabolic potential in Arctic marine habitats using EO
estuary and ocean observations.
CJ Mundy, University of Manitoba
h-Index: 12, Citations: 443
Title PhD, Assistant Professor
Role Lead, Under-ice Ecosystem
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Lead, Arctic-ICE (Ice Covered Ecosystem; 2010-2012)
- Lead, ICE-CAMPS (CAMbridge bay Process Studies; 2013-present).
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Estimation of under-ice phytoplankton, ice algal biomass, brine channel distribution, and
geophysical properties of ice bottom using EO estuary and ocean observations.
Søren Rysgaard, University of Manitoba
Title PhD, Professor, CERC in Arctic
Geomicrobiology and Change
Role
h-Index: 37, Citations: 4269
Lead, Marine Biogeochemistry
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Head, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University (2011 to present).
- Head, Greenland Climate Research Centre, Nuuk, Greenland (2009 to present).
- Member, Science Coordinating Group of the International Arctic Polynya Program.
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Scaling studies of benthic-pelagic coupling and carbon and nutrient cycling in Arctic waters
from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and Arctic.
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Lot Shafai, University of Manitoba
h-Index: 28, Citations: 6413
Title PhD, Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Applied Role Lead, Applied Electromagnetics
Electromagnetics, Distinguished Professor
- Antennas
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Over 40 years of tenure, 800 refereed publications and 12 patents.
- Director, Institute of Technology Development, University of Manitoba (1985-1988).
- Head, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba (1987-1989).
- International Chair, Commission B, International Union of Radio Science (2005-2008).
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Modeling and technology development studies within OSIM using applied electromagnetics,
satellite communications, remote sensing and smart structures.
Gary Stern, University of Manitoba
Title PhD, Professor
Role
h-Index: 36, Citations: 4309
Lead, OSIM Mitigation and
Impacts
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Lead, Effects of Climate Change on Carbon and Contaminant Cycling in the Arctic Coastal
and Marine Ecosystems: Impacts, Prognosis and Adaptations Strategies, ArcticNet NCE.
- Lead, Western High Arctic Integrated Regional Impact Study, ArcticNet (2004 to present).
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Mesocosm studies on sources and fate of oil in ice and in arctic marine food webs from
scaling results from experiments in OSIM through to Hudson Bay and the broader Arctic
environment.
Feiyue Wang, University of Manitoba
h-Index: 31, Citations: 3189
Title PhD, Professor
Role Lead, Environmental Chemistry
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Director, Ultra-Clean Trace Elements Laboratory (UCTEL)
- Lead, Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility, Canada's first experimental sea ice facility
- Co-lead, Contaminants research program in the Arctic, ArcticNet NCE
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Estimation of mercury in Arctic sea ice environment and atmospheric and aquatic chemistry
using EO observations and scaling from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and Arctic.
John Yackel, University of Calgary
h-Index: 16, Citations: 653
Title PhD, Professor
Role Lead, Sea Ice Remote Sensing
Relevant Leadership Excellence
- Head, Department of Geography (2012-2017)
Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO
- Scaling and modeling of microwave EM spectrum for deriving surface and climate state
variables of snow-covered sea ice and oil from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and Arctic.
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Infrastructure Description
The research infrastructure proposed includes a dedicated research space, as well as instruments
to be deployed within OSIM, and the EOs. All components of the infrastructure are necessary to
conduct the research and technology development program proposed for CMO.
The OSIM facility offers the opportunity to bridge the gap between oil spill field experiments
and those conducted under simulated conditions in small laboratory facilities. OSIM will be
unique in that it is the first, and only, oil in sea ice mesocosm located in the Arctic, able to
directly use Arctic seawater and grow sea ice under ambient Arctic conditions. It is also the first
mesocosm to be totally integrated with a state-of-the-art EO.
To maximize the use of CMO, the infrastructure has been designed to address all overarching
goals of the work at CMO. Using the full complement of resources available at CMO,
researchers will be able to conduct detailed in situ studies of oil in sea ice at OSIM, to expand
this work through a knowledge of the state variables measured through the EO system, and to
develop tools to measure and model processes associated with oil in sea ice using a combination
of direct observation, modeling, and remote sensing. CMO will be available for use on a yearround basis, allowing the research team to continue OSIM oil in ice experiments into the openwater season. This will enhance studies of weathering and degradation of contaminants, and
support ecosystem impact studies. EO research will be most active in summer, but will extend
into winter using seasonally ice-mounted instruments in fast-ice regions surrounding Churchill.
In situ studies will be possible 12 months of the year using the proposed combination of vehicles.
Site planning and preparation for the Base and OSIM facility is estimated to begin in the summer
of 2015 with building construction to commence in the summer of 2016. The construction phase
is estimated to last until December, 2016. Summer of 2016 will also include the deployment of
EOs, including moorings, with plans for OSIM and EOs becoming fully operational by winter
2016 into 2017. The first operating year (2016-2017) will serve as a trial run for OSIM and EO
integrated science. The coastal ship will begin operation in the summer of 2016, following the
refit necessary to equip it.
Interaction with the CHARS
national advisory committee has
already begun and will evolve
through 2015 to ensure compatibility
of the EO system with the proposed
national CHARS system.
Juliana Kusyk
Figure 6: An artistic rendering of the interior of OSIM,
depicting an in situ burn experiment in progress.
1) Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm $11,231,759 (Line 1)
The cost estimate of the OSIM
facility (Figure 6) includes site
work, fencing, and electrical and
fibre optic inputs for the CMO base,
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and the OSIM tanks and operable components described below, piping, and mechanical services.
A detailed estimate of building costs has been prepared and is included here only in summary.
Site work and general conditions ($1,220,210), soft costs ($735,000), fees ($1,758,140), and a
10% construction contingency ($923,377, including 1.95% GST) are included in this
construction estimate.
The OSIM tanks will be designed to measure physical, biological and chemical processes
controlling how contaminants interact across a dynamically evolving OSA interface. The tank
($1,870,853) will have internal dimensions of 30' (width) x 60' (length) x 10' (depth) with a
permanent division between two 'sub-ponds' (Figure 7). One sub-tank will be used for
contaminant experiments; the other will be kept clean, as a control. Water will be supplied by a
pipeline that will extend directly from the deep saline portion of the estuary ($872,925). The
estimated length of this pipe is approximately 400 metres, long enough to reach water with a
salinity of 28, a strong analogue for the water salinity found in many parts of the Arctic given ice
melt and riverine input. OSIM will also be equipped with an active charcoal filtration system
that will allow for cleansing and return of water back to the estuary ($116,390). Waste oil will
be separated and transferred to
holding tanks for transport to
Winnipeg prior to disposal.
The OSIM pool is designed to
allow measurement of physical,
biological and chemical
processes controlling how oil
interacts with a dynamically
evolving OSA interface. The
pools will be used to grow all
forms of first-year ice (e.g., nilas, Figure 7: The OSIM plan - showing aerial and underwater
grease, thin, grey-white, thick,
cables as well as the upper observation deck and "moon
pools".
pancake and young rubble ice).
OSIM pools offer the capability to release prescribed amounts of fresh or marine water under the
sea ice either prior to, or during ice growth. This water can be amended with various water
quality components and delivered at variable volumes and rates. Experiments will be designed
to elucidate how oil mixes with a sea ice volume that is affected by both thermodynamic and
dynamic processes. They will include direct measurements of buoyancy, flow, divergence,
convergence, mixing and coupling through the surface energy balance. These in situ
measurements can be made directly in the OSIM pool.
A retractable roof will allow control of the deposition of snow on the sea ice and the temperature
and radiative forcing on the OSIM surface ($3,327,539). Oil spill simulation within a marginal
ice zone would focus on estimating the relative fraction of oil under, between and within ice
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floes. OSIM will allow trials of how different types of oil interface with different volumes and
concentration of these ice floes. In order to facilitate replicate experiments in a single season,
zoned heating will be installed in the tank. This feature will allow for the pool to be “reset” to
ice-free conditions even in mid-winter and to relieve pressure where ice bonds to the walls of the
pool. In situ burning experiments will be contained using a fume hood that will extend over the
pool and capture any effluent during the experiment ($407,365). This design allows both direct
sampling of the effluent, as well as the ability to eliminate any negative environmental impact.
Open water access wells (“moon pools” in Figure 7) will be built to allow for small to mediumsized instruments to be launched under the sea ice cover and attached to underwater cables.
Below-water instruments will be installed and travel along these cables simulating a technique
that can also be field-tested with AUVs. Airborne systems will be directly supported by OSIM
through the use of aerial survey cable lines running above the OSIM surface (Figure 7). These
lines will be equivalent to the tether lines running beneath the sea ice but they will allow sensors
to be cable-towed above the ice at different elevations.
a) Detection Technology Package - $4,956,698 (Line 2, sum of lines 3-23)
Several technology packages have been designed with the purpose to investigate a broad
spectrum of in situ (above, below and within sea ice), airborne, and satellite remote sensing
techniques. The design stems from preliminary studies done by the principal users already listed
on the CMO team in collaboration with various multinational oil and gas companies (Barber et
al., 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 (Imperial Oil reports)). All sensors will be installed below,
within and above the OSIM pond surface and will be capable of detecting the electromagnetic
response from the evolving freshwater-marine-sea ice-snow volume. Some of the instruments
are also capable of deployment on naturally occurring sea ice in the Churchill estuary and nearshore fast ice of Hudson Bay for comparison to natural conditions.
Several cameras will be installed both underwater and above the ice surface of OSIM to monitor
the visible portion of the spectrum (Lines 3). An ultraviolet filter and a near-infrared filter will
be used to collect surface photography coincident with the scatterometer and radiometer sites.
Low light level techniques will be tested using infrared flash systems for night detection (using a
night vision camera). Data on the emitted infrared temperature of the young ice will be
measured with a FLIR Systems SC660 thermal camera (Line 4).
Upward-looking sonar and multibeam sonar will be deployed using two AUVs (Line 5) to
investigate in particular the role of acoustics in detecting oil below sea ice and contained within
the interstices of ice floes. While there have been numerous trials of acoustic systems to detect
oil under ice, the majority have been from the upper surface with the acoustic signal propagating
through the ice. CEOS routinely installs sonar devices on both mooring and AUV platforms.
The CMO team has extensive experience using various hyperspectral techniques for
measurement of physical, biological and biogeochemical characteristics of the OSA interface
(Babin et al., 2013, Ehn et al., 2008, Mundy et al., 2006). Under-ice downwelling spectra will
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be measured using a Satlantic HyperOCR spectral radiometer, which will be mounted under the
ice in the OSIM pool (Line 6). Upwelling radiance will also be measured with a Satlantic
HyperOCR (Line 7, 8). An identical instrument will be mounted on the moored profiler in
Hudson Bay to ensure equivalence of hyperspectral data between experiments in OSIM and in
situ conditions in the Hudson Bay EO system. A reference sensor will be installed above the
surface to monitor changes in the incident spectral irradiance Es(λ). Water/ice-leaving spectral
radiance and incident spectral irradiance will be measured with Analytical Spectral Devices
(ASD) wide-range spectral radiometers (350-2200 nm spectral range with 1.4 nm resolution).
The down-looking ASD unit will be mounted over OSIM to sample transects for determination
of spatial and temporal variability of water/ice-leaving radiance. Subsurface measurements will
be conducted using an ASD mounted on the floor of the OSIM pool (Line 9). Analysis will be
conducted to separate the spectra into discrete band widths during analysis. Fibre optic cables
will be used to provide extinction estimates over the vertical dimension. Any of these
hyperspectral data can readily be resampled to simulate any optical/near-IR satellite-borne
sensor, thereby supporting the calibration of satellite systems. Turner Cyclops 7 or other
fluorometers will be installed under the ice for detection of refined and crude hydrocarbons (e.g.,
excitation/emission wavelengths ~325/410-600, ≤290/350 nm) (Line 10). Identical instruments
will be installed on the moored profiler in Hudson Bay.
On-ice sampling at the in situ scale will include laser fluorosensors (LFS) following the work of
Fingas and Brown (1997) and Brown and Fingas (2003) (Line 11). The LFS is a powerful tool
for oil spill remote sensing and is capable of detecting oil on the ocean and sea ice surface. This
unit can measure fluorescence from in situ samples and provide speciation of hydrocarbon
elements including polysaccharides and oil degradation products. Samples will be collected
from discrete layers within the sea ice and in the ocean water beneath. Samples will be analyzed
for excitation-emission (EEM) spectrometry (Line 11) and absorption from colored dissolved
organic matter (Line 11) for both instantaneous state and oil degradation constituents. This
activity is highly complementary to hyperspectral techniques. These data will be key calibration
variables for airborne laser fluorescence techniques developed as part of an operational tool for
detecting oil in ice. The detection of aromatic hydrocarbons is known to work well with LFS
systems, but the integration of this technology with other detection techniques, and scaling to
larger areas, requires further study.
To investigate the role of ocean surface currents in OSIM, two ADCPs (Line 12) mounted
through the ice are proposed, with a third mounted on the bottom and a fourth mounted
horizontally under the ice. Each would record vertical structure of currents, revealing in
particular how the currents are affected by the presence of crude oil. Oil beneath sea ice is likely
to affect the current at the ocean-ice interface which in turn impacts marine ecosystems and
biological productivity. The Aquadop z-cell ADCPs that are used will include zero-depth
transducers, making it possible to measure current profiles very near the ice-water interface.
ADCPs are robust in terms of sensor fouling and are expected to be able to manage oil fouling as
well (although this aspect will be confirmed during testing). Successful deployment has
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occurred in the past and CMO principal users are currently deploying these ADCPs under ice in
the Beaufort Sea to characterize shallow current profiles under the multi-year pack ice.
EM induction (Line 13) and GPR (Sensors and Software Pulse EKKO Pro; Line 14)
measurements will be conducted at regular intervals throughout the experiments. The aerial
system (‘ice pic’) will be suspended above the growing ice sheet from a crane and used to
measure the large scale EM induction characteristics of the evolving ice sheet. Two terrestrial
LIDAR systems (Leica Scanstation C10) will provide measurements of the very high-resolution,
small-scale roughness of the ice surface (Line 15) in both ponds. The scanner will collect
surface roughness data acquired over a coincident area to radar backscatter measurements. The
LIDAR systems record surface roughness in the mm to cm range suitable for calibration of
scatterometer data and momentum exchange calculations.
Existing CEOS passive microwave sensors will be installed above the OSIM ice pond during the
observation period. They record microwave brightness temperatures using an internal calibration
procedure and a ‘cold load’ reference measurement. Three polarimetric radars at L-band, CBand and X-Band above the OSIM ice pond will be installed (Lines 16-20). Scattering crosssections will be collected at like, cross and fully polarimetric returns, exploiting the time-series
evolution.
Ground penetrating radar has the demonstrated ability to detect oil under ice within the confines
of limitations of ice thickness, internal ice temperature and sensor elevation. A research group at
Boise State University has been developing frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW)
radar to better understand and overcome these and other limitations of existing commercial units
(Line 21). The work and the unit proposed here are designed around lessons learned and will use
a new, third generation FMCW radar operating at 0.5–2.0 GHz. The FMCW radar will be built
from component parts by Drs. Shafai and Mojabi of the UM Electrical Engineering Department
and tested through integration with other sensors at OSIM. Geophysical, thermodynamic and
dielectric data will be used to interpret the scattering physics to the FMCW radar and to examine
the temporal and spatial (incidence angle) variability in the returned signal. Crude oil chemistry
constituents and degradation will also be used to understand the returned signal and to explain
the role of crude oil in the overall scattering to this radar. The development of flat panel Iridiumlinked microwave profiling systems (Line 22) will allow the transmission of a microwave pulse
into the sea ice at multiple frequencies and polarizations. Nadir profiling will be used to
interrogate the geophysical, thermodynamic and dielectric response of oil in ice. These units will
be designed for air deployment in and around an oil spill area, providing unique high resolution
near real-time data of the fate and trajectory of the spill. A fluoroprobe (Line 23) will permit
comparison of measurements between estuary and ocean moorings and OSIM.
b) Impacts and Mitigation Technology package - $2,082,809 (Line 24, sum of lines 25-37)
A set of eight sub-mesocosm limno-corrals of 8000-L volume each (Line 25) will be used within
OSIM for statistical replication and to examine the potential effect of numerous contaminants
during a single experiment. These corrals will be a primary tool of ‘Stress Ecology’ (Barrett et
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al., 1976) and are to be used in a tiered approach, following laboratory-scale investigations and
prior to full-scale field-testing, as needed. Such model ecosystems allow not only for exposure
to the stressor of interest but also for manipulation of the stressor and biological and ecological
factors, such as species composition and density, nutrient-status, and energy (e.g., light, carbon)
inputs. Because they can be established with multiple species and trophic levels, a complex
array of interactions and parameters can be monitored and manipulated simultaneously in a
replicable fashion, not possible otherwise, to inform the understanding of their status and
functioning (Palmer and Febria, 2012). Mesocosm studies will allow for the assessment of
remediation and recovery in an impacted ecosystem (Van den Brink et al., 2005).
A suite of analytical instruments will be required to allow for the detection of contaminants
associated with the oil spill and relevant remediation techniques in OSIM studies. The
instruments will also be shared with the EO system for analyzing targeted contaminants in the
ocean and marine ecosystems. Highly specialized state-of-the art mass spectrometers are needed
to detect, identify and quantify compounds associated with fresh, evaporated, emulsified crude
oils, distillate, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues generated via in situ burning.
An Aerodyne High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) with
a sample line flow control and aerosol dilution system (Line 26) will be used for sampling,
sizing, and chemically analyzing laboratory and ambient aerosols with fast time resolution and
real-time results (aerosol particles in the size range of 0.04-1.0 micrometers). The Aerodyne
AMS, currently the only instrument commercially available that is capable of this performance,
will be used to study aerosol particles generated during burn experiments. An Agilent GC Triple
Quad Mass Spectrometer equipped with an Agilent PAL injection system is needed for
headspace analysis of VOCs (Line 27). Finally, a Thermo Q Exactive™ Hybrid QuadrupoleOrbitrap Mass Spectrometer (Line 28) will be purchased. This bench-top LC-MS/MS system
combines quadruple precursor ion selection with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM)
Orbitrap detection to deliver exceptional performance and versatility. An ion chromatography
system (Dionex ICS 5000+) is required for the analysis of major cations and other ions in ice,
water, and oil residues, as well as for monitoring microbial biodegradation intermediates
(organic acids) and electron acceptors (anions) under oxygen-depleted (nitrate- and sulfatereducing) conditions (Line 29). An ultra-pure Millipore Element water purification system is
required to produce high-purity laboratory water for chemical analysis (Line 30). This suite of
instruments will be unique globally in support of the CMO science objectives, particularly when
near real-time measurements are considered in situ.
For samples obtained through Arctic field sampling expeditions, water quality sondes (Line 31)
will be used for microbial biodegradation experiments under environmentally relevant
conditions. These experiments will be performed in temperature-controlled incubators (Line 32)
and compared to similar samples taken in OSIM.
Biodegradation will be quantified by analyzing hydrocarbon substrates using GC-MS systems
(Lines 27 and 28). For aerobic hydrocarbon degradation, associated O2 consumption and CO2
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production will be quantified using a GC-TCD from Agilent (Line 31). To measure the
processes of denitrification, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis that characterize sensitive
anoxic environments such as selected sea ice brines and sediment layers, NO3-, NO2- and SO42will be monitored by ion chromatography (Line 28) and N2 by the GC-TCD (Line 33), also
equipped with ECD for N2O, and equipped with FID for CH4. Sulfide and other compounds will
be measured spectrophotometrically (Line 34). Genomic analyses corresponding to
biodegradation process measurements will be used to identify and quantify microbial groups
using rRNA- and functional gene-specific real-time PCR assays set up using a liquid handling
robot and analyzed using a real time thermocycler (Line 35), as well as via fluorescence in situ
hybridization with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes and confocal microscopy (Line 36).
Identifying organisms degrading 13C-labelled hydrocarbons of interest will be performed by
density-gradient centrifugation and stable isotope probing (Line 37).
2)
Environmental Observatory
a. Estuary Observatory - $1,639,575 (Line 38, sum of lines 39 - 56)
The estuary mooring will be installed in the mouth of the Churchill estuary (E, Figure 5),
connected by cable and intake water lines (for additional instruments and discrete water samples)
to the OSIM building. Through continuous monitoring, the Estuary Observatory will provide an
unparalleled capability to observe critical aspects of the Churchill River estuary ecosystem at all
trophic levels throughout the year. It will also permit natural experiments to investigate the
effects of key ecosystem stressors associated with increasing industrial presence and climate
change effects in the Arctic. Furthermore, it will provide a place to apply findings from OSIM to
a natural field setting through duplication of OSIM-tested technology on the moorings.
This mooring observatory will provide capability to monitor ice growth at the estuary mouth,
tidal current profiles using a bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) (Line
39) and IPS (Line 40). A suite of biogeochemical properties will be monitored, including
temperature, salinity and dissolved O2 (Line 41), spectral light transmission (Line 42), algal
biomass of major taxonomic groups via multispectral fluorescence (Line 43), zooplankton
biomass and species composition via the AZFP (Line 44) and an autonomous sediment trap
(Line 45), fish biomass via the AZFP and species composition via two imaging sonars (Line 46),
and tracking of marine mammals via a passive acoustic monitor (Line 47). Power and data will
be transferred by a 1.6 km cable (Line 48) to and from a central computer at OSIM (Line 49),
where it will be preprocessed and organized for near real-time distribution via the internet.
Design of the OSIM ocean water inlet monitoring system will divert water from the intake
pipeline used to fill the OSIM and continually cycle water during experiments (if desired to vary
salinity or simulate a natural phenomenon), providing the estuary observatory with the novel
capability of continuous monitoring using in-line instruments and easy collection of discrete in
situ water samples. The flow-through system will be focused on providing continuous
observations of key biogeochemical variables in real time, including: temperature and salinity
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via SeaBird's thermosalinograph with dissolved O2 sensor and chl a and CDOM Cyclops 7
fluorometers (Line 50), pCO2 using the in-line Ferrybox system (Line 51), and spectral
ultraviolet absorption via the TriOS ProPS, providing the ability to, e.g., estimate nitrate
concentrations (Line 52). The intake pipeline will also provide a discrete sample outlet valve to
make daily to weekly measurements of microbe size distribution via flow cytometry (Line 53)
and taxonomic composition via FluidImaging Flowcam (Line 54). Furthermore, the discrete
outlet will provide easy sample access for additional measurement variables such as nutrient
concentrations, microbial taxonomic composition via genomic analyses, and environmental
DNA to screen for invasive species as well as samples for smaller-scale lab experiments (e.g.,
bacterial and primary production incubations). Mooring hardware (Line 55) will be required for
installation.
In-line sampling of water will be supported by a next generation, high-sensitivity, triplequadrupole (QQQ) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) (Agilent 8800
QQQ-ICP-MS) (Line 56). This mass spectrometer is required for analysis of trace metals and
other elements (e.g., iron, lead, cadmium, mercury) in samples from both OSIM and the inlet
water from the estuary. Compared to conventional single quadrupole ICP-MS, the recently
commercialized QQQ-ICP-MS by Agilent features an additional quadrupole mass filter (Q1),
situated in front of a reaction system cell (Q2) and quadrupole mass filter (Q3).
b. Smart Profiling Observatory - $2,550,525 (Line 57, sum of lines 58-72)
The smart profiling observatory, marked as 2 in Figure 5, will be devoted to development of
under-ice profiling techniques and technology to improve current capabilities of characterizing
the under-ice marine environment through the full annual cycle. Existing profiling systems (e.g.,
ICYCLER, SeaCycler) (Line 58) will be enhanced to develop the innovative capability to profile
both under ice in winter, and through the mixed layer during the open water season, with a
capability in the latter season to communicate data to the Churchill Marine Observatory (Iridium
transmitter) (Line 59). The profiler will carry a CTD with an oxygen sensor (Seabird SBE 37
with SBE43 O2) and a fluoroprobe as near the ice as practicable in winter and through the mixed
layer (including the chlorophyll maximum) during the open water season (Lines 60 and 61). It
will also carry hyperspectral sensors with an associated tilt sensor (Satlantic HyperOCRs and tilt
sensor) to record upwelling and downwelling irradiance (Lines 62-64). Near-under-ice
downwelling irradiance will be used to characterize the under-ice light field, at least when there
is sufficient downwelling light during parts of the melt period. Of particular interest will be the
spectral characterization of transmitted light in relation to presence of ice algae. Information
from similar under-ice spectra recorded in OSIM will be used to develop indices of abundance of
ice algae. Natural under-ice spectra collected at the moored observatory will inform potential
optical techniques for detection of oil or other buoyant contaminants. The profiler will also carry
two upward-looking Turner Cyclops 7 fluorometers to measure fluorescence at the under-ice
surface, at wavelengths suitable for crude and refined oil detection (Line 65). The same optical
and fluorescence sensors on this profiler as in the OSIM pool allows for comparability between
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in situ and experimental data. A system will be designed to carry the optical instruments and an
Iridium communications system (Line 59) above water when the region is clear of ice (as
determined by historic records of latest ice/first ice in the region).
The profiler will be powered by a SeaCycler mooring technology capable of profiling through
the mixed layer at least daily over a 365-day period (Line 58). Non-profiling equipment below
the mixed layer will be deployed on a separately-anchored taut line mooring with subsurface
float. Instruments on this mooring will be the same as those described for the sub-mixed layer
part of the Shipping Lane Observatory moorings, i.e., CTD with O2 (Line 60), sediment traps
(Line 65), AZFP and passive acoustic recorders (Lines 67 and 68). This non-profiling
component of the Smart Observatory will also be instrumented to record ocean and ice velocities
(ADCP), and ice cover development and decay and ice thickness properties (IPS) (Lines 69 and
70). Once again, mooring hardware and acoustic releases will be required (Lines 71 and 72).
c. Shipping Lane Observatory - $1,720,802 (Line 73, sum of lines 74-83, & Line 84, sum of
lines 85-93)
For the shipping lane observatory, three moorings will be instrumented to monitor ocean and ice
velocities (ADCPs), and ice cover development and decay and ice thickness properties (IPS)
(Lines 74 and 75). Information from these instruments will be used in combination with satellite
SAR image analysis to validate marine ice functions within the NEMO model (currently running
on the WestGrid Supercomputing Facility through UM). The moorings marked 1 in Figure 5
will be instrumented to record temperature and salinity and oxygen (Seabird CTDs in and below
the mixed layer) (Line 76), pH in the mixed layer (SeaFet) (Line 77), algal biomass and major
taxonomic groups (BBE Moldaenke Fluoroprobes at the depth of the late summer chlorophyll
maximum) (Line 78), biomass productivity and zooplankton identification (sediment traps in and
below the mixed layer) (Line 79), vertical distribution of zooplankton and fish (AZFPs) (Line
80), and presence of marine mammals (passive acoustic recorders) (Line 81). The budget
includes the costs of two acoustic releases (EdgeTech PORT releases) as well as ropes, floats and
miscellaneous hardware required for each mooring (Lines 82 and 83).
To ensure continuous operation of all of the moored and profiling observatories, sensors for
renewal and redeployment of observatory equipment are included (Line 84, sum of Lines 85-92).
d. Atmospheric Observatory - $1,833,182 (Line 93, sum of lines 93-103)
The atmospheric observatory will provide critical data for other components of the CMO. It will
enable the capability to study cloud properties (ice, water and mixed phases) in relation to
surface energy budgets, atmospheric transport of trace gases, aerosols, and contaminants, as well
as atmospheric controls on open water waves and sea ice (thermodynamics and dynamics) in
Hudson Bay. The atmospheric observatory will also support the near real-time satellite
calibration capabilities of OSIM by providing important instantaneous measurements required
for satellite remote sensing calibration.
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An icing detector, a meteorological precipitation spectrometer (MPS), liquid water content
(LWC) sensor, and fog measurement device (FMD) will be deployed to detect and assess the
severity of freezing precipitation and fog events (Lines 94, 95, 96, respectively) and their effects
on microwave remote sensing to the RCM and Copernicus constellation SAR missions. Having
an icing detector at the CMO site will provide local icing detection as well as spatial comparison
to the airport measurements. This combination of sensors will be important to assess liquid/ice
fraction evolution, which also directly affects SAR and radiative transfer through the
atmosphere.
The X-band (3-cm wavelength) dual polarization Doppler weather radar (Line 97) is required to
obtain detailed precipitation (location, amount and type) and wind measurements within 100 km
range that will provide critical spatial/temporal 3-dimensional data for multiple objectives in
CMO. For research purposes, X-band radars are particularly useful (higher sensitivity) for snow
and ice precipitation as opposed to longer wavelengths and dual polarization that are necessary to
discriminate precipitation type (e.g. Schuur et al., 2012; Mizukami et al., 2013).
A profiling microwave radiometer (Line 98) will provide temperature and humidity vertical
profiles up to 10 km every few minutes that will allow a combined analysis of thermodynamic
influences on precipitation type and radiative exchange through the boundary layer. The
profiling microwave radiometer is needed to complement twice-a-day radiosondes, launched
from the Churchill airport, as neither is sufficient independently to understand high-frequency
planetary boundary layer events, nor to calibrate satellite EO data. One of the more important
aspects of the profiling microwave radiometer is the ability to examine Hudson Bay’s open
water/ice contribution to the boundary layer.
A meteorological station/tower (Line 99) is also required for temperature, humidity, pressure and
wind measurements at the OSIM site. These data provide the atmospheric forcing of the pond
experiments, including all salient components of the surface energy balance. This same
installation will monitor, in real time, the concentrations of trace gases, aerosols and
contaminants in both the ambient air and the air inside OSIM during OSIM studies. The suite
includes the equipment for monitoring SOx, NOx, O3, and other green-house gases (CO2, CH4,
H2O), gaseous elemental mercury, reactive gaseous mercury and particulate mercury via a
mercury analyzer, and aerosols of PM2.5, PM10, and black carbon, with a zero air generator and
other accessories completing the fully automated, real-time system (Lines 100-103). This station
will support multiple objectives of the OSIM experiments by providing real-time assessment of
constituents of both the energy balance and effluxes of contaminants associated with various
chemistry and burn experiments in OSIM.
3)
Logistics Base - $5,779,554 (Line 104, sum of lines 105-116)
The logistics base will include a staging building for field campaigns and EO preparation and
maintenance, storage of field instruments, EO hardware and telecommunications of the near realtime sensors. The base will also provide access for small boats, over-ice craft and unmanned
aerial vehicles in the Churchill Estuary. Logistics for the CMO will be supported by a small
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array of vehicles that will permit access to the water in all seasons, as well as a coastal ship that
will be used in support of maintenance of the near-shore EO system and scaling studies from the
immediate vicinity of Churchill to the near-shore regions surrounding Hudson Bay.
a.
Staging Building
The staging building (Line 105) will be essential in storing and maintaining research equipment.
A dock and boat launch will be essential in launching research boats due to a high tide in the
estuary. Key features of this building include the following: 40’ x 60’ dimension, 14’ ceiling;
and storage loft in 1/3 of the building above a small workshop, research planning area and
telecommunications room. The construction estimate for the logistics base is as follows: site
work and general conditions ($296,136); construction ($1,491,149); soft costs ($200,000); fees
($230,435); and a 10% construction contingency ($211,164, including 1.95% GST).
b.
Vehicles
The CMO will be used on a year-round basis with the necessary vehicles to support the transport
of scientists, field equipment, EO installation and management (near shore). These vehicles will
include a truck ($84K) and a small tractor ($93K) for hauling and positioning instruments and
clearing snow, two scissor lifts ($146K) for positioning equipment above OSIM, two quads
($33K) and four snowmobiles ($89K) for accessing remote sites in the estuary region, four airice boats ($420K) for accessing the ice in the immediate vicinity of Churchill during transitional
periods, and two “Jet” boats ($280K) for conducting summer studies (Line 106).
c.
Coastal Ship and Ship-based Equipment
The coastal vessel is planned to assist in scaling studies from the estuary through the ice-free
season of Hudson Bay. The coastal ship (Line 107) will be purchased for CMO and operated
through partnership with the Arctic Research Foundation (ARF). A recently decommissioned
CCGS vessel, planned for purchase, will be well suited for marine research in near-shore
regions. It will be used to conduct regular maintenance of EO installments (those within range)
and to facilitate scaling studies of physical and ecosystem studies in the Bay. One specific use of
the vessel will be to provide local estimates of total, new, and regenerated primary production in
sea ice and the water column, applying tracer techniques to water samples taken from a minirosette (Line 108). Secondary and tertiary production will be quantified based on in situ
sampling with plankton nets and trawls, including video observations (Lines 109-112). To
investigate and quantify trophic relationships and energy flow, numerous methods will be
applied, in particular the use of stable isotopes and fatty acids as trophic food web tracers. The
vessel will also have an unmanned aerial vehicle for aerial marine mammal surveys and a
sediment box corer (Lines 113, 114), allowing for more detailed studies of pelagic and benthic
environments to determine conditions required for various simulations in OSIM. Throughout
field studies, a Seabird SEACAT (Line 115) will be used to survey water properties at a high
spatial and temporal resolution. The SEACAT will also be crucial to the redeployment of
moorings as it will verify the accuracy of the moored sensors. Finally, an Edge Tech PACS will
be included for communications with the acoustic releases (Line 116) on the EO moorings.
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Sustainability of the research infrastructure
The proponents of this application have a very strong history of research generation, technology
development, and knowledge mobilization. The team also has a strong research funding profile,
having generated over $180M in research funding in the past 5 years. Three Canada Excellence
Research Chairs (Manitoba, Laval, and Dalhousie), four Canada Research Chairs and three
government/industry chairs show a strong track record of research excellence and funding.
A compelling plan has been generated among the principal users for the management, operation
and maintenance of the proposed infrastructure with tangible and appropriate financial
commitments to sustain the CMO. Specific commitments include the following:
1.
2.
3.
New Faculty – The University of Manitoba has plans to secure three new tenure track
faculty positions to support CMO. The team has secured commitments for two new
NSERC-Industrial Research Chairs (NSERC-IRCs) both to be located at the University of
Manitoba. One of these will be funded by KGS Consulting Engineers and one from Stantec,
Inc. Each of these positions will consist of a full-time tenure track faculty position (at UM),
one full time technician, and a small travel budget. UM has agreed to make both IRCs
permanent tenure track faculty, illustrating excellent commitment by UM to sustainability.
The UM has also agreed to provide one new tenure track faculty member that will be jointly
appointed between the Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources and the Faculty of
Engineering. This position will focus on remote sensing detection technologies, building
upon the strong relationship that already exists between these two faculties at UM. The
estimated in-kind contribution from these three new faculty is $530K per year.
CHARS (the Canadian High Arctic Research Station) – This station has a mandate to
coordinate a partnership-based marine observing system throughout the Canadian Arctic to
address aspects of increased shipping and oil and gas development. Through partnership
with CHARS, the EO system will be fully integrated with that planned by CHARS. This
process has already begun: CMO will provide the observatory for Hudson Bay and Hudson
Strait; CHARS, for Baffin Bay, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and the Southern
Beaufort Sea. The concept is to have all data collected with interoperable instruments; for
CHARS to archive, manage and distribute the marine data as part of their national system;
and for OSIM process studies to use the entire CHARS network as a means of scaling
Arctic-wide. CHARS has established a national marine working group and CMO scientists
are on that working group. CMO will also request additional funding for annual
maintenance costs of the moorings, cost sharing of capital on instruments for the EO system
and funds for one of the two full-time technical staff to be housed permanently in Churchill
to support the CMO. The estimated in-kind support from CHARS will be $325K per year.
Arctic Research Foundation (ARF) – This Foundation is a not-for-profit NGO that will
oversee the crewing, management and maintenance of the planned coastal research vessel.
Through a collaborative agreement, ARF will operate the vessel throughout the ice-free
season. Dedicated ship time each summer will be used to maintain the EO systems and
conduct intensive field studies in support of OSIM-EO scaling studies. The estimated in-
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kind support from ARF will be $120K/year. When the ship is not required to support CMO
work, it will be available for lease to interested industry or community organizations. This
will be an added source of revenue for CMO, estimated at $240K per year.
4. OSIM rental – The CMO organizational structure provides the ability to lease the OSIM
facility to industrial partners and international institute and university researchers, wishing to
conduct their own studies. Ice tank facilities in southern latitudes are currently leased for
about $70K/week, but these facilities lack ambient Arctic conditions and natural seawater.
The CMO business plan estimates that OSIM will rent for $100K per week. These revenues
would support ongoing operation and maintenance of the CMO and allow for growth of
instrumentation and testing of new EO technologies. Use of the facility will be managed by
the CMO Board of Directors (BOD). It is estimated that commercial use of the facility will
generate revenue of $300K per year.
5. Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC) – This Centre provides an 84-bed full service
research station located just outside of Churchill MB. CNSC will provide accommodation
for all investigators, laboratory space for detailed OSIM research, access to workshops for
EO maintenance and installation. CNSC will also station two full-time technical support
staff that will be responsible for ongoing maintenance of the CMO systems. The estimated
in-kind value of the lab and lodging space at CNSC is $95K per year, based on 20 weeks per
year of lab time eliminating the need to purchase or rent elsewhere, and 750 “person days”
per year on commercial rates for accommodation. Mechanical components of CMO will be
regularly inspected and maintained, as needed, at cost by the mechanic at CNSC.
6. Proponents from the six universities involved in this proposal will leverage the CFI
infrastructure in future research proposals. For example, in the area of bioremediation and
microbial genomics, in 2016 Genome Canada intends to launch a ‘Large Scale Applied
Research Project’ funding competition dedicated to genomics research in the natural
resources and energy sectors. The CMO and related infrastructure will be ideal in enabling
marine microbial genomics related to accidental oil spill response and emergency
preparedness. These funds will allow principal users and collaborators to contribute
technical support staff on an as-needed basis for EO installation, management, and OSIM
experimentation. The three non-CFI contributing universities will provide technical support
from sources other than this CFI. Estimated contributions from the six universities will be
$350K per year.
These elements will provide over $1.9M in annual operating revenue for the OSIM facility,
including the addition of three new tenure track faculty, direct connection to private sector
partners and inclusion of key federal government and not-for-profit partners. The very low
operating costs of the facility – $30K per year (see operations and maintenance) make this
project manageable by UM and its network partners.
While overall management of the facility will be provided by the University of Manitoba, the
CMO will be governed by a BOD, and supporting Advisory Committees. Members of the BOD
will be invited by the University of Manitoba to serve as the overall decision-making body
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ensuring integrity and honoring the vision and goals of the research centre. The BOD will serve
as the vehicle by which objectives of the CMO are realized both nationally and internationally.
Roles and duties of the BOD are to meet bi-annually, to assess and approve 5-year plans, to
provide ongoing strategic planning, to facilitate technology mobilization and commercialization,
and to provide budget oversight and conflict resolution.
The proposed management structure of the BOD will support and direct the commercial
development of this technology. Government regulators, non-governmental organizations, Inuit
organizations, hydrocarbon companies, shipping companies and environmental engineering
companies will manage the CMO technology development strategy. The approach is one where
pre-competitive research will be conducted by the university academics and technological
innovations, derived from either detection, impacts or mitigation of fresh, evaporated, emulsified
crude oils, distillate, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues generated via in situ
burning in sea ice, will be brought to the marketplace through private company partners.
In order to ensure that the BOD is small enough to be effective yet large enough to be
representative, it will include both “voting” members and “observing” members. Voting
members will compose of representative(s) from academic collaborators, direct industry
sponsors, government, and affected community/regional stakeholders and Inuit groups.
Observing members will be non-sponsoring but interested or involved parties. This structure
will not only allow effective decision-making but also efficient sharing of results with a broader
community of government bodies, industry and other interested parties. This model is the most
direct way of providing a coordinated approach to the continuum from pre-competitive research
towards commercialization with full integration of co-management bodies and regulators.
Operation and Maintenance (5 years+)
The CMO has been designed as a field station that can be operated both in summer and winter,
with the option to ‘cold soak’ it (shut down in winter) if experiments are not to be conducted in
any particular winter. The site consists of a garage which will require heat when being used but
can be winterized when not in use. The OSIM ponds will contain sea water when experiments
are being conducted and will be left empty when no experiments are being conducted. Based on
knowledge and experience gained with the Sea Ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF), on
the UM campus, it is estimated that annual operating costs will be minimal. Total annual
operating costs are expected to be $30K per year: $10K for heat and lights, $10K for facility
maintenance, $5K for water and sewage, $5k for telecommunications. The Riddell Faculty has
agreed to provide this annual operating cost of $30K per year as a contribution to the
sustainability of the project. Two full-time technicians will be hired to support EO and OSIM
operations. Both positions will be based at the CNSC.
For the two full-time technical staff based permanently in Churchill, their technical and
laboratory working space will be provided by CNSC at no cost to CMO. The two technicians
will be responsible for operations and management of the overall facility, as well as logistics
(user access) and coordination, activity scheduling, shipping, maintenance, and overseeing
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operational staff. Funding for two technical and operations support staff will come from
university sources and potentially through partnership with CHARS. Scientists, students and
technical staff conducting studies in OSIM, conducting laboratory work, or using the EO system,
will be accommodated at the CNSC (room and board), where they will have access to
laboratories and additional workspace. The proximity of CNSC to CMO is a key benefit to the
proposal, maximizing on a recent upgrades funded by the Arctic Research Infrastructure Fund.
The rental costs for scientific accommodations are highly subsidized by CNSC, making the
facility very attractive for national and international teams to work at OSIM.
Expected daily upkeep of the site and equipment includes, but is not limited to: atmospheric
instruments (EO), inline sampling instruments, data management, QA/QC for EO, and OSIM
data. There will be monthly upkeep of vehicles and boat(s) with annual inspection and cleaning
of intake, outlet structures, and inline sampling for OSIM. Lastly, there will be annual
maintenance and cycling of EO moorings (5-10 year replacement cycle). This work will be done
using a CCGS ship of opportunity and the coastal ship (where safely possible).
CMO’s partnership with ARF will be key to the ability to sustain operations of the coastal ship.
ARF will recover CMO ship time at a cost-recovery rate and other partners at commercial rate;
ARF will manage the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Consumables (fuel and fluids, food and provisions during the program)
Crewing, including salaries, insurance, travel to and from Churchill and training
Hull insurance (if possible) and third-party liability insurance
Ship-board Iridium, radio fees, and other necessary operational communications
Ship maintenance averaged over life of program, including start-up and close-out costs
Overwintering costs (power/heat)
Project manager time towards the running of the ship only (not scientific planning)
ARF has a strong strategic interest in expanding the role of smaller research ships in the conduct
of Arctic research, and sees the opportunity to operate out of Churchill as an excellent
complement to their existing CHARS-related operations in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut.
The majority of funds from the CFI Infrastructure Operating Fund (IOF) will be dedicated to
salary for six technicians based at the University of Manitoba and one technician at the
University of Calgary ($504K per year). The remaining IOF money will be dedicated to travel
for the seven technicians to and from CMO ($42K per year), shipping ($150,610 per year), and
operations and maintenance ($66K per year). The seven technical staff supported by the IOF are
in addition to those being provided by the collaborating universities and those associated with the
NSERC IRC applications. They will support specific field experiments at OSIM, installation
and maintenance of the EO system and initial data quality assurance from OSIM and EO. As
this project is multi-institutional, the CMO project team is requesting an additional 5% from CFI
for administration. This will fund travel, accommodation, and space for meetings of the BOD.
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Benefits to Canadians
The CMO is a timely proposal to ensure there is a substantial knowledge base to inform the
development of Arctic marine policy, governance, sustainable development, and industrial entry
to a region that will lead to significant tangible benefits for Canada. Through well-established
networks, CMO principal users will contribute to responding to Inuit questions regarding the
confluence of economic development and environmental stewardship. As well, CMO fits within
Canada’s Arctic Council Chairmanship which is focused on supporting “Responsible Arctic
Resource Development, Safe Arctic Shipping, and Sustainable Circumpolar Communities”.
The federal government has developed Canada’s Northern Strategy. In particular, Aboriginal
Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) has established the Canadian Arctic
Science and Technology program. By providing a year-round world-class hub for science and
technology in Canada's North, CMO will help meet the stated objective to ensure Canada
remains a global leader in Arctic science, and promotes economic and social development while
protecting environmental heritage in the North. In addition, AANDC is tasked with the
responsibility for petroleum resource development in the northern offshore and Nunavut.
Understanding sources and fate of oil in ice, in Arctic seawater and biota is essential for the
conduct of environmental risk assessments, the development of oil spill countermeasures, and
monitoring of habitat recovery in the event of a spill.
Programs such as the multi-stakeholder Beaufort Sea Regional Environmental Assessment, the
Environmental Studies Research Fund, and the Northern Contaminants Program, developed in
partnership with governments, industry, and academia seek to address these knowledge gaps.
CMO continues this effort by supporting oil in ice experiments that cannot be conducted in
natural waters and, by using observatories, intensive field research and satellite remote sensing to
scale results from OSIM to the broader Arctic system. While AANDC plays a leading role in
facilitating Arctic science, departments including Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Natural
Resources Canada, and Environment Canada also have extensive needs for data on Arctic
variability and change as related to consideration of environmental assessments and operational
ice forecasting, and administration of protected areas for proposed industrial activities. The
proposed CMO monitoring network will fill a long-standing data gap in this regard.
Transport Canada is actively studying potential hazards to Arctic transportation and
environmental policy for Canada. The Tanker Safety Expert Panel is actively considering the
Arctic as it prepares a world-class Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Regime. By working
closely with government members of the BOD, CMO provides the forum to share results and
shape policy leading to safe transportation and safeguarding marine ecosystems and commercial
fishing. Contributing to the development of safe transportation policy based on sound research
will ensure Canadians both economic growth and sustainability through Arctic trade strategies.
Provincial governments have also begun to evaluate the risks and opportunities associated with a
changing Arctic climate. Manitoba’s International Gateway Strategy aligns with a national
objective of opening pathways to create transportation routes from Churchill through the Arctic
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into Russia, and other Asian ports. Due to this aim, there is a strong need to understand shipping
risks in the Arctic. Rapidly increasing traffic and growing shipping routes put risk on shippers
dealing with changing sea ice conditions, increasing risk of an accident. In addition, because of
ocean circulation, a large spill event in remote waters can spread both nationally and
internationally. Therefore, a Churchill-based research facility able to study marine transportation
and exploration impacts will be vital to marine transportation regulation.
The owner of the Port of Churchill is also very interested in developing Churchill as a point of
export for western Canadian oil and liquefied natural gas to Europe and eastern Canada (e.g.,
Bell 2013; Jones 2013). A Canada/Manitoba task force on the future of Churchill recently
identified light crude and liquefied natural gas shipments as an important economic opportunity
for Manitoba and Churchill (Canada/Manitoba, 2013). Diesel fuel has long been shipped to
communities bordering the HBS, whether out of the Port of Churchill, or from ports in eastern
Canada. The owner of the Port of Churchill has stated its intention to run the first trial shipment
of light crude oil through Churchill as early as this summer. As the ice-covered period has
become shorter (Hochheim and Barber, 2014), there is growing interest in extending the shipping
season, which currently runs from mid-July to late October.
Bell (2013) also argued that ice-hardened tankers should be used to extend shipping through the
winter. National and commercial oil export interests and geopolitical concern underlie pressure
to diversify cargoes from Port of Churchill, so that the eventual probability of year-round oil
shipment through Hudson Bay should not be discounted, in spite of its controversial status. The
ocean observatories that are proposed will help address an information gap by recording valuable
statistics on ice thickness distributions and frequency of deformed ice features (throughout the
Hudson Bay System) and ice islands or bergs (in Hudson Strait) that may be a danger to ships.
A key feature of the EO system is to improve knowledge of ice properties along the important
shipping routes through Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait. The region includes the most heavily
trafficked marine waters in the Canadian Arctic (Chan, 2012). Planned mineral development
along the west coast of Hudson Bay will inevitably lead to increased shipping in the region, with
attendant increased risk of ice collisions, groundings or more serious accidents (Lesage et al.,
2013). It is anticipated that one mine alone, the Mary River mine on Baffin Island, will generate
approximately 53 round trips of Supramax, Panamax and larger ships through Hudson Strait
annually (Sikumiut, 2013). The CMO with its network of EOs along the important route through
Hudson Strait will enable both the monitoring of impacts of the new traffic and data supporting
forecast models for Arctic shipping routes as they develop.
Key features of the OSIM research and technology development are to understand the effects of
hydrocarbons on the physics and biology of the OSA system, to develop technological solutions
to enable the detection and monitoring of oil in sea ice, and to understand the impacts of these
contaminants on the marine ecosystem. Development of innovative detection and monitoring
technologies will support efforts of the Canadian Space Agency and the European Space
Agency, both of whom are partners in this proposal. In particular, research into earth
47
University of Manitoba
Assessment criteria and budget justification
33089
observation technologies, laser fluorescence imaging, satellite SAR missions and new
approaches to multipolarimetric, multifrequency, and SAR tomography hold significant potential
as tools that can be used to detect oil spills and to track the motion of spills in sea ice.
There is an urgent need to develop an overarching strategy to provide credible science-based
information and to engage decision-makers and other stakeholders. This strategy would address
risk perceptions, concerns, and questions regarding the use of alternative techniques. For
companies, the strategy would expedite the approval process, including at least a limited policy
authorizing spill techniques in specific ice-affected areas and potentially pre-approval for
specific projects. Exploration and development of Arctic hydrocarbon resources is well
underway with major programs planned or ongoing in the Russian Pechora Sea and Kara Sea,
Norwegian Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, Baffin Bay and the Southern Beaufort Sea (Figure 2).
However, there is an endemic problem among all Arctic nations, surrounding legislative
impediments to using alternative spill response techniques, such as spill-treating agents and in
situ burning. Currently, alternative spill response techniques must be deemed as the better
response, over natural dispersion or other proven techniques, during a time of an oil spill, yet
testing during an oil spill is unrealistic and ineffective. In addition, there is a lack of pre-testing
of alternative techniques under different scenarios to determine the circumstances for which
agents are best used.
The CMO will also serve as a centre of Arctic teaching excellence in training the next generation
of highly qualified personnel. The existing generation of oil in ice scientists in Canada and
elsewhere with hands-on field experience is rapidly “running out of time”. Within 10 years,
most people with a memory of previous large-scale Arctic experiments in this area of study will
have finished their working careers. This issue is particularly true in Canada, where there has
been no facility like CMO to act as a catalyst for young researchers. Norway has benefited from
close collaboration between their University Centre in Svalbard and organizations like SINTEF
that directly hire HQP. CMO and partnerships within the BOD will replicate this approach.
CMO will provide a space for Honours, Master’s, PhD, and Postdoctoral-led studies nationally
and internationally, fostering long-term Arctic research and dissemination of knowledge and
practical management of ongoing Arctic policy-related issues. Considering OSIM experiments
throughout the year (open water and ice covered), it is anticipated 30 students at the MSc and
PhD levels, per year, will use the facility as part of their thesis research. An estimated 20 faculty
and 30 staff will also use the facility annually. The CNSC will provide room and board, access
to laboratories and meeting rooms for these staff.
The local economy of Churchill will also benefit from the CMO. Churchill depends on
ecotourism for much of its economic base. The Town has stated that CMO would fit well within
the narrative of a town on the frontier of the Arctic, rapidly adapting to meet ever-changing
social and economic pressures. Churchill has provided long-standing support for advanced
science, back to the 1950s, and it continues to host researchers from many fields. The town has
expressed a strong desire to host the CMO.
48
Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Financial resources for operation and maintenance
These tables outline annual costs and sources of support committed to ensuring effective
operation and maintenance of the infrastructure for the first five years after it becomes
operational. They do not include costs related to research and/or technology. When
applicable, funding from CFI’s Infrastructure Operating fund (IOF) is included in the
“Institutional contributions” category.
Operation and maintenance budget summary
Costs
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Total
Personnel
959,000
959,000
959,000
959,000
959,000
4,795,000
Supplies
530,000
530,000
530,000
530,000
530,000
2,650,000
Maintenance and
repairs
341,000
341,000
341,000
341,000
341,000
1,705,000
Services
490,610
490,610
490,610
490,610
490,610
2,453,050
CMO Travel
259,100
259,100
259,100
259,100
259,100
1,295,500
$2,579,710
$2,579,710
$2,579,710
$2,579,710
$2,579,710
$12,898,550
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Total
Institutional
contributions
942,610
942,610
942,610
942,610
942,610
4,713,050
Other
organizations
970,000
970,000
970,000
970,000
970,000
4,850,000
User fees
540,000
540,000
540,000
540,000
540,000
2,700,000
Operating Fund
5%
127,100
127,100
127,100
127,100
127,100
635,500
$2,579,710
$2,579,710
$2,579,710
$2,579,710
$2,579,710
$12,898,550
Total
Funding sources
Funding sources
Total
Financial resources for operation and maintenance
Proposal
49
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Project number 33089
Infrastructure project funding
This table provides a summary of total contributions and eligible costs for the project.
empty
Total
Total eligible costs
$31,775,435
Contributions from eligible partners
$19,378,983
Amount requested from the CFI
$12,396,452
Percentage of the total eligible cost requested from the CFI (may not exceed 40%)
39.01%
Summary of eligible costs
This table provides a summary of the total eligible costs for each type of expenditure.
Individual item costs are detailed in the “Cost of individual items” section.
Expenditure type
13. Purchase of equipment (including shipping, taxes and installation)
Total
$18,102,456
14. Lease of equipment or facility
$0
15. Personnel (for infrastructure acquisition & development)
$0
16. Components
$0
17. Travel (infrastructure related)
$0
18. Software
$0
19. Extended warranties / Service contracts
$0
20. Construction/renovation costs essential to house and use the infrastructure
21. Initial training of infrastructure personnel
22. Other
Total eligible costs
$13,660,643
$12,336
$0
$31,775,435
Overview of infrastructure funding project
Proposal
50
Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Cost of individual items
This table provides the details of eligible infrastructure acquisition and development costs.
It shows the full costs of each item, including taxes (net of credits received), shipping and
installation. For infrastructure that will be used for multiple purposes, the table includes prorated research (or technology development) costs only.
The lead institution was instructed to follow its existing institutional policies and procedures
for the preparation of budget estimates. The CFI expects that costs included in this budget
are close estimates of fair market value.
Eligible costs
Item #
Type
Item description
Number
of
items
1
20
OSIM construction
Date acquired
(YYYY/MM)
or to be
acquired (YYYY)
Cash
$
In-kind
$
Total
$
1
10,731,759
500,000
11,231,759
2015
OSIM Detection Technology Package
3
13
Low light level underwater
cameras
1
20,676
5,607
26,283
2017
4
13
FLIR thermal IR camera
1
36,404
9,101
45,505
2017
5
13
AUV with multiple sensors
2
769,304
192,326
961,630
2017
6
13
Satlantic HyperOCR Downwelling irradiance
1
14,035
3,509
17,544
2017
7
13
Satlantic HyperOCR - Upwelling
radiance
1
13,158
3,290
16,448
2017
8
13
Satlantic tilt sensor
1
8,772
2,193
10,965
2017
9
13
ASD - Surface optical
hyperspectral radiometers
2
212,212
53,053
265,265
2017
10
13
Turner Cyclops 7 (or equivalent)
fluometers
4
29,825
7,456
37,281
2017
11
13
Florescence sensing
1
114,036
28,509
142,545
2017
12
13
Z-cell ADCP
4
187,721
46,930
234,651
2017
13
13
EM INDUCTION System and ice
tethered profilers (ITPs)
1
658,725
164,681
823,406
2017
14
13
GPR - Sensors and Software
Pulse EKKO Pro
1
48,246
12,062
60,308
2017
15
13
High resolution LiDAR
2
413,161
103,290
516,451
2017
16
13
L-band polarimeteric
scatterometer
1
311,406
77,852
389,258
2017
17
13
C-band polarimetric scatterometer
1
307,020
76,755
383,775
2017
18
13
X-band polarimeteric
scatterometer
1
328,950
82,238
411,188
2017
Cost of individual items
Proposal
51
Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Eligible costs
Number
of
items
Date acquired
(YYYY/MM)
or to be
acquired (YYYY)
Cash
$
In-kind
$
Total
$
1
197,370
49,343
246,713
2017
ProSensing installation support
1
9,869
2,467
12,336
2017
13
FMCW radar
1
149,563
37,391
186,954
2017
22
13
Flat panel Irridium linked
multifrequency active microwave
1
105,264
26,316
131,580
2017
23
13
Fluoroprobe
2
30,140
7,535
37,675
2017
Item #
Type
Item description
19
13
3 positioners for the L, C and X
band scatterometers
20
21
21
OSIM Impacts and Mitigation Technology Package
25
13
Sub-mesocosm Limno Corrals
8
9,319
2,330
11,649
2017
26
13
Aerodyne High Resolution Aerosol
Mass Spectro
1
513,162
128,291
641,453
2017
27
13
Agilent GC triple quadrapole mass
spectrometer
1
195,757
48,939
244,696
2017
28
13
Thermo Q-Exactive System
1
605,461
151,365
756,826
2017
29
13
Ion chromatography (Dionex
ICS-5000)
1
46,882
11,720
58,602
2015
30
13
Ultra-pure water
1
14,035
3,509
17,544
2017
31
13
Water Sensors - Hoskin Scientific
Limited
1
32,162
8,041
40,203
2017
32
13
Temperature controlled incubators
2
17,544
4,386
21,930
2015
33
13
Agilent GC 7890 Series with TCD,
ECD, FID
1
74,708
74,708
2014
34
13
Plate reader spectrophotometer
1
17,544
4,386
21,930
2015
35
13
Qiagen qPCR (RotorGene) and
liquid handling (Qiagility)
1
65,693
16,423
82,116
2015
36
13
Zeiss Axio Epifluorescence
Microscope
1
45,062
11,265
56,327
2014
37
13
Nucleic acid stable isotope
probing workbench
1
43,860
10,965
54,825
2015
Estuary Observatory
39
13
ADCP - Teledyne RDI 300 kHz
1
33,334
8,333
41,667
2016
40
13
ALS IPS5
1
35,088
8,772
43,860
2016
41
13
SBE 37-SM MicroCAT (w/
Pressure, Aanderaa O2 Optode)
4
57,838
24,429
82,267
2016
42
13
Inline sampling Aqualog
1
41,218
10,304
51,522
2017
43
13
AZFP
1
57,544
14,386
71,930
2016
44
13
Fluoroprobe
1
30,140
7,535
37,675
2016
Cost of individual items
Proposal
52
Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Eligible costs
Number
of
items
Date acquired
(YYYY/MM)
or to be
acquired (YYYY)
Cash
$
In-kind
$
Total
$
1
35,312
8,828
44,140
2016
Sonar Imaging
1
154,387
38,597
192,984
2016
13
PAM - Passive Acoustic Monitor
2
55,351
13,838
69,189
2016
48
13
Shore station and cable
1
112,000
28,000
140,000
2016
49
13
Data Logging computer
1
9,254
2,314
11,568
2016
50
13
Inline TSG including DO, CDOM,
and chl a sensors
1
13,489
3,372
16,861
2017
51
13
Inline pCO2
1
31,579
7,895
39,474
2017
52
13
UV Nitrate Sensor
1
26,316
6,579
32,895
2016
53
13
Inline Flow Cytometer
1
46,667
11,667
58,334
2017
54
13
Inline Flow Cam
1
74,432
18,608
93,040
2017
55
13
Mooring hardware, platform
hardware and installation
1
201,300
201,300
2016
56
13
Inline sampling ICP-MS
1
328,695
82,174
410,869
2017
Item #
Type
Item description
45
13
Sediment trap
46
13
47
Smart Profiling Observatory
58
13
SeaCycler
1
1,359,660
339,915
1,699,575
2016
59
13
Irridium transmitter
2
21,930
5,483
27,413
2016
60
13
SBE 37-SM MicroCAT (w/
Pressure, Aanderaa O2 Optode)
2
28,917
7,228
36,145
2016
61
13
Fluoroprobe
2
71,408
17,852
89,260
2016
62
13
Satlantic HyperOCR Downwelling irradiance
2
23,934
5,983
29,917
2016
63
13
Satlantic HyperOCR - Upwelling
radiance
2
22,219
5,555
27,774
2016
64
13
Satlantic tilt sensor
2
17,760
4,440
22,200
2016
65
13
Turner Cyclops 7 (or equivalent)
fluorometers
2
14,664
3,666
18,330
2016
66
13
Hydrobios sediment traps
2
70,176
17,544
87,720
2016
67
13
AZFP
2
115,089
28,772
143,861
2016
68
13
PAM - Passive Acoustics
1
27,676
6,919
34,595
2016
69
13
ADCP - Teledyne RDI 300 kHz
4
115,145
28,786
143,931
2016
70
13
ASL IPS5
2
71,141
17,785
88,926
2016
71
13
Mooring hardware
2
43,860
43,860
2016
72
13
EdgeTech Accoustic Release
8
45,614
57,018
2016
11,404
Cost of individual items
Proposal
53
Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Eligible costs
Item #
Type
Item description
Number
of
items
Cash
$
In-kind
$
Total
$
Date acquired
(YYYY/MM)
or to be
acquired (YYYY)
Shipping Lane Observatory
74
13
ADCP - Teledyne RDI 300 kHz
3
86,359
21,590
107,949
2016
75
13
ALS IPS5
3
105,264
26,316
131,580
2016
76
13
SBE 37-SM MicroCAT (w/
Pressure, Aanderaa O2 Optode)
9
130,136
32,527
162,663
2016
77
13
pH sensor for moorings
3
31,579
7,895
39,474
2016
78
13
Fluoroprobe
3
107,111
26,778
133,889
2016
79
13
Sediment traps
6
210,528
52,632
263,160
2016
80
13
AZFP
3
172,633
43,158
215,791
2016
81
13
PAM - Passive Acoustics
3
83,027
20,757
103,784
2016
82
13
Mooring hardware
3
65,790
65,790
2016
83
13
EdgeTech Accoustic Release
6
34,211
8,553
42,764
2016
Renewal/redeployment of Observatory equipment
85
13
ALS IPS5
2
70,176
17,544
87,720
2016
86
13
ADCP - Teledyne RDI 300 kHz
2
57,572
14,393
71,965
2016
87
13
SBE 37-SM MicroCAT (w/
Pressure, Aanderaa O2 Optode)
7
101,210
25,299
126,509
2016
88
13
Satlantic HyperOCR Downwelling irradiance
1
14,035
3,509
17,544
2016
89
13
Satlantic HyperOCR - Upwelling
radiance
1
13,158
3,290
16,448
2016
90
13
Satlantic tilt sensor
1
8,772
2,193
10,965
2016
91
13
Mooring hardware
3
65,790
65,790
2016
92
13
EdgeTech Accoustic Release
8
45,614
11,404
57,018
2016
Environmental Observatory Atmosphere Technology Package
94
13
Meteorological Precipitation
Spectrometer (MPS)
1
64,474
16,119
80,593
2016
95
13
Aspirated Liquid Water Content
(LWC) sensor
1
32,018
8,004
40,022
2016
96
13
Fog Measurement Device (FMD)
1
48,597
12,149
60,746
2016
97
13
Portable X-Band dual-polarized
Doppler weather radar
1
840,358
210,089
1,050,447
2016
98
13
Profiling Microwave Radiometer
(PMR)
1
163,159
40,790
203,949
2016
99
13
Surface Meteorological Station
1
39,562
2,978
42,540
2016
Cost of individual items
Proposal
54
Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Eligible costs
Item description
Number
of
items
Cash
$
In-kind
$
Total
$
Date acquired
(YYYY/MM)
or to be
acquired (YYYY)
Item #
Type
100
13
Ozone analyzer
2
17,411
4,353
21,764
2016
101
13
Atmospheric chemistry suite
1
121,332
30,333
151,665
2016
102
13
Mercury analyzer
1
105,028
26,257
131,285
2016
103
13
GHG (CO2, CH4, H2O)
1
40,137
10,034
50,171
2016
Logistics Base
105
20
Staging building
1
2,428,884
2,428,884
2016
106
13
Vehicles - 16 total (truck, lifts,
boats, snowmobiles, etc.)
12
1,145,000
1,145,000
2016
107
13
Nearshore Research Vessel
1
1,620,000
1,620,000
2016
108
13
Mini-rosette
1
69,472
17,368
86,840
2017
109
13
Plankton Nets
2
13,158
3,290
16,448
2017
110
13
Gill nets
2
13,158
3,290
16,448
2017
111
13
Benthic and Pelagic Trawls
2
69,472
17,368
86,840
2017
112
13
Trawl camera
2
13,474
3,460
16,934
2017
113
13
UAV
2
205,475
51,369
256,844
2017
114
13
Sediment box corer
2
33,676
8,419
42,095
2017
115
13
Seabird SEACAT 19plusV2 wi.
O2, chl, CDOM
1
21,774
5,443
27,217
2017
116
13
EdgeTech Deck Accoustic
Release Signalling Box
2
12,377
3,094
15,471
2017
$28,292,903
$3,482,532
$31,775,435
Total eligible costs
Cost of individual items
Proposal
55
University of Manitoba
Floor Plans
33089
56
University of Manitoba
Floor Plans
33089
57
University of Manitoba
Floor Plans
33089
58
University of Manitoba
Floor Plans
33089
59
University of Manitoba
Floor Plans
33089
60
University of Manitoba
Floor Plans
33089
61
University of Manitoba
Floor Plans
33089
62
Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Contributions from eligible partners
The following table provides details of funding from eligible partners. It does not include the
amount requested from the CFI.
Cash
$
In-kind
$
Total
$
Secured or
expected
Partner name
Partner type
Aboriginal Affairs and
Northern Development
Canada
Federal government
(departments or agencies)
3,500,000
3,500,000
Expected
Alberta Innovation and
Advanced Education
Provincial governments
(departments or agencies)
2,500,000
2,500,000
Expected
British Columbia
Knowledge Development
Fund
Provincial governments
(departments or agencies)
200,000
200,000
Expected
Educational Discounts
(various vendors)
Corporations/firms
2,982,532
2,982,532
Secured
In-kind provision of
engineering services
Corporations/firms
500,000
500,000
Secured
Manitoba Jobs and the
Economy
Provincial governments
(departments or agencies)
9,696,451
Expected
Total contributions from eligible partners
9,696,451
$15,896,451
$3,482,532
$19,378,983
The Environmental Observatory (EO) system will be fully integrated with a national observing network being
planned by the Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS), an initiative led by the Federal Department
of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. At the time of proposal writing, we have already
begun a planning process to ensure interoperability of Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) sensors with
those operated by CHARS. In fall 2014, CHARS is expected to issue a call for proposals to address their
key research areas. The CMO proposal team will prepare a submission for this call and fully anticipates that
the research goals shared by CHARS and the CMO will result in a successful proposal. Results of this call
are anticipated early in 2015. In-kind support from CHARS is estimated based on contributions of techincal
support and advice from their national marine working group and mooring technicians during the design and
deployment of CMO moorings.
One industry partner has offered an in-kind contribution of $500,000 if they are successful in a bid to
construct CMO. This contribution is contingent upon selection of the final contractor.
The University of Manitoba is requesting from the Government of Manitoba, through Manitoba Jobs and
the Economy, matching funds for this project, which is equivalent to the CFI funding request and represents
no more than 40% of total project costs. The request is submitted to the Department of Innovation, Energy
and Mines, concurrently with the CFI application and is evaluated against departmental and governmental
priorities. If a positive decision is made, a recommendation for funding will be submitted to the provincial
Treasury Board and the University will then be notified once a decision on funding has been secured. Likewise,
the University of Victoria is applying for matching funds from the British Columbia Knowledge Development
Contributions from eligible partners
Proposal
63
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Project number 33089
Fund, and the University of Calgary is applying for matching funds from the Alberta Research Innovation
Fund. CMO is very complementary to the institutional and government research priorities for each province.
Contributions from eligible partners
Proposal
64
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Project number 33089
Infrastructure utilization
This table outlines the percentage utilization of the requested infrastructure by category.
Category
Percentage
Research/technology development and associated training
100 %
Education, excluding research / technology development training (not eligible for CFI support)
data
Administration
data
Clinical or other service function
data
Other (specify)
data
Total
100 %
This section provides a breakdown of eligible costs included in each of the above
categories.
If the infrastructure will be used for non CFI-eligible purposes, the lead institution was
instructed to explain the methodology used to estimate the percentage of utilization for each
category and how the budget was pro-rated.
Infrastructure utilization
Proposal
65
David Barber
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Barber
First name and initials
David
Institution
University of Manitoba
Position
Department/Division
Centre for Earth Observation Science
Mailing address
Centre for Earth Observation ScienceUniversity of Manitoba576 Wallace Bldg.
125 Dysart Rd.
Winnipeg, Manitoba
CANADA
R3T 2N2
Contact information
Telephone
1-204-474-6981
Extension
Fax
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/environment/departments/ceos/people/dbarber.html
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Doctorate
1992
Geography
University of Waterloo ,
CANADA
Master's
1988
Science
The University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
Bachelor's, Honours
1982
Science
The University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
Printed on2014-06-27
66
David Barber
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
Arctic Meteorology, Climate Change, Flaw Lead (Polynya) Processes,
Microwave Remote Sensing, Ocean-sea ice-atmosphere processes, Optical
Remote Sensing, Sea Ice, Snow
Discipline
GEOGRAPHY
Subdiscipline
Regional Geography
Discipline
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Subdiscipline
Remote Sensing
Discipline
OCEANOGRAPHY
Subdiscipline
Physical Oceanography
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Canada Research Chair (Tier I) in Arctic System
Science, The University of Manitoba
Environment and Geography
2008
Associate Dean (Research) in Faculty of
Environment Earth & Resources, The University
of Manitoba
Faculty of Environment Earth & Resources
2004
Professor of Geography, The University of
Manitoba
Environment and Geography
1999
Director, Centre for Earth Observation Science
(CEOS), The University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observations Science
1994
2013
Canada Research Chair (Tier II) in Arctic System
Science, The University of Manitoba
Environment and Geography
2002
2008
Associate Professor, The University of Manitoba
Geography
1995
1999
Assistant Professor, The University of Manitoba
Geography
1993
1995
Research Manager, Global Change Program,
University of Waterloo
Earth Observations Laboratory
1992
1993
Research Scientist, Marine Cryosphere Project,
University of Waterloo
Earth Observations Lab
1988
1992
Curriculum vitae
Start date
End date
67
Canada Foundation for Innovation
David Barber
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
My research team has made significant and groundbreaking contributions in the field of sea ice and climate
change. My group’s literature is denoted as [#]. I have an H- index of 33 and over 3700 citations of my work.
a) Macroscale processes: My team recently discovered a significant change in the operation of the Beaufort
Sea Ice Gyre. We found that the gyre has begun to reverse more often throughout the annual cycle with
significantly more reversals occurring in the decades of 90’s and 00’s relative to the 70’s and 80’s [68,107].
The reversal of the gyre is linked with troposphere to stratosphere coupling [88,107] and increases the overall
reduction of the summer minimum of sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic [72,67]. My group has also
shown a significant reduction of sea ice in the Southern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf [153,160]. We
showed that this reduction was due to increasing cyclone periodicity in the SBS region and a positive ice albedo
feedback in the fall. We also discovered that the atmosphere can trigger upwelling at the shelf-slope break
enhancing the flaw lead formation in this area [155,72]. Very recently this work led to the discovery that, rather
counter intuitively, there is now an increase in sea ice hazards in the Southern Beaufort Sea due to the fact that
the ice is much more mobile [165,160]. This discovery is a key aspect of the current development of oil and gas
resources in the Southern Beaufort Sea; work done in collaboration with Imperial Oil, Exxon, BP, and Statoil.
b) Microscale Processes: My group was one of the first to quantify snow grain metamorphism over first-year
sea ice [28] and to provide observed rates and magnitudes of grain size distributions in all four dimensions (x,
y, z and t) [73] over a complete annual cycle. Results from this work show the importance of brine distribution
within the sea ice and the role of frost flowers, bubble inclusions, and brine skim on both thermodynamics
and radiative transfer [90, 84]. Frost flowers have increased in both spatial and temporal extent as the Arctic
multiyear sea ice is replaced with first-year sea ice. This young ice form is very high in salts and thus plays a
very important role in chemical and energy exchange across the OSA. As part of our CERC program we have
been investigating the role of this ice form in cycling of carbon through the OSA [173,164]. We have shown
that sea ice does not form an impermeable barrier (as previously thought), but rather is involved in actually
pumping CO2 across the OSA through the role with Ikaite has on the carbon chemistry system [168,179].
c) Technological Innovations: My group was the first to discover the brine-temperature-dielectric relationship
on snow covered first-year sea ice [65]. The quantification of this relationship opened an entirely new avenue
of microwave remote sensing research. The theoretical underpinning of this relationship allows estimation
of the thermodynamic state of the snow-sea ice system using microwave emission/scattering [70, 90]. Based
on this discovery we are now able to infer various thermodynamically-related states such as presence of melt
[128], rate of melt [143], percent cover of melt ponds [70], inference of the surface climatological albedo [80],
melt flux to the ocean surface mixed layer [78], and surface temperature [90]. The theory also provides a
means of estimating the strength of sea ice from time series measurements of microwave scattering/emission.
Ice strength estimates have been ‘operationalized’ by the Canadian Ice Service (CIS) as a new series of products
including estimates of ice breakup and a pilot of breakup forecasting in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. The
Curriculum vitae
68
Canada Foundation for Innovation
David Barber
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
European Space Agency (ESA) has used this theory (and observations) to create a new tool for scientists and
managers in anticipation of future SAR constellation missions.
d) Physical-biological coupling: My team collaborates with a number of biological scientists where our
expertise focuses on the role of sea ice as a habitat at various trophic levels within the arctic marine ecosystem.
We have shown that snow modeling and electromagnetic (EM) scattering can be combined with optical
transmission modeling to make sub-ice primary production estimates [81]. We have also recently discovered
that the microscale habitat of sea ice algae is created by brine drainage channels at the bottom of the sea
ice [83] and that thermodynamic changes to the ice (due to climate forcing) dictates the suitability of the
microalgae habitat [81]. The brine-temperature relationship (described in c) provides a means of assessing the
effects of changing thermodynamic forcing of sea ice on sub-ice microalgae habitats [65]. We have also worked
on sea ice as a habitat for ringed seals, polar bears [61] and beluga whales [147,136]. Our work shows that sea
ice topography and snow catchment control habitat suitability indices for ringed seals and by association, polar
bears [55]. We have also detailed how sea ice dynamical processes and a changing climate affect zooplankton
productivity at the regional scale due to upwelling of nutrients [140,142].
e) Team building/outreach: My lab is recognized as a world-class research centre evidenced through the
successful competition for a Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Arctic Geomicrobiology and
Climate Change. Our CERC program has resulted in the development of the Arctic Science Partnership.
ASP integrates Arctic Science at the University of Manitoba, Aarhus (Denmark), and the Greenland Natural
Resources Institute. ASP has resulted in a sea ice focused research centre of over 300 scientists, technicians,
research associates and graduate students; one of the largest in the world. My team was also instrumental
in the planning and research output from the NSERC funded networks NOW and CASES; the CFI-funded
Canadian Research Icebreaker (Laval and Manitoba being the two Universities receiving funds); the CFI
funded Sea Ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF); and in development of ArcticNet. I lead theme 3
of ArcticNet and all sea ice related research. I also led a large International Polar Year (IPY) project; the
Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) system study that integrated over 350 scientists from 27 different countries
into a focused study of the effects of climate change on the circumpolar flaw lead system. We have been
instrumental in developing the ‘Community Based Monitoring’ and ‘Schools on Board’ programs that are
both extension projects of CASES, ArcticNet and CFL. We interact extensively with local, national, and
international media, with policymakers, Inuit organizations, and industry.
f) Since I began my academic career in 1993, I have raised over $89M: $5M in the first 7 years; $14M in the
next 7 years; and $70M in the most recent 7 years. I have supervised to completion 6 honours theses, 20 MSc
theses, 18 PhD dissertations, and 16 Post-Doctoral Fellows / Research Associates. I currently supervise 11
MSc students, 7 PhD students, 15 Post-Doctoral Fellows / Research Associates. My graduates have all found
meaningful employment in their chosen fields. Nine have tenure track faculty positions, 11 have research
faculty positions, and 33 work in government or the private sector.
The growth and stability of my funding from a variety of government and private sources, connection to
national and international networks, and my research track-record have allowed me to attract, develop and
retain outstanding researchers throughout the last 7 years.
Curriculum vitae
69
Canada Foundation for Innovation
David Barber
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
[191] Landy, J.C., J. Ehn, M. Shields, and D. G. Barber (2014). Surface and melt pond evolution on landfast
first-year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans). In review.
[190] Campbell, K., C.J. Mundy, D. G. Barber, M. Gosselin (2014). Characterizing the sea ice algae chlorophyll
a-snow depth relationship over Arctic spring melt using transmitted irradiance. Journal of Marine Systems.
In Press.
[189] Gupta, M., R. Scharien and D. G. Barber (2014). Passive and active microwave scattering from ocean
surface waves in the southern Beaufort Sea. International Journal of Oceanography. In Press.
[188] Campbell, K., C.J. Mundy, D.G. Barber, and M. Gosselin (2014). Response of Remotely Estimated Ice
Algae Biomass to the Environmental Conditions during Spring Melt. Arctic. In Press.
[187] Raddatz, R.L, R. J. Galley, B. G. Else, T. N. Papakyriakou, M. G. Asplin, L. M. Candlish and D. G. Barber
(2014). Western Arctic Cyclones and Atmosphere Boundary Layer-Ocean/Sea Ice Equilibrium. AtmosphereOcean. In Press.
[186] Barber, D.G., G. McCullough, D. Babb, A.S. Komarov, L.M. Candlish, J.V. Lukovich, M. Asplin, S.
Prinsenberg, I. Dmitrenko and S. Rysgaard (2014). Climate change and ice hazards in the Beaufort Sea.
Elementa-Oceans. Elem. Sci. Anth. 2: 000025
[185] Komarov, A., L. Shafai, and D. G. Barber (2014). Electromagnetic wave scattering from rough boundaries
interfacing inhomogeneous media and application to snow covered sea ice. Progress in Electromagnetics
Research (PIER). In press.
[184] Heikkila, M., V. Pospelova, K.P. Hochheim, Z.Z. Kuzyk. G. A. Stern, D.G. Barber and R. W. Macdonald
(2014). Surface sediment dinoflagellate cysts from the Hudson Bay system and their relation to freshwater
and nutrient cycling, Mar. Micropaleontol. (2014)
[183] Hare, A.A, Z. A., Kuzyk, R.W. Macdonald, H. Sanei, D.G., Barber, G.A. Stern, and F. Wang (2014).
Characterization of Sedimentary Organic Matter in Recent Marine Sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada, by
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis. Organic Geochemistry. 68 (2014) 52–60.
[182] Asplin, M.G., Scharien, R., Else, B.G.T., Barber, D.G., Papakyriakou, T., Howell, S., and Prinsenberg,
S., (2014). Implications of Fractured Arctic Perennial Ice Cover on Thermodynamic and Dynamic Sea Ice
Processes. J. Geophys. Res. (Oceans). 119
[181] Hochheim, K.P and D. G. Barber (2014). An update on the ice climatology of the Hudson Bay System.
Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research. In Press.
Curriculum vitae
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
David Barber
List of published contributions
[180] Isleifson, R. J. Galley, D. G. Barber, J. Landy, A. Komarov, L. Shafai (2014). A Study on the C-band
Polarimetric Scattering and Physical Characteristics of Frost Flowers on Experimental Sea Ice. IEEE Trans.
Geosci. and Remote Sensing. In press.
[179] Komarov, A. and D. G. Barber (2014). Sea Ice motion tracking from Sequential Dual-polarized
Radarsat-2 images. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 121-136.
[178] Pućko, M., Walkusz, W., Macdonald, R.W., Barber, D.G., Fuchs, C., and Stern, G.A. (2013). Importance
of Arctic zooplankton seasonal migrations for α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) bioaccumulation dynamics.
Environmental Science and Technology, 47: 4155-4163.
[177] Mundy, C.J., M. Gosselin, Y. Gratton, V. Galindo, K. Brown, K. Campbell, M. Lavasseur, D.G. Barber, and
T. Papakyriakou (2013). The role of environmental factors on under-ice phytoplankton bloom initiation: a case
study on landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada Marine Ecology Progress Series. 10.3354/meps10587.
[176] Babb, D., M.G. Asplin, R.J. Galley, K. Hochheim, J.V. Lukovich and D.G. Barber (2013). Multiyear sea ice
export through Bering Strait during winter 2011/12. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans). Vol. 118, 1–15
[175] Komarov, A.S., V. Zabeline, and D. G. Barber (2013). Ocean surface wind speed retrieval from C-band
SAR images without input of wind direction. IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sensing.
Curriculum vitae
71
David Barber
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Support Period
R, W
Average amount
per year
From
To
Manitoba Canada Excellence
Research Fund.
David Barber
Manitoba Research and
Infrastructure Fund
Matching funds to the CERC in
Arctic geomicrobiology and climate
change
15
W
$350,000
2011
2018
Lake Winnipeg Information Portal
David Barber
Environment Canada
Lake Winnipeg Stewardship Fund
2
W
$40,000
2012
2017
Sentinels for sea ice melt and biogeophysical process studies
European Space Agency
David Barber
European Space Agency
SSIMBioSis
2
W
$24,000
2013
2015
Unmanageable sea ice features in the
Southern Beaufort Sea - implications
for hydrocarbon development
Indian and Northern Affairs
The Beaufort Sea Regional
Environmental
Assessment (BREA)
David Barber
Indian and Northern Affairs
(Canada)
The Beaufort Sea Regional
Environmental Assessment
(BREA)
10
W
$311,250
2011
2015
Canada Excellence Research Chair in
Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate
Change
David Barber and Soren Rysgaard
NSERC
Canada Excellence Research
Chairs
5
W
$140,000
2011
2015
Canada Research Chair (Tier 1)
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Canada Research Chairs
David Barber
Canada Research Chairs (CRC)
Canada Research Chair (Tier 1)
20
W
$200,000
2010
2015
Arctic Sea Ice Research NSERC
northern supplement
David Barber
Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada
(NSERC)
Northern supplement
5
W
$15,000
2010
2015
Sea Ice in a changing Climate
ArcticNet NCE
David Barber
Networks of Centres of Excellence
(NCE)
Sea ice in a changing climate
5
W
$130,410
2010
2014
Dynamic and Thermodynamic
processes of snow covered sea ice
NSERC Discovery Grant
David Barber
Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada
(NSERC)
Dynamic and Thermodynamic
processes of snow covered sea ice
W
$70,000
2010
2014
Curriculum vitae
72
David Barber
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
10
Freshwater Marine coupling in
Hudson Bay
ArcticNet NCE
David Barber
Networks of Centres of Excellence
(NCE)
Freshwater Marine coupling in
Hudson Bay
5
Metocean and Sea Ice research operating funds.
Imperial Oil and BP Resources
ArcticNet joint industry program
David Barber
Support Period
Average amount
per year
From
To
W
$121,095
2010
2014
Imperial Oil (ESSO)
Metocean and Sea Ice research
5
W
$644,390
2009
2014
The Canadian Research Icebreaker
Amundsen
NSERC
Major Resources Support Program
Louis Fortier
Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada
(NSERC)
The Canadian Research
Icebreaker Amundsen
2
W
$59,775
2010
2013
Nelson River Estuary - Helicopter
Program
David Barber
Manitoba Hydro
Winter Sampling
5
W
$275,000
2008
2012
Metocean and Sea ice research equipment funds
David Barber
Imperial Oil and BP Resources
ArcticNet joint industry program
5
W
$327,976
2009
2011
Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL)
Indian and Northern Affairs International Polar Year (IPY)
IPY federal program (science)
David Barber
Indian and Northern Affairs
(Canada)
International Polar Year
20
W
$375,000
2007
2011
Nelson River Estuary Annual Mooring
David Barber
Manitoba Hydro
Manitoba Hydro
W
$153,750
2007
2011
Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL)
David Barber
NSERC
NSERC International Polar Year
Program
20
W
$84,000
2007
2011
Sea Ice Environmental Research
Facility (SERF)
Canada Foundation for Innovation
LEF-E and Manitoba matching fund
David Barber
Canada Foundation for Innovation
(CFI)
Sea Ice Environmental Research
Facility (SERF)
3
W
$291,938
2010
2010
Curriculum vitae
R, W
73
Marcel Babin
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Babin
First name and initials
Marcel
Institution
Laval University
Position
Professeur
Department/Division
Faculté des sciences et de génie
Mailing address
Québec-OcéanLocal 2078Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon1045, avenue de la
MédecineUniversité Laval
Québec, Québec
CANADA
G1V 0A6
Contact information
Telephone
1-418-6562205
Extension
Fax
1-418-6562339
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Océanographie
Université Laval ,
CANADA
Doctorate
1991
Master's
1987
Université du Québec à TroisRivières ,
CANADA
Bachelor's
1986
Université du Québec à
Rimouski ,
CANADA
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Marcel Babin
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
oceanography, optics, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, remote sensing,
biogeochemistry, ecosystem, marine, light, arctic
Discipline
OCEANOGRAPHY
Subdiscipline
Biological Oceanography
Discipline
OCEANOGRAPHY
Subdiscipline
Marine Geology
Discipline
OCEANOGRAPHY
Subdiscipline
Physical Oceanography
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Professor, Université Laval
Sciences et génie, faculté des
2010
Research Director, Centre national de la
recherche scientifique
Sciences de l'univers
2005
Scientific Expert , ACRI SA
ACRI ST
2002
Invited Professor, McGill University
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
2008
2009
Researcher, Centre national de la recherche
scientifique
Sciences de l'univers
1998
2005
Invited Researcher, University of California, San
Diego
Scripps Inst. Oceanography H.O.
2000
2001
Research Scientist, ACRI SA
ACRI ST
1996
1997
Curriculum vitae
Start date
End date
75
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Marcel Babin
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
1.MOST SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
I am an oceanographer with advanced expertise in the areas of light propagation and light-matter interactions
in the ocean. My research activities cover the study of fundamental light-driven processes in the ocean,
optical characterization of substances found in seawater, variations in ocean biomass production, monitoring
of light-driven carbon fluxes and biomass production from space using ocean colour remote sensing,
development of remote sensing algorithms, and modelling of light-driven ocean processes and ecosystem
interactions. My research is conducted under laboratory and field conditions as well as through the use of
remote sensing technologies, theoretical calculations and modelling. While remote sensing and the related
technical developments are central to my research program, my scientific objectives are motivated by
fundamental questions on the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. My contributions towards
the understanding phytoplankton photosynthesis and phytoplankton fluorescence at sea have significantly
advanced the knowledge of these fundamental processes, and my work on the optical properties of coastal
waters and on their remote sensing has helped lay the theoretical and applied foundation for this rapidly
emerging field. In brief, my achievements to date have benefited from my multidisciplinary expertise and
collaboration, the rapid harnessing of new technologies, and my taste for ambitious and innovative research,
most recently in the Arctic.
i) Variations of phytoplankton photosynthetic properties in the ocean
Part of my work is dedicated to the understanding of variations of photosynthetic parameters in terms of
fundamental physiological processes. In a significant publication by Babin et al. (1996), we were able to
quantitatively separate the effects of nitrate, photoacclimation and photoinhibition on the quantum yield of
photosynthesis, on samples collected in various locations of the Tropical Atlantic. This study identified typical
situations found in stratified (typically oligotrophic) and unstratified (typically eutrophic) systems. This work,
together with Behrenfeld et al. (1998, 2004) and Bruyant et al. (2005) provided foundations for understanding
the natural variations of photosynthetic parameters for primary production models. More recently, Huot et
al. (2008) showed that photosynthetic parameters are better expressed relative to chlorophyll concentration
rather than to the concentration of total particulate organic carbon. Huot et al. (2012) published the most
exhaustive study on photosynthetic parameters of Arctic phytoplankton, and proposed a simple approach for
accounting for their variations in a primary production model, based on statistical relationships with light
and the trophic status.
ii) Optical properties of coastal waters
While variations in the optical properties of open ocean waters are largely controlled by phytoplankton
biomass, the optical properties of coastal waters are additionally controlled by dissolved and particulate
matter of terrestrial origin. Discriminating the optical properties of these substances from those of
phytoplankton is essential for estimating primary production by ocean colour remote sensing. I implemented
Curriculum vitae
76
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Marcel Babin
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
a 3-year European project (COASTLOOC, 9 partners, 1M€) to document the optical properties of European
coastal waters. This project produced a unique dataset and several papers. Babin et al. (2003a, 2003b), cited
more than 400 times to date, provided the most extensive study of the absorption and scattering properties of
dissolved and particulate matter in coastal waters and formed the basis for the development of optical models
and ocean colour remote sensing algorithms (Doron et al. 2007, 2011, Doxaran et al. 2009, 2012, Matsuoka et
al. 2007, 2011, 2012, 2013). The poorly-known optical properties of mineral particles, very common in coastal
waters, were further investigated in the laboratory. A series of three papers (Babin & Stramski 2002, 2004;
Stramski, Babin & Wozniak 2007) provide bases for parameterising the optical properties of such particles
in radiative transfer models. I contributed to developing the methodology in this field (e.g. Leymarie et al.
2010, Babin et al. 2012).
iii) Carbon fluxes in the Arctic Ocean
In 2008, I initiated Malina (malina.obs-vlfr.fr), a major France-Canada-USA research project, which involved
a major field campaign over the Mackenzie shelf in the Beaufort Sea (August 2009). We documented the fate
of carbon fluxes affected by light in response to the climate-driven receding of the icepack. Most of the results
have been published in a special issue of the EGU journal Biogeosciences, which I edited.
iv) Primary production in the Arctic Ocean
Simon Bélanger and I recently developed primary production model for ocean color remote sensing data,
optimized for the Arctic Ocean (Bélanger et al. 2013). We were the first to address the difficulties associated
applying standard algorithms, originally developed for open ocean at lower latitudes, to the conditions found
in the Arctic Ocean. Our approach accounts for the optical complexity of Arctic waters and the propagation
of solar radiation in water column. The model also filters the areas for which the remotely sensed seawater
radiance may be affected by the proximity of sea ice (Bélanger et al. 2007).
v) New observing technologies
In 2008, I edited a book (Babin, Roesler & Cullen, 2008), which reviewed real-time and near real-time sensing
systems applicable for observation, modeling and prediction of plankton dynamics in coastal waters, and
presented the underlying theory, current issues and limitations. This book, prepared by global specialists
in the domain, has become a reference book in oceanography. I authored the chapter on “phytoplankton
fluorescence: theory, current literature and in situ measurement”.
2. ACTIVITIES AND CONTRIBUTIONS
2013: Invited Participant, US National Academy of Sciences Committee on Emerging Research Questions in
the Arctic workshop, Anchorage, AK
2013: Member Scientific Committee, Tara Oceans Polar Circle (May- Dec 2013)
2013: Member, Scientific Committee, 45th International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
2011-2014: Member, International Science Advisory Board, Ocean Networks Canada
2011-2014: Chairman, Scientific Committee, Chantier Arctique Francais/French Arctic Initiative,
2011-2013: Leader, Polar Seas Working Group, International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group
2010-2017: Canada Excellence Research Chair in Remote Sensing of the New Arctic Frontier
2009: Three Highly Cited Papers, ISI Web of KnowledgeSM
2009: Organizing Committee, Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Modeling
Workshop, Galway, IR
2008-2012: Leader, Malina project – impact of ongoing and related modifications of the environment on
carbon fluxes in the Arctic Ocean
2008-2011: Marie Curie Outgoing International Fellowship (288K $CAN); One of 21 fellowships awarded in
2007 to senior European scientists to support long-term stays in foreign laboratories
Curriculum vitae
77
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Marcel Babin
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
2007-2011: Member, Commission Scientifique Sectorielle 1 on planetary physical and chemical sciences
Curriculum vitae
78
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Marcel Babin
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Refereed publications
Antoine D et al 2014 Shedding light on the sea: André Morel’s legacy to optical oceanography Ann Rev Marine
Sci 6:1-21
Matsuoka A et al 2013 A synthesis of light absorption properties of the Pan-Arctic Ocean: application to semianalytical estimates of dissolved organic carbon concentrations from space. BGD 10:17071-17115
Forest A et al 2013 Synoptic evaluation of carbon cycling in Beaufort Sea during summer: contrasting river
inputs, ecosystem metabolism and air–sea CO2 fluxes BGD 10:15641-15710
Tremblay JÉ et al 2013 Impact of river discharge, upwelling and vertical mixing on the nutrient loading and
productivity of the Canadian Beaufort Shelf BGD 10:16675-16712
Matsuoka A et al 2013 Estimating absorption coefficients of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) using
a semi-analytical algorithm for southern Beaufort Sea waters: application to deriving concentrations of
dissolved organic carbon from space BG 10:917-927.
Fichot CG et al 2013 Pan-Arctic distributions of continental runoff in the Arctic Ocean Nature Sci Rep 3 1053.
Antoine D et al 2013. Apparent optical properties of the Canadian Beaufort Sea–Part 1: Observational overview
and water column relationships BG 10:4493-4509
Bélanger S et al 2013 Light absorption and partitioning in Arctic Ocean surface waters: impact of multi year
ice melting BG 10:6433-2013
Huot Y et al 2013 Photosynthetic parameters in the Beaufort Sea in relation to the phytoplankton community
structure BG 10:3445-3554
Ardyna M et al 2013 Parameterization of vertical chlorophyll a in the Arctic Ocean: impact of the subsurface
chlorophyll maximum on regional, seasonal and annual primary production estimates BG 10:4383-4404
Bélanger S et al 2013 Increasing cloudiness in Arctic damps the increase in phytoplankton primary production
due to sea ice receding BG 10:4087-4101
Le Fouest V et al 2013. The fate of riverine nutrients on Arctic shelves BG 10:3661-3677
Forest A et al 2013 Ecosystem function and particle flux dynamics across the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea,
Arctic Ocean): an integrative analysis of spatial variability and biophysical forcings. BG 10:2833-2866
Le Fouest V et al 2013 Modelling plankton ecosystem functioning and nitrogen fluxes in the most oligotrophic
waters of the Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean: a modeling study BG 10:4785-4800
Simis S et al 2012 Optimization of variable fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton communities with
cyanobacteria Photosynth Res 112:13-30.
Matsuoka A et al 2012 Tracing the transport of colored dissolved organic matter in water masses of the
Southern Beaufort Sea: relationship with hydrographic characteristics. BG 9:925-940
Forest A et al 2012 Size distribution of particles and zooplankton across the shelf-basin system in southeast
Beaufort Sea: combined results from an Underwater Vision Profiler and vertical net tows BG 9:1301-1320
Doxaran D et al 2012 Optical characterisation of suspended particles in the Mackenzie River plume (Canadian
Arctic Ocean) and implications for ocean colour remote sensing BG 9:3213-3229
Babin M et al 2012 Determination of the volume scattering function of aqueous particle suspensions with a
laboratory multi-angle light scattering instrument Appl Optics 51:3853-3873
Matsuoka A et al 2011 Seasonal variability in the light absorption coefficient of phytoplankton, non-algal
particles, and colored dissolved organic matter in western Arctic waters: parameterization of the individual
components of absorption for ocean color applications JGR 116:C02007
Curriculum vitae
79
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Marcel Babin
List of published contributions
Lefouest V et al 2011 On the role of tides and strong wind events in promoting summer primary production
in the Barents Sea. Cont Shelf Res 31:1869-1879
Doron M et al 2011 Spectral variations in the near-infrared ocean reflectance Rem Sens Environ 115:1617-1631
Doron M et al 2011 Ocean transparency from space: validation of algorithms estimating Secchi depth using
MERIS, MODIS and SeaWiFS data Rem Sens Environ 115:2986-3001
Curriculum vitae
80
Marcel Babin
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Support Period
R, W
Average amount
per year
From
To
Green Edge - Phytoplankton spring
blooms in the Arctic Ocean:npast.
present and future responses to
climate variations and impacts on
carbon fluxes and the marine food
web
Marcel Babin
NSERC
Discovery Grant
R
$143,900
2014
2019
Green Edge - Phytoplankton spring
blooms in the Arctic Ocean:npast.
present and future responses to
climate variations and impacts on
carbon fluxes and the marine food
web
Marcel Babin
NSERC
Discovery Grant - Northern
Supplement
R
$25,000
2014
2019
Novel Argo Ocean Observing System
(NAOS)
Le Traon, Pierre
Gouvernement Français
Equipex
5
W
$1,393,750
2011
2019
Green Edge - Phytoplankton spring
blooms in the Arctic Ocean:npast.
present and future responses to
climate variations and impacts on
carbon fluxes and the marine food
web
Marcel Babin
Canadian Space Agency
Research, Awareness and
Learning in Space science and
Technology
R
$26,550
2014
2018
Green Edge -Phytoplankton spring
bloom in the Arctic Ocean: past
present and future response to
climate variation and impact on
carbon fluxes and the marine food
web
Babin, Marcel
CNES
TOSCA
5
W
$120,000
2014
2017
Marine Environment Observation
Prediction and Response (MEOPAR)
Wallace, Douglas
Government of Canada
Canadian Network Centers of
Excellence
5
W
$5,000,000
2012
2017
Surveillance and Modelling of Arctic
Ecosystems
Babin, Marcel
Government of Canada
Canada Excellence Research
chairs
100
W
$1,400,000
2010
2017
Using new observation technologies
to study Arctic Ocean ecosystems
(equipment)
Marcel Babin
CFI
Leaders Opportunity Fund
W
$200,723
2014
2015
Curriculum vitae
81
Marcel Babin
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Canadian Ice breaker Admunsen
Fortier, Louis
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Government of Canada
NSERC-MRS
2
Support Period
Average amount
per year
From
To
W
$1,237,500
2012
2014
R, W
Études des écosystèmes marins
arctiques à l'aide des nouvelles
technologies (équipement)
Marcel Babin
CFI
Leaders Opportunity Fund
W
$400,000
2012
2014
Unité Mixte Internationale Takuvik /
Takuvik Joint International Laboratory
(UMI 3376)
Babin, Marcel
CNRS (France) and Université
Laval (Canada)
100
W
$39,000
2011
2014
Chantier Arctique Francaise - National
Symposium 2013
Marcel Babin
INRS (France)
Chantier Arctique
W
$10,000
2013
2013
Construction, réparation et
équipement des locaux de recherche
de la Chaire d'Excellence en
Recherche du Canada sur la
télédétection de la nouvelle frontière
arctique du Canada
Marcel Babin
MDEIE (Québec)
Programme de soutien à la
recherche-volet 2 (PSRv2)
W
$1,285,755
2011
2013
Acquisition des premiers équipements
scientifiques de la CERC sur la
Télédétection de la nouvelle
frontière arctique du Canada
Babin, Marcel
Gouvernment de Québec (MDEIE)
Soutien à la recherche-volet
2 (PSRv2) Fonds d'aide à la
recherche
0
W
$625,000
2011
2012
Malina: How do changes in ice cover,
permafrost and UV radiation impact
on biodiversity and biogeochemical
fluxes in the Arctic Ocean
Agence spatiale européene
2
W
$51,000
2009
2012
Malina: How do changes in ice cover,
permafrost and UV radiation impact
on biodiversity and biogeochemical
fluxes in the Arctic Ocean
Agence nationale de la recherche
(ANR) (France)
Programme Blanc
2
W
$407,000
2008
2012
Malina: How do changes in ice cover,
permafrost and UV radiation impact
on biodiversity and biogeochemical
fluxes in the Arctic Ocean
Centre National d'Études Spatiales
(CNES) (Paris, France)
TOSCA
2
W
$135,000
2008
2012
Malina: How do changes in ice cover,
permafrost and UV radiation impact
on biodiversity and biogeochemical
fluxes in the Arctic Ocean
Institut National des Sciences de
l'Univers (INSU) (France)
CYBER
2
W
$131,500
2008
2012
Curriculum vitae
82
Jody Deming
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Deming
First name and initials
Jody W
Institution
University of Washington
Position
Professor
Department/Division
School of Oceanography
Mailing address
University of WashingtonSchool of OceanographyBox 3579401100 NW Elford
Drive
Seattle, Washington
UNITED STATES
98195
Contact information
Telephone
1-206-5430845
Extension
Fax
1-206-5430275
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
School of Oceanography
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Doctorate
1981
Microbiology
University of Maryland, College
Park, MD ,
UNITED STATES
Bachelor's
1974
Biological Sciences (Botany)
Smith College, Northampton,
MA ,
UNITED STATES
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Jody Deming
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
Marine microbiology Cold adaptation Salt adaptation Exopolymers Enzymes
Bioremediation Genomics Sea ice
Discipline
OCEANOGRAPHY
Subdiscipline
Biological Oceanography
Discipline
MICROBIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, AND PARASITOLOGY
Subdiscipline
Bioremediation
Discipline
EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY
Subdiscipline
Microbial ecology
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Professor, University of Washington
School of Oceanography
1995
Director, University of Washington
Marine Bioremediation Program
1993
1999
Associate Professor, University of Washington
School of Oceanography
1988
1995
Part-time Staff Scientist, University of MarylandBaltimore
Center of Marine Biotechnology
1986
1988
Research Scientist; Part-time Associate
Professor, Johns Hopkins University
Biology
1986
1988
Part-time Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins
University
Biology
1983
1986
Associate Research Scientist, Johns Hopkins
University
Chesapeake Bay Institute
1981
1986
NOAA Postdoctoral Fellow, NOAA, Rockville,
Maryland
Office of Marine Pollution and Assessment
1982
1983
NSF Posdoctoral Fellow, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, La Jolla, CA
Marine Biology
1981
1982
Graduate Teaching/Research Assistant,
University of Maryland
Microbiology
1977
1981
Research Associate, NASA/Goddard Space
Flight Center
Bioluminescence Laboratory
1975
1977
Research Technician, Tufts/New England
Medical Center Hospital
Division of Infectious Diseases
1974
1975
Curriculum vitae
Start date
End date
84
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Jody Deming
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
My research team has made significant and groundbreaking contributions in the fields of sea ice microbiology
and the evolution of cold adaptation, in situ marine bioremediation, and deep-sea microbiology. My
publication record includes more than 130 peer-reviewed articles over a 33-year career (PhD in 1981) of
continuous and significant levels of research funding. I have an H index of >36 and over >3900 citations of
my work.
Research interests and selected contributions include:
1) Fate of high Arctic ecosystems, especially microbial and winter ecosystems, given ongoing environmental
changes. I have pioneered the study of sea-ice microbiology through the Arctic's winter season and what may
be considered the microbial pre-conditioning of sea ice for the spring algal bloom. In the process, I trained
numerous graduates students, brought their research to publication, and served as chief scientist during the
winter legs for two international Canadian-led overwintering expeditions aboard the Canadian Coast Guard
research icebreaker Amundsen in the Beaufort Sea region, in 2003-2004 and 2007-2008.
2) Enzymatic, molecular, genetic and evolutionary basis for cold (and salt) adaptation in marine bacteria
and relevance to astrobiology, biotechnology and bioremediation. I orchestrated the first whole-genome
sequence of a cold-adapted bacterium, Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H, which revealed the molecular
basis for psychrophily. This work has led to numerous publications, by my lab and others, presenting
newly discovered products and strategies that account for successful microbial life in sea ice. A culminating
publication documenting how microbial exopolymers alter the physical microstructure of sea ice appeared in
PNAS (Krembs et al., 2011). Most recently, Colwellia was shown to be among the primary microbial responders
to the deep oil plume resulting from the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. I served on the US National Academy
of Science committee that considered the application of an Ecosystem Services Approach to defining recovery
strategies for areas and organisms impacted by this unprecedented oil spill (NRC Committee, 2013).
3) Micro-scale foraging strategies of marine bacteria in porous matrices (aggregates, sediments, sea ice),
especially as they influence elemental cycles and alteration of organic matter. By focusing on these porous
materials (instead of simply seawater), my lab has been able to discover extracellular enzymatic activities that
account for the fate of organic carbon on both the large and small scale in the Arctic. Numerous papers (coauthored with A. Huston or C. Kellogg) show the importance of these enzymes in determining how much
carbon can be sequestered at depth in the Arctic Ocean.
4) Development of theory and methods for assessing marine bacterial processes under in situ conditions
in porous matrices (sea ice, particle aggregates, sediments). Early work developed theory explaining open
water areas in the Arctic (polynyas) as sinks for carbon dioxide; later work developed theory and methods
for evaluating microbe-enzyme-particle interactions in sediments and sea ice, as relevant to the in situ
bioremediation of organic contaminants.
Curriculum vitae
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Jody Deming
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
5) Role of bacteria in benthic ecosystems, from coastal to deep-sea environments. I pioneered work on
the quantitative role of bacteria in remineralizing organic carbon that descends into the ocean, again of
relevance to in situ bioremediation, particularly given the recently discovered connection between coldadapted Colwellia and oil spills.
6) Hydrostatic pressure as a factor in the evolution and ecology of marine bacteria, especially in extending the
limits of growth and survival at extremely cold (in deep-sea and polar environments) and hot (in hydrothermal
vents and the subsurface realm) temperatures. Recent work on this subject is revealing the production of
microbial exopolymers that serve as oil dispersants. Early work on this subject has led to my most frequently
cited articles, election to the American Academy of Microbiology (1999) and the US National Academy of
Sciences (2003).
Curriculum vitae
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Jody Deming
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Deming, J.W. 2010. Sea ice bacteria and viruses. In Sea Ice – An Introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biology
and Geology, Second Edition, D.N. Thomas and G.S. Dieckmann, eds, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 247–
282.
Ewert, M., and J.W. Deming. 2011. Selective retention in saline ice of extracellular polysaccharides produced
by the cold-adapted marine bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H. Ann. Glaciol. 52(57):111–
117.Krembs, C., H. Eicken, and J.W. Deming. 2011. Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea
ice and implications for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic. US Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
108(9):3653–3658.
Collins, R.E., and J.W. Deming. 2011. Abundant dissolved genetic material in Arctic sea ice, Part I:
Extracellular DNA. Pol. Biol. 34:1819–1830, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1041-y.
Collins, R.E., and J.W. Deming. 2011. Abundant dissolved genetic material in Arctic sea ice, Part II: Virus
dynamics during autumn freeze-up. Pol. Biol. 34:1831–1841, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1008-z.
Kellogg, C.T.E., S.D. Carpenter, A.A. Renfro, A. Sallon, C. Michel, J.K. Cochran, and J.W. Deming. 2011.
Evidence for microbial attenuation of particle flux in the Amundsen Gulf and Beaufort Sea: elevated hydrolytic
enzyme activity on sinking aggregates. Pol. Biol. 34(12):2007–2023, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1015-0.
Bowman, J.S., S. Rasmussen, N. Blom, J.W. Deming, S. Rysgaard, T. Scheritz-Ponten. 2012. Microbial
community structure of Arctic multiyear sea ice and surface seawater by 454 sequencing of the 16S RNA gene.
ISME 6:11–20, doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.76.
Colangelo-Lillis, J.R., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Genomic analysis of cold-active Colwelliaphage 9A and
psychrophilic phage-host interactions. Extremophiles 17:99-114, DOI 10.1007/s00792-012-0497-1.
Ewert, M., S.D. Carpenter, J. Colangelo-Lillis, and J.W. Deming. 2013. Bacterial and extracellular
polysaccharide content of brine-wetted snow over Arctic winter first-year sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 118:1–10,
doi:10.1002/jgrc.20055.
Ewert, M., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Sea ice microorganisms: Environmental constraints and extracellular
responses. Biology 2:603–628, doi:10.3390/biology2020603.
Bowman, J.S., C. Larose, T. Vogel, and J.W. Deming. 2013. Selective occurrence of Rhizobium spp., widely
distributed bacterial members of the polar marine rare biosphere, in frost flowers on the surface of young sea
ice near Barrow, Alaska. Environ. Microbiol. 5(4): 575–582, doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12047.
NRC Committee (L.A. Mayer, M.C. Boufadel, J. Brenner, R.S. Carney, C.K. Cooper, J.W. Deming, D.J. Die, J.
Eagle, J.R. Geraci, B.A. Knuth, K. Lee, J.T. Morris, S. Polasky, N.N. Rabalais, R.G. Stahl, Jr., D.W. Yoskowitz,
K. Waddell, S. Forrest, L. Harding, H. Chiarello, J. Dutton, and C. Karras). 2013. An Ecosystem Services
Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. National
Academies Press, Washington, DC, July.
Collins, R.E., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Identification of an inter-Order lateral gene transfer event enabling the
catabolism of compatible solutes by Colwellia spp. Extremophiles 17(4):601–610.
Ewert, M., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Survival of sea-ice bacteria under fluctuating T/S regimes. Polar and Alpine
Microbiology Conference, September 8–12, Big Sky, Montana.
Bowman, J.S., C.T. Berthiaume, E.V. Armbrust, and J.W. Deming. 2014. The genetic potential for key
biogeochemical processes in Arctic frost flowers and young sea ice revealed by metagenomic analysis. FEMS
Microbiol. Ecol. (in press)
Kellogg, C.T.E., and J.W. Deming. 2014. Particle-associated extracellular enzyme activity and bacterial
community composition across the Canadian Arctic. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (in press).
Curriculum vitae
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Jody Deming
List of published contributions
Ewert, M., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Bacterial responses to fluctuations and extremes in temperature and brine
salinity the surface of Arctic winter sea ice. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (in press)
Curriculum vitae
88
Jody Deming
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Support Period
R, W
Average amount
per year
From
To
Development of a Holographic
Microscopic for Astrobiology
Jody Deming, J. Nadeau, and 6
others
Gordon and Betty Moore
Foundation
0
W
$58,920
2014
2017
Seasonal synergy between bacterial
osmoprotection and algal production
in sea ice
Jody Deming and R.E. Collins
NSF OPP-ANS
0
W
$132,737
2012
2015
A new autonomous platform for Arctic
ice and ocean observations
Jody Deming and E. D'Asaro and 2
others
Paul G. Allen Foundation
The Under-ice float
0
W
$9,424
2014
2014
Assessment of surface ice features as
prebiotic sites for formaldehyde-based
organic synthesis
Jody Deming
NAI-DDF
0
W
$23,287
2010
2013
Accessing new sea ice in an Arctic
Winter polynya
Jody Deming
NSF OPS - ANS
Rapid Response Research
0
W
$17,825
2011
2012
Natural exopolymers as oil spill
dispersants for the cold ocean
Jody Deming
UW-RRF
0
W
$39,179
2011
2012
Frost flowers in Arctic winter: Sea-toair transport of microbes and viruses
Jody Deming
NSF OPP-ANS
0
W
$116,626
2009
2012
High resolution genomic and
proteomic analyses or a microbial
transport mechanism from Antarctic
marine waters to permanent
snowpack
Jody Deming
NSF OPP-ANT
0
W
$289,860
2010
2011
Curriculum vitae
89
Casey Hubert
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Hubert
First name and initials
Casey RJ
Institution
University of Calgary
Position
CAIP Chair & Associate Professor
Department/Division
Biological Sciences
Mailing address
Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Drive NW, University of
Calgary
Calgary, Alberta
CANADA
T2N 1N4
Contact information
Telephone
1-403-2207794
Extension
Fax
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
www.ncl.ac.uk/ceg/staff/profile/casey.hubert
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Doctorate
2004
Environmental Microbiology
University of Calgary ,
CANADA
Bachelor's
1998
Cellular Molecular and Microbial
Biology
University of Calgary ,
CANADA
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90
Casey Hubert
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
geomicrobiology, extremophiles, oil reservoir, marine sediment, sulfate-reducing
bacteria, hydrocarbons, petroleum microbiology, endospores, Firmicutes,
Epsilonproteobacteria
Discipline
EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY
Subdiscipline
Microbial ecology
Discipline
GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY
Subdiscipline
Environmental Geochemisty
Discipline
ENVIRONMENT
Subdiscipline
Environmental Engineering: Water
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Associate Professor, University of Calgary
Biological Sciences
2014
Reader (faculty rank Associate Professor),
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
School of Civil Engineering & Geoscience
2012
2014
Research Fellow (Royal Society; EPSRC)
permanent academic, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
School of Civil Engineering & Geoscience
2011
2014
Marie Curie International Incoming Fellow,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
School of Civil Engineering & Geoscience
2009
2011
MPI Scientist, Max Planck Institute for Marine
Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
Biogeochemistry Department
2007
2009
NSERC Post Doctoral Fellow, Max Planck
Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen,
Germany
Biogeochemistry Department
2005
2007
Research Associate, University of Calgary
Biological Sciences
2004
2005
Curriculum vitae
Start date
End date
91
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Casey Hubert
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
>> Changing the way we think about microbial biogeography
As a post doc I studied microbial S cycling at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen,
Germany. Working closely with MPIMM director Bo Barker Jørgensen, I spearheaded an international team
(collaborators from Germany, Austria, Denmark and USA). This included 13 colleagues in total including one
PhD student that I recruited and two others that I co-supervised. Together we discovered that dormant spores
of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) (optimal growth 55°C) are constantly supplied to permanently
cold Arctic sediments (0°C year round). Our paper about the distribution of these SRB was published in
Science (Hubert et al 2009a) and documents their steady flux into the seabed. Science commissioned an
accompanying Perspectives article, Seeing the Big Picture on Microbe Distribution (Patterson, 2009; Science
325: 1506), and our paper received a Faculty of 1000 Biology recommendation of “Exceptional” describing
it as “highly inspiring,” an “elegant combination of methods” and “an exciting new perspective on microbial
biogeography” (http://f1000.com/prime/1166007). Subsequent papers from our team have appeared in top
ranking discipline-specific journals Environmental Microbiology (Hubert et al. 2010) and The ISME Journal
(de Rezende et al. 2013; Müller et al. 2014), all indicated below. First authors on the ISME papers are both
PhD students that I recruited and/or co-supervised.
This approach to microbial biogeography is innovative since the important process of passive dispersal is
isolated from conflating ecological factors, allowing new insights to be derived experimentally. I was invited
to present this research at the last ISME conference in Copenhagen, which caught the attention of luminaries
in the field and resulted in me being able to recruit of a post doc Dr. China Hanson from one of the leading
microbial biogeography labs, at UC Irvine. At the next ISME I will co-chair the microbial biogeography session
together with Prof. Jennifer Martiny from UC Irvine. This research direction has led to successful funding
applications (see below) most notably a successful application in 2010 for a prestigious 8-year Royal Society
Research Fellowship (UK-wide science/engineering with a 6% success rate).
>> Industrial applications for mapping subsurface fluid flow using microorganisms
A peculiar aspect of the research described above is that microbial biogeography is being pursued in a
subsurface context that focuses on the ‘deep biosphere’. As such, biogeography is intersecting with the
geoenergy industry, which is consistent with a guiding objective of my research, to gear ecological knowledge
towards useful bioengineering applications. The Arctic thermophiles are genetically closely related to bacteria
from deep hot oil reservoirs. These bacteria may thus present an opportunity to exploit quantitative biology
in a novel strategy for offshore oil and gas exploration. Natural seepage of hydrocarbons up through the
Curriculum vitae
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Casey Hubert
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
seabed could be transporting thermophilic SRB and other thermophiles from deep reservoirs up into abyssal
ocean currents. Measuring the abundance of these ‘indicator organisms’ in marine samples could locate areas
of seepage above potential sub-surface reservoirs. I have published an invited article on my ideas about
how microorganisms can be used in offshore oil and gas exploration in the Handbook of Hydrocarbon &
Lipid Microbiology (Hubert & Judd, 2010). Audiences of petroleum engineers and scientists in the UK and
Europe have been enthusiastic about ‘biological prospecting’ for offshore oil and gas with thermophiles,
including most recently at the Nova Scotia Offshore Energy Research conference in Halifax in May 2014.
It has even been suggested by some that microbiological prospecting has the potential to lessen reliance on
geophysical (seismic) methods, which would be advantageous for protecting marine mammals that rely on
acoustic communication.
The oil industry’s interest in microbial prospecting is exemplified by a developing collaboration with
ExxonMobil’s Upstream Research Company (EMURC). In 2011 my phone rang and an EMURC scientist
was on the other end of the call, indicating that several colleagues in Houston had read the aforementioned
Science paper. Shortly after that two EMURC scientists visited my Newcastle University lab, and later
ExxonMobil invited me to Houston as a consultant for a two-day brainstorming workshop about petroleum
geomicrobiology and subsurface fluid migration. In 2013 EMURC obtained seabed samples to donate to my
research lab (estimated in kind value $1.7m) and we are negotiating a material transfer agreement to get these
samples to Calgary. Other collaborations related to seabed prospecting using microorganisms are developing
with the Geological Survey of Canada, and the provincial Department of Energy in Nova Scotia where Shell
and BP have both purchased $1 billion offshore exploration leases.
>> Nitrate injection for the control of oil reservoir souring
With sustainable exploitation of fossil fuel resources more important than ever, we must change the simplistic
view of nuisance microorganisms in the petroleum industry, to a view of microbes as catalytic agents to
be exploited as tools that engineers can bring to their disposal. Oil reservoir souring control via nitrate
injection is a prime example of this. I have published five first author articles on this topic, including most
recently in the top ranking geochemistry journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (Hubert et al. 2009b)
and an invited review in the Handbook of Hydrocarbon & Lipid Microbiology (Hubert, 2010). This highly
practical integration of microbial ecology with engineering has been noted by the oil and gas industry, and
results have been used by The Computer Modelling Group Ltd. (www.cmgl.ca) to develop reservoir simulation
software for the energy industry. I have collaborated with several industry colleagues over the years on souring
research (Shell, Chevron, DTI, Rawwater, CMGL) including most recently while I was at Newcastle University
via research funding from ExxonMobil (USD $50k in 2013; $350k currently under negotiation for 2014). I
also secured UK government research grants in 2010 and 2013 from the Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council for £1.3m in total. I have recruited two post docs who currently work with me on this topic.
>> Microbiology of subsurface oil reservoirs in Canada’s Athabasca oil sands
In Canada it is economically strategic for the oil sands to play a part in the global energy mix in coming
decades, but environmentally essential that this be pursued as sustainably as possible. Microbiology can play
a role on both fronts. In 2012 colleagues and I published the first ever paper on the microbial biodiversity
of a Canadian oil sands reservoir (Hubert et al. 2012). There have been studies on other aspects of the oil
sands (e.g., tailings ponds) but the major obstacle to sustainability remains the high emissions associated with
oil sands production. If bioengineering is going to contribute to solving these problems, we must tackle the
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Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
challenge of studying harder-to-access subsurface environments. Our work was in collaboration with Shell
Canada who allowed me to obtain formation water and bitumen samples during a visit to their operations
in northern Alberta. Our paper suggests new ecophysiological mechanisms for bioprocesses in oil sands and
proposes new strategies for pursuing biodesulfurization of bitumen.
Curriculum vitae
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Casey Hubert
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
* denotes corresponding author
[1] Müller AL, de Rezende JR, Hubert CRJ*, Kjeldsen KU, Lagkouvardos I, Berry D, Jørgensen BB, Loy A*. In
Press Endospores of thermophilic bacteria as tracers of microbial dispersal byocean currents. ISME Journal
DOI:10.1038/ismej.2013.225.
[2] Callbeck CM, Sherry A, Hubert CRJ, Gray ND, Voordouw G, Head IM*. 2013 Improving PCR efficiency
for accurate quantification of 16S rRNA genes. Journal of Microbiological Methods 93:148-52.
[3] de Rezende JR*, Kjeldsen KU, Hubert CRJ, Finster K, Loy A, Jørgensen BB. 2013 Dispersal of thermophilic
Desulfotomaculum endospores into Baltic Sea sediments over thousands of years.ISME Journal 7: 72-84.
[4] Hubert CRJ*, Oldenburg TBP, Fustic M, Gray ND, Larter SR, Penn K, Rowan AK, Seshadri R,Sherry
A, Swainsbury R, Voordouw G, Voordouw J, Head IM. 2012 Massive dominance of Epsilonproteobacteria
in formation waters from a Canadian oil sands reservoir containing severelybiodegraded oil. Environmental
Microbiology 14: 387-404.
[5] Green-Saxena A, Feyzullayev A, Hubert CRJ, Kallmeyer J, Krüger M, Sauer P, Schultz H-M,Orphan
VJ*. 2012 Active sulfur cycling by diverse mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms in terrestrial mud
volcanoes of Azerbaijan. Environmental Microbiology 14: 3271-3286.
[6] Andrade LL, Leite D, Ferreira E, Ferreira L, Paula GR, Maguire M, Hubert CRJ, Peixoto R,Domingues R,
Rosado A*. 2012 Microbial diversity and anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation potential in an oil-contaminated
mangrove sediment. BMC Microbiology 12:186 (30 August 2012).
[7] Gray ND*, Sherry A, Grant RJ, Rowan AK, Hubert CRJ, Callbeck C, Aitken CM, Jones DM, Adams JJ,
Larter SR, Head IM. 2011 The quantitative significance of Syntrophaceae and syntrophic partnerships in
methanogenic degradation of crude oil alkanes. Environmental Microbiology 13: 2957-2975.
[8] Hubert C*, Arnosti C, Brüchert V, Loy A, Vandieken V, Jørgensen BB. 2010 Thermophilic
anaerobes in Arctic marine sediments induced to mineralize complex organic matter at high temperature.
Environmental Microbiology 12: 1089-1104.
[9] Gray ND*, Sherry A, Hubert C, Dolfing J, Head IM. 2010 Methanogenic degradation of petroleum
hydrocarbons in subsurface environments: remediation, heavy oil formation, and energy recovery. Advances
in Applied Microbiology 72: 135-159.
[10] Sawicka J*, Robador A, Hubert C, Jørgensen BB, Brüchert V. 2010 Survival and reactivation of Arctic
marine sediment bacteria under freeze-thaw conditions. ISME Journal 4:585-594.
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List of published contributions
[11] Hubert C*, Judd A. 2010 Using microorganisms as prospecting agents in oil and gas exploration.
Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Ed. Timmis KN (Springer, Berlin) Vol. 4,Chapter 23, pp
2713- 2725.
[12] Hubert C* 2010 Microbial ecology of oil reservoir souring control by nitrate injection. Handbook of
Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Ed. Timmis KN (Springer, Berlin) Vol. 4, Chapter 26, pp. 2753-2766.
[13] Hubert C*, Loy A, Nickel M, Arnosti C, Baranyi C, Brüchert V, Ferdelman T, Finster K,Christensen F, de
Rezende JR, Vandieken V, Jørgensen BB. 2009a A constant flux of diverse thermophilic bacteria into the cold
arctic seabed. Science. 325: 1541-1544.
[14] Hubert C*, Voordouw G, Mayer B. 2009b Elucidating microbial processes in nitrate- and sulfate reducing
systems using sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios: the example of oil reservoir souring control. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta. 73: 3864-3879.
[15] Oldenburg T*, Larter S, Adams J, Clements M, Hubert C, Rowan A, Brown A, Head I, Grigoriyan A,
Voordouw G, Fustic M. 2009 Methods for recovery of microorganisms and intact microbialpolar lipids (IPLs)
from oil-water mixtures – lab experiments and natural well-head fluids. Analytical Chemistry. 81: 4130-4136.
Curriculum vitae
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Casey Hubert
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Support Period
R, W
Average amount
per year
From
To
CAIP Research Chair in
Geomicrobiology
Casey Hubert
Province of Alberta
Campus Alberta Innovates
Program (CAIP)
100
W
$350,000
2014
2021
THERMOSPORE
Casey Hubert
Canada-NSERC
Strategic Project Grant
0
R
$165,100
2015
2018
Nitrate injection and microbial
enhanced corrosion
Casey Hubert
ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil (URC-Houston)
research grant to Newcastle
University, UK
0
R
$108,570
2014
2017
DEEPBIOENGINEERING
Casey Hubert
UK-EPSRC (Engineering &
Physical Sciences Research
Council)
Research Fellowship Grant
40
W
$360,609
2012
2017
BIOCORROSION
Casey Hubert
UK-EPSRC (Engineering &
Physical Sciences Research
Council)
New Directions Standard Grant
20
W
$232,738
2013
2015
OILSPORE
Casey Hubert & Ian Head
UK-NERC (Natural Environment
Research Council)
Standard Grant
10
W
$270,626
2012
2015
Endospores and reservoir souring in
thermal viability shells
Casey Hubert
ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil (CSR-New Jersey)
Knowledge Build project at
Newcastle University, UK
10
W
$54,285
2013
2014
Microbial Biogeography and the Deep
Biosphere
Casey Hubert
Royal Society of London
University Research Fellowship
0
W
$145,535
2011
2012
MICROBEOIL
Casey Hubert & Ian Head
European Union FP7
Marie Curie International Incoming
Fellow
0
W
$130,372
2009
2011
Curriculum vitae
97
Christopher Mundy
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Mundy
First name and initials
Christopher J.
Institution
University of Manitoba
Position
Assistant Professor
Department/Division
Centre for Earth Observation Science
Mailing address
C.J. MundyCentre for Earth Observation Science (CEOS)Department
of Environment and GeographyCHR Faculty of Environment, Earth, and
ResourcesUniversity of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba
CANADA
R3T 2N2
Contact information
Telephone
204-272-1571
Extension
Fax
204-474-8129
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~ummundy0/
Academic background
Degree type
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
2007
Ph.D. - Environment &
Geography, Thesis: Scale
Dependent Forcing on Ice Algae
Dynamics
University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
Master's
2000
M.A. - Geography, Thesis: Sea
Ice Physical Processes and
Biological Linkages in the NOW
polynya
University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
Bachelor's, Honours
1997
B.Sc. - Honours Ecology, Thesis:
Snail-Periphyton Interactions in a
Prairie Wetland
University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
Doctorate
Year received or expected
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
sea ice thermodynamics, biophysical processes, ice algae, phytoplankton,
bio-optics, primary production, radiative transfer, photophysiology, nutrient
dynamics, ice-ocean biophysical modelling
Discipline
OCEANOGRAPHY
Subdiscipline
Biological Oceanography
Discipline
EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY
Subdiscipline
Microbial ecology
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Assistant Professor (Biological Oceanography),
University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observation Science, CHR
Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources
2011
Postdoctoral Research Fellow (Biological
Oceanography), Université du Québec à
Rimouski
Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski
2007
2011
Course Instructor (Introduction to Physical
Geography), University of Manitoba
Department of Environment and Geography
2007
2007
ArcticNet (NCE) Scientific Theme Coordinator,
University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observation Science
2003
2006
Research Associate/Assistant, University of
Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observation Science
1997
2003
Demonstrator Level II (Geographic Information
Systems), University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Observation Science
1997
2003
Demonstrator Level I (Introductory Biology),
University of Manitoba
Department of Biological Sciences
1996
1999
Curriculum vitae
Start date
End date
99
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Christopher Mundy
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
According to the online database, SciVerse Scopus, I have 26 recognized publications that have been cited
over 442 times. Over the last three years, my h-index has increased by 7 to reach its current value of 12 and
it is expected to continue its rise. Below, I list my 5 most significant contributions published since 2009 and
describe their significance to the scientific community.
a) Mundy et al. (2014) Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea
ice in Resolute Passage, Canada. - just published
It had been common practice in scientific studies to assume negligible phytoplankton production when the
ocean is ice-covered, due to the strong light attenuation properties of snow, sea ice, and ice algae. Recent
observations of massive under-ice blooms in the Arctic challenged this concept (e.g., Mundy et al. (2009)) and
called for a re-evaluation of light conditions prevailing under ice during the melt period. Using hydrographic
data collected under landfast ice cover in Resolute Passage, Nunavut, Canada, I documented the exponential
growth phase of a substantial under-ice phytoplankton bloom. Numerous factors appeared to influence bloom
initiation: (1) transmitted light increased with the onset of snowmelt and termination of the ice algal bloom; (2)
initial phytoplankton growth resulted in the accumulation of biomass below the developing surface melt layer
where nutrient concentrations were high and turbulent mixing was relatively low; and (3) melt pond formation
rapidly increased light transmission, while spring-tidal energy helped form a surface mixed layer influenced
by ice melt-both were believed to influence the final rapid increase in phytoplankton growth. This work
significantly contributed to our understanding of under-ice phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Furthermore,
timing of bloom initiation with melt onset suggested a strong link to climate change where sea ice is both
thinning and melting earlier, the implication being an earlier and more ubiquitous phytoplankton bloom in
Arctic ice-covered regions.
b) Ehn and Mundy (2013) Assessment of light absorption within highly scattering bottom sea ice from underice light measurements: Implications for Arctic ice algae primary production - cited by at least 1
Primary production estimates of ice algae within the bottommost layers of the Arctic ice cover are commonly
derived using irradiance measurements taken immediately below the solid ice bottom. However, radiation
absorbed by ice algae is significantly affected by the high-scattering sea ice environment they are embedded
within because scattering increases the pathlength traveled by photons and therefore, the probability of
photon encounters with algal cells. In this paper, we quantified this pathlength effect as a a function
of chlorophyll a concentration. We then applied our results to an apparent photosynthesis vs. irradiance
relationship where we showed that light limitation was greatly reduced relative to the case where scattering
was not considered. These results highlighted an important interaction not previously noted for ice algal
production in their high-scattering environment. Knowledge of this absorption amplification can help explain
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Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
ice algal phenology during the spring bloom and will improve ice algal production estimates and model
parameterizations.
c) Mundy et al. (2011) Characteristics of two distinct high-light acclimated algal communities during advanced
stages of sea ice melt. - cited by at least 11
Sea ice imposes a unique level of complexity on the Arctic marine ecosystem. In particular, numerous distinct
algal communities can be found within different habitats associated with the sea ice environment. However,
a limited number of studies have explored algal communities that exist during advanced stages of ice melt
in the Arctic due to logistical difficulties associated with sampling during this period. In this study, I was
able to examine the sea ice and its associated communities during the melt period. I found two distinct and
physically separate communities: (1) an interior ice assemblage confined to brine channel networks; and (2)
an ice melt water assemblage in the brackish waters of both surface melt ponds and the layer immediately
below the ice cover. Absorption characteristics of the algae indicated the presence of mycosporine-like amino
acids (MAAs) and carotenoid pigments as a significant photoprotective strategy against being confined to
high-light near-surface layers. Furthermore, I hypothesized the ice melt water community plays an important
ecological role in the Arctic marine ecosystem, supplying an accessible and stable food source to higher trophic
levels during the period of ice melt. The significance of this paper lies in its focus on the ice melt water algal
community and their photoacclimation strategies. It will drive future research to improve our understanding
of this community's significance to the Arctic marine ecosystem and, in particular, to investigate the role of
important algal compounds such as the ultraviolet light absorbing MAAs.
d) Mundy et al. (2010) Riverine export and the effects of circulation on dissolved organic carbon in the Hudson
Bay system, Canada. - cited by at least 11
In this work, I provided the first-ever documentation of dissolved organic carbon within the marine portion
of the Hudson Bay system using hydrographic data collected from 1-14 August 2003. I found that waters
were significantly modified with respect to dissolved organic carbon concentrations as they circulated through
the system with a predominant marine influence in Hudson Strait and western Hudson Bay and a strong
terrigenous influence from rivers as waters circulated through southern Hudson Bay. Estimates of input and
export of riverine dissolved organic carbon were nearly equal during summer/early fall, and therefore, I
concluded that the system contributes a substantial amount of terrigenous carbon to northern seas during
the seasonal period of the study. This is the first paper I know of where this terrigenous contribution was
recognized as a key element in the overall dissolved organic carbon budget. This is important when one
considers the influence of hydroelectric development around Hudson Bay.
e) Mundy et al. (2009) Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton
bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. - cited by at least 61
In this paper, I documented an ice-edge upwelling event and associated primary production in the Canadian
Beaufort Sea using under-ice hydrographic data collected ca. 1 km in from the ice-edge. The significance of
this paper are two-fold. Firstly, the paper showed that upwelling events can contribute substantially to the
region's marine production, and therefore, in an inverse manner, validated previous research that the system
is nutrient limited. Secondly, the unique under-ice measurements of the study showed that a significant
portion of primary production associated with the event had occurred under the ice due to high transmittance
of light through the melt pond covered ice. It was further suggested that under-ice primary production is likely
widespread and may represent a significant, yet not currently incorporated, contribution to annual marine
primary production estimates in Arctic ice associated ecosystems.
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List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Campbell, K.L., Mundy, C.J., Barber, D.G., Gosselin, M. (In Press) Characterizing the ice algae biomass-snow
depth relationship over spring melt using transmitted irradiance. Journal of Marine Systems.
Brown, T.A., Belt, S.T., Tatarek, and Mundy, C.J. (2014) Source identification of the Arctic sea ice proxy IP25.
Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/ncomms5197.
Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Gratton, Y., Brown, K., Galindo, V., Campbell, K., Levasseur, M., Barber, D.G.,
Papakyriakou, T., Bélanger, S. (2014) Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under
landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series. doi:10.3354/meps10587.
Belt, S.T., Brown, T.A., Ringrose, A.E., Cabedo-Sanz, P., Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Poulin, M. (2013)
Quantitative measurement of the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25 and sterols in Arctic sea ice and underlying
sediments: Further considerations for palaeo sea ice reconstruction. Organic Geochemistry. 62, doi:10.1016/
j.orggeochem.2013.07.002.
Ehn, J.K., Mundy, C.J. (2013) Assessment of light absorbed within highly scattering bottom sea ice
from under-ice light measurements: Implications for Arctic ice algae primary production. Limnology and
Oceanography. doi:10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.0893.
Alou, E., Mundy, C.J., Roy, S., Gosselin, M., Agusti, S. (2013) Snow cover affects ice algae pigment composition
in the coastal Arctic Ocean during the spring-summer transition. Marine Ecology Progress Series. doi:
10.3354/meps10107.
Song, G., Xie, H., Aubry, C., Zhang, Y., Gosselin, M., Mundy, C.J., Philippe B., Papakyriakou, T.N. (2011)
Spatiotemporal variations of dissolved organic carbon and carbon monoxide in first-year sea ice in the western
Canadian Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research. 116, C00G05, doi:10.1029/2010JC006867.
Ehn, J.K., Mundy, C.J., Barber, D.G., Hop, H., Rossnagel, A., Stewart, J. (2011) Impact of horizontal spreading
on light propagation in melt pond covered seasonal sea ice in the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Geophysical
Research. 116, C00G02 doi:10.1029/2010JC006908.
Hop H., Mundy C.J., Gosselin M., Rossnagel A., Barber D.G. (2011) Zooplankton boom and ice amphipod bust
below melting sea ice in the Amundsen Gulf, Arctic Canada. Polar Biology. doi: 10.1007/s00300-011-0991-4.
Palmer, M.A., Arrigo, K.R., Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Brunelle, C.B., Ehn, J.K., Rossnagel, A., Alou, E.,
Martin, J., Tremblay, J.-É., Gratton, Y. (2011) Spatial and temporal variation of photosynthetic parameters
in natural phytoplankton assemblages in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic. Polar Biology. doi: 10.1007/
s00300-011-1050-x.
Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Ehn, J.K., Belzile, C., Poulin, M., Alou, E., Roy, S., Hop, H., Papakyriakou, T.N.,
Barber, D.G., Stewart, J. (2011) Characteristics of two distinct high-light acclimated microbial communities
during advanced stages of sea ice melt. Polar Biology. doi:10.1007/s00300-011-0998-x.
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List of published contributions
Brown, T.A., Belt, S., Philippe, B., Mundy, C.J., Massé, G., Poulin, M. and Gosselin, M. (2011) Temporal and
vertical variations of three classes of lipid biomarkers during a bottom ice diatom bloom in the Canadian
Beaufort Sea: further evidence for the use of the IP25 biomarker as a proxy for the occurrence of spring Arctic
sea ice. Polar Biology. doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0942-5.
Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M. Starr, M. and Michel, C. (2010) Riverine export and the effects of circulation on
dissolved organic carbon in the Hudson Bay system, Canada. Limnology and Oceanography. 55(1), 315-323.
Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Ehn, J.K., Gratton, Y., Rossnagel, A.L., Barber, D.G., Martin, J. Tremblay, J.É., Palmer, M., Arrigo, K., Darnis, G., Fortier, L., Else, B. and Papakyriakou, T.N. (2009) Contribution of
under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea.
Geophysical Research Letters. 36, L17601, doi:10.1029/2009GL038837.
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Support Period
R, W
Average amount
per year
From
To
Physical and biological controls of
primary production in the ice-covered
Arctic marine system
C.J. Mundy
NSERC
Discovery Grant
40
W
$27,000
2013
2018
Physical and biological controls of
primary production in the ice-covered
Arctic marine system
C.J. Mundy
NSERC
Northern Research Supplement
10
W
$15,000
2013
2018
Instrumental suite for high-resolution
ice-ocean exchange process studies
in the Arctic
Jens K. Ehn
NSERC
Research Tools and Instruments
10
W
$150,000
2014
2014
Arctic Biogeochemical Optics
Laboratory (ABOL) for high-resolution
process studies in sea ice-covered
environments
C.J. Mundy
CFI
Leaders Opportunity Fund
- Funding for Research
Infrastructure
20
W
$800,000
2014
2014
Start-up funds
C.J. Mundy
University of Manitoba
Start-up funds
0
W
$25,000
2011
2014
R/V Martin Bergmann 2013 21-27 July
Cambridge Bay Scientific Cruise
C.J. Mundy
ArcticNet
ArcticNet Shiptime Request
5
W
$21,000
2013
2013
Quantifying the influence of
multiple scattering on ice algal
photophysiology
C.J. Mundy
University of Manitoba
University Research Grants
Program
10
W
$7,500
2012
2012
Arctic - Ice Covered Ecosystem in a
rapidly changing environment (ArcticICE)
C.J. Mundy
Natural Resources Canada
Polar Continental Shelf Program
Logistics
10
W
$102,667
2012
2012
Arctic - Ice Covered Ecosystem in a
rapidly changing environment (ArcticICE)
C.J. Mundy
ArcticNet
ArcticNet Field Aircraft Support
0
W
$24,192
2012
2012
Curriculum vitae
104
Søren Rysgaard
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Rysgaard
First name and initials
Søren
Institution
University of Manitoba
Position
Professor
Department/Division
Geological Sciences
Mailing address
CEOS, Wallace Building
Winnipeg, Manitoba
CANADA
R3T 2N2M
Contact information
Telephone
001-204-474-8124
Extension
Fax
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Doctorate
1995
Biogeochemistry
University of Aarhus ,
DENMARK
Master's
1991
Biology
University of Aarhus ,
DENMARK
Bachelor's
1988
Microbiology
University of Aarhus ,
DENMARK
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Søren Rysgaard
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
Marine microbiology and biogeochemistry, mass spectrometry, micro-electrodes,
coulometry, potentiometric titration, planear optodes, oceanography, ADCP &
CTD moorings, underwater in situ equipment, radiocarbon and stable isotope
techniques.
Discipline
MICROBIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, AND PARASITOLOGY
Subdiscipline
Microbial Physiology
Discipline
BIOCHEMISTRY
Subdiscipline
Analytical Biochemistry
Discipline
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Subdiscipline
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Professor, University of Manitoba
Start date
End date
Geology
2011
2030
Head of Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural
Resources
Greenland Climate Research Centre
2009
2013
Adjunct Professor, Department of Biology
University of Southern Denmark
2009
2012
Professor, Greenland Institute of Natural
Resources
Marine Ecology
2005
2009
Research Scientist, University of Aarhus
National Environmental Research Institute
1995
2005
Scientist, University of Aarhus
National Environmental Research Institute
1992
1995
Curriculum vitae
106
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Søren Rysgaard
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
Ecosystem studies
In 1994, Rysgaard initiated and raised the funds for a comprehensive marine ecological study in North East
Greenland. The study still continues and comprises several sub-research projects as well as a long-term
monitoring program (www.g-e-m.dk). The reason was the growing evidence of dramatic changes in sea ice
cover from satellite images and model predictions of a future dramatic temperature increase in the Arctic and
the possible shut-down of the thermohaline circulation. The study site is situated in a very climate sensitive
area in close contact with the East Greenland Current which carries along with it most of the exported ice
from the Arctic Ocean. Together with the monitoring programs in the terrestrial and marine environments,
Rysgaard’s work has provided important data on this remote region, from which very few data existed before
1994. One of the most comprehensive decadal studies of carbon and nutrient cycles has been made here and
reported in several books and papers.
Sea ice
In recent years, more of Rysgaards focus has been directed towards sea ice. Starting with the development
of new in situ techniques for quantifying sea ice algal primary productivity using diving PAM fluorometers
and micro-sensors, the first non-destructive measurements of algal activity were made. During this work it
was realized that the dynamics of gases within the sea ice and close to the sea ice-water interface underwent
extreme fluctuation. Using a combination of mass balance studies, micro-sensors, 2D optodes and stable
isotopes the team realized that sea ice hosts highly oxygen-supersaturated areas (relative to atmospheric
saturation) as well as areas with anoxic conditions. The potential for anaerobic bacterial denitrification and
anammox activity was also shown for the first time. The latest finding is that dissolved inorganic carbon is
rejected together with brine from growing sea ice and that sea ice melting during summer is rich in carbonates.
Model calculations show that melting sea ice exported from the Arctic Ocean into the East Greenland current
and the Nordic Seas plays an important and overlooked role in regulating the surface partial pressure of CO2
and increases the seasonal CO2 uptake in the area by nearly 50%.
Establishment of a research centre in Greenland
The Greenland Climate Research Centre was established in May 2009 as a result of Rysgaard’s previous
success in North East Greenland and his work in Nuuk, Greenland. In 2005, Rysgaard initiated the first
research department at the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources in Nuuk with financial help from
Danish Funding Agencies, the Greenland Home Rule and the Aage V Jensen Charity Foundation. The centre’s
scientific focus is the cryosphere with special focus on sea ice and glaciers. During the last five years Rysgaard
has initiated 50 externally funded research projects and initiated two long-term marine monitoring programs
in West and East Greenland. Since 2005, his department in Greenland has grown to 18 persons, and the
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Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
institute now comprises 70 employees, all focusing on Arctic studies. A large new donation has ensured new
modern research facilities (1000 m2 of laboratories and offices, a 50 m research vessel, several smaller boats,
two field laboratories, boat houses etc.). Over the next year, the GCRC will host up to 45 scientists and be
linked to scientific groups around the world.
Canada Excellence Research Chair
In 2010, Rysgaard was awarded the Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Arctic Geomicrobiology
and Climate Change. This Chair – which carries with it $48 million CAD in funding over seven years – is
a Canadian federal government initiative created in 2008. The Greenland Climate Research Centre and the
University of Manitoba have merged through a memorandum of understanding (MOU). These groups agree to
establish a Research Partnership in the field of Arctic System Science and Climate Change, directly in support
of a Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Change. The parties
will establish a research partnership to allow both centers to more effectively conduct collaborative research,
to establish multidisciplinary research teams and to share field equipment and logistics. ArcticNet will be a
key collaborator in this new partnership with Rysgaard (the U of M CERC) as a network investigator (NI) in
ArcticNet. This partnership began in April 2011 and will run for a period of at least seven years.
Establishment of the Arctic Science Partnership
In May 2011, Rysgaard took the initiative to further expand the Greenland – Canada cooperation through the
Canada Excellence Research Chair to include a strong cooperation with the Arctic Research Centre at Aarhus
University in Denmark. Thus, the “Arctic Science Partnership” (ASP) has now been expanded to include the
Greenland Institute of Natural Resorces, the University of Manitoba in Canada and Aarhus University in
Denmark. This partnership is based on cooperation between individual centers through a memorandum of
understanding, and staff will be encouraged to move freely between Denmark, Greenland, Canada and other
circumpolar countries when performing collaborative research. The ASP will apply a holistic approach which
will require multidisciplinary collaboration at various scales. ASP will link research and education across
natural science and health disciplines. We will combine research across the borders of atmosphere, terrestrial,
limnic and marine compartments by use of various research fields, e.g. climatology, physical geography,
glaciology, oceanography, sedimentology, bio- and geochemistry, microbiology, ecology, micropaleontology
and modeling. Furthermore, ASP will work with a combination of environmental chemistry, atmospheric
sciences, oceanography, ecotoxicology and environmental medicine to evaluate impacts of contaminants in
the Arctic. Finally, ASP will use a combination of approaches including process-based studies, analyses of
multi-data sets and time-series, paleoecology/climatology, spatial and temporal modeling and remote sensing
to describe and understand past and current environmental conditions and changes at various scales (from
µm to >1000 km) in the Arctic in order to better predict future conditions.
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List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Parmentier FJW, Christensen TR, Sørensen LL, Rysgaard S, McGuire AD, Miller PA, Walker DA (2013) The
impact of a lower sea-ice extent on Arctic greenhouse-gas exchange. Nature Climate Change. 3, 195-202,
doi:10.1038/nclimate1784.
Geilfus N-X, Galley R, Hare A, Wang F, Søgaard D, Rysgaard S (2013) Ikaite and gypsum crystals observed in
experimental and natural sea ice. Geophysical Research Letters. 40, 1-6, doi:10.1002/2013GL058479.
Hare A, Wang F, Galley R, Gelfus N-X, Barber D, Rysgaard S (2013). pH evolution in sea ice grown at an
outdoor experimental facility. Marine Chemistry. 154, 46-64, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2013.04.007.
Rysgaard S, Søgaard D, Cooper M, Pucko M, Lennert K, Papakyriakou TN, Wang F, Geilfus NX, Glud RN, Ehn
J, McGinnes D, Attard K, Siverts J, Deming JW, Barber D (2013). Ikaite crystal distribution in Arctic winter
sea ice and its implications for CO2 system dynamics. The Cryosphere 7, 1-12 doi:10.5194/tc-7-1-2013.
Else BGT, Galley RJ, Lansard B, Mucci A, Papakyriakou TN, Brown K, Tremblay J-É, Babb D, Barber D,
Miller LA, Rysgaard S (2013). Further observations of a decreasing atmospheric CO2 uptake capacity in the
Canada Basin (Arctic Ocean) due to sea ice loss. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 40, 1132-1137, doi:10.1002/
grl.50268.
Bowman, JS, Rasmussen S, Blom N, Deming JW, Rysgaard S, Scheritz-Ponten T (2012). Microbial community
structure of Arctic multiyear sea ice and surface seawater as determined by 454 sequencing of the 16S RNA
gene. The Nature ISME Journal, 6, 11-20; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.76
Rysgaard S, Mortensen J, Juul-Pedersen T, Sørensen LL, Lennert K, Søgaard DH, Arendt KE, Blicher ME, Sejr
MK, Bendtsen J (2012) High air-sea CO2 uptake rates in nearshore and shelf areas of Southern Greenland:
Temporal and spatial variability. Marine Chemistry 128-129, 26-33.
Versteegh EAA, Blicher ME, Mortensen J, Rysgaard S, Als TD, Wanamaker Jr AD (2012). Oxygen isotope
ratios in the shell of Mytilus edulis: archives of glacier meltwater in Greenland? Biogeosciences 9, 5231-5241
doi:10.5194/bg-5231-2012.
Rysgaard S, Bendtsen J, Delille B, Dieckmann G, Glud RN, Kennedy H, Mortensen J, Papadimitriou S, Thomas
D, Tison J-L. (2011) Sea ice contribution to air-sea CO2 exchange in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Tellus
63B, 823-830.
Piña-Ochoa E, Høgslund S, Geslin E, Cedhagen T, Revsbech NP, Nielsen LP, Schweiger M, Jorissen F,
Rysgaard S, Risgaard-Petersen N (2010) Widespread occurrence of nitrate storage and denitrification among
Foraminifera and Gromiida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:1148-1153
Post E, Forchhammer MC, Bret-Harte S, Callaghan TV, Christensen TR, Elberling B, Fox T, Gilg O, Hik DS,
Ims RA, Jeppesen E, Klein DR, Madsen J, McGuire AD, Rysgaard S, Schindler D, Stirling I, Tamstorf M, Tyler
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List of published contributions
NJC, van der Wal R, Welker J, and Wookey PJ (2009). Ecological dynamics across the Arctic associated with
recent climate change. Science 325:1355-1358.
Rysgaard S, Bendtsen, JB, Pedersen LT, Ramløv H and Glud RN (2009). Increased CO2 uptake
due to sea-ice growth and decay in the Nordic Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, C09011,
doi:10.1029/2008JC005088.
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Canada Excellence Research Chair
in Arctic Geomicrobiology and climate
change
Rysgaard S
tri-agency
Canada Excellence Research
Chair Program
150
Support Period
Average amount
per year
From
To
W
$1,428,550
2011
2018
Arctic Research Centre
Rysgaard S
Aarhus University, Denmark
Internal funding to support the
Arctic Sceince Partnership
collaboration
30
W
$2,680,851
2012
2017
Infrastructure application to the Villum
Foundation - St North
Skov H
Villum Foundation
Private compagny (Denmark)
5
W
$7,000,000
2012
2014
Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate
Change
Rysgaard S
CFI
Leaders opportunity fund
50
W
$799,365
2011
2014
Establishment of the new Greenland
Climate Research Centre
Søren Rysgaard
The Commission for Scientific
Research in Greenland
Special program
8
W
$316,455
2009
2013
Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate
Change
Rysgaard S
NCE
ArcticNet
5
W
$35,000
2011
2012
Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate
Change
Rysgaard S
Manitoba Research and Innovation
Fund
Infrastructure support for the CERC
chair
50
W
$800,000
2011
2012
FreshLink
Søren Rysgaard
The Commission for Scientific
Research in Greenland
Danish IPY program
30
W
$504,588
2007
2009
Ecogreen
Søren Rysgaard
The Commission for Scientific
Research in Greenland
Danish IPY program
30
W
$421,950
2007
2009
FreshNor Network
Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen
Nordic Council of Ministers
NorForsk
10
W
$38,500
2007
2009
Nordic Network on sea ice (NetIce)
Jorma Kuparinen
Nordic Council of Ministers
NorForsk
10
W
$63,300
2007
2009
Curriculum vitae
R, W
111
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
MarineBasis – Ecosystem studies in
West Greenland
Søren Rysgaard
Danish Ministry of the Environment
DANCEA program
30
MarineBasis – Ecosystem studies in
East Greenland
Søren Rysgaard
Danish Ministry of the Environment
DANCEA program
10
Curriculum vitae
Support Period
Average amount
per year
From
To
W
$337,550
2005
2009
W
$337,550
2002
2009
R, W
112
Lotfollah Shafai
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Shafai
First name and initials
Lotfollah
Institution
University of Manitoba
Position
Distinguished Professor/Canada Research Chair in Applied Electromagnetics
Department/Division
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Mailing address
University of Manitoba,Dept. of Electrical & Computer Eng.,E3-404C EITC, 75
Chancellors Circle
Winnipeg, Manitoba
CANADA
R3T 5V6
Contact information
Telephone
1-204-474-9615
Extension
Fax
1-204-269-0381
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Doctorate
1969
Electrical Engineering
University of Toronto ,
CANADA
Master's
1966
Electrical Engineering
University of Toronto ,
CANADA
Bachelor's
1963
Electrical Engineering
University of Tehran ,
IRAN
Printed on2014-06-27
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Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
Antennas, arrays, waveguides and transmission lines, low loss networks, beam
scanning, numerical simulation, antenna measurements, electromagnetics,
millimeter waves, microwaves, phase shifters, beam-forming networks
Discipline
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Subdiscipline
Antennas and Propagation
Discipline
SPACE SCIENCE
Subdiscipline
Space Plasmas
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Distinguished Professor, University of Manitoba
Electrical and Computer Engineering
2002
Canada Research Chair in Applied
Electromagnetics Tier I, University of Manitoba
Electrical and Computer Engineering
2009
2015
Canada Research Chair in Applied
Electromagnetics, University of Manitoba
Electrical and Computer Engineering
2002
2008
Professor, University of Manitoba
Electrical and Computer Engineering
1979
2002
Applied Electromagnetics Chair, University of
Manitoba
Electrical and Computer Engineering
1989
1994
Department Head, University of Manitoba
Electrical and Computer Engineering
1987
1989
Director , University of Manitoba
Institute for Technological Development
1985
1985
Associate Professor, University of Manitoba
Electrical Engineering
1973
1979
Visiting Professor, Technical University of
Denmark
Electromagnetics Institute
1977
1977
Visitng Professor, Communication Research
Centre
Space Electronics
1976
1977
Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba
Electrical Engineering
1970
1973
Sessional Lecturer, University of Manitoba
Electrical Engineering
1969
1970
Curriculum vitae
Start date
End date
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Lotfollah Shafai
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
MOST SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. Concept of Conducting Patch-Array Matching Layer for Dense Arrays: Phased arrays normally suffer
from scan blindness and impedance mismatch, especially in large arrays and wide angle scanning. We have
introduced a new concept of an “infinitesimally thin conducting patch array”, which has eliminated these
problems and can also be designed to offer additional benefits in electrical and adaptive performance. We
have also shown that they have superior performance in bandwidth, especially at low frequencies, wider
scan range in direct radiating arrays, and improved scan, gain efficiency, and fine-step-beam controls with
reflector antennas. These are major enhancements in phased arrays, with influence in their performance and
applications, especially in extreme design limits as in the next generation radio telescopes and large multiplebeam reflector antennas, where the array performances are pushed to the limit. The patch shape can also be
modified using RF or MEM switches, thereby allowing an adaptive control of the matching layer parameters,
to further optimize the array performance.
2. Laminated Conductor Concept for RF Loss Reduction in Miniaturized Antennas: New technology trends
demand antenna miniaturizations well below traditional limits. While new design concepts allow such
extreme miniaturizations, the antenna performance in gain and efficiency suffer. Detailed investigations
showed that the cause of this performance degradation was due to a rapid rise of antenna resistive loss, even
with good conductors like copper. To remedy, we investigated using laminated conductors, while keeping the
overall conductor thickness the same as the solid one, a lamination layer was made of a thin conductor backed
by a dielectric. Analytic solutions showed that, resistive losses of the conductors were reduced by increasing
the number of layers in the lamination. This concept was used to design several miniaturized antennas,
and showed by simulation and experiment, that the antenna gain and efficiency, recovers using laminated
conductors. The concept will do better at millimeter wave and terahertz bands, where the conductive losses
become excessive. It is also not limited to antennas and should apply equally well to circuit loss reduction.
3. Improved antenna performance using Artificial and Meta-Materials: Antennas are known to have inferior
performance in impedance bandwidth and radiation efficiency over conducting ground planes, and circularly
polarized antennas suffer from additional degradations in axial ratio. Their performance degrades further by
decreasing the antenna height over the ground plane. By using artificial impedance surfaces we eliminated
these limitations, thereby designed, extremely low profile antennas, by placing them directly over the ground
plane. In spite of the height reduction, the antenna performance had significantly improved. The impedance
bandwidths increased from 3% to 24% and the antenna gains by as much as 7 dB. Similar improved
performances were obtained with circularly polarized spiral antennas, without degradation in their axial ratio.
4. Virtual Array Concept for Antenna Design: This antenna concept was investigated and developed for
applications, where physically, space is limited to a single antenna, but it is desirable to have two or more.
Examples: a smart antenna array on a small handset; a large rotating reflector antenna on an aircraft. In
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Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
the former, available space is premium, and the latter the rotating beam of the reflector, prevents the use
of a second independent antenna. To address this problem we developed a mathematical model for the
antenna, in terms of its aperture or near field distribution, and used it to find its hardware equivalence. The
extension to large antennas for high gains, was obtained by using magnification properties of the reflectors and
lenses. This concept allows aperture field manipulation by signal processing, or hardware and generation of
multiple dislocated antenna signals from that of a single one. The concept was developed and tested on a radar
antenna, to make it equivalent to two radars. This can have important applications, in communications for
interference mitigation, and in imaging systems for improving resolution, without increasing the complexity
of the hardware.
5. Self-Powered Wireless Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring: In the course of this research we
developed and tested novel sensors and miniaturized them for a variety of applications, such as motion or
displacement of buildings due to earthquakes, and bridges or rails due to loads. Extensive research was
conducted to design integrated sensor-antenna combinations, for embedded wireless sensor applications in
concrete and harsh environments. These sensors are currently being used in outdoor locations, monitoring
buildings, bridges and rails.
6. Remote Sensing of Arctic Sea Ice: This research was conducted mostly on board the icebreaker Amundsen
in the arctic region, and aimed at investigating the electromagnetic response of the sea ice under various
conditions, in order to develop a mathematical model for its behavior. The results are important for calibrating
the large scale studies using satellites, and relating the variations in the arctic sea ice behavior to the climatic
changes.
OTHER EVIDENCE OF IMPACT: AWARDS
Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, 2009
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Chen-To Tai Distinguished Educator Award, 2009
Canada Council for the Arts, “Killam Prize in Engineering”, 2011
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, “John Kraus Antenna Award”, 2013
TRAINING OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
Training of HQP is an integral part of the applicant’s research, and special efforts are made to provide the
best available tools for their training, a positive environment for learning, and opportunity for feedback
from experts. We have both “EM Computation” and “Antenna Testing” laboratories. The EM computation
lab has in-house and commercial software packages, which include site licenses for Ansoft HFSS, Ansoft
Designer, Zealand IE3D, FDTD, NEC, FEKO, GRASP and WIPL. The antenna lab has nine test ranges, three
Anechoic Chambers; two Compact Ranges covering 1.5-50 GHz and 8-110 GHz bands and a 16-element
Multiprobe Measurement System. Every student must complete training in analysis, design and testing of
their own research hardware. The facility attracts scientists from the US, Europe and Japan for research leaves,
which provides an invaluable opportunity for our students to interact in modern research training. Our IEEE
Waves Chapter invites local, national, international scientists and IEEE distinguished lecturers for regular
presentations, and also organizes the biennial ANTEM conference, that emphasizes on student participation
and encourages excellence by awarding “Best Student Paper” prizes. Students are also encouraged to present
papers in the North American IEEE/URSI conference and key international conferences to receive feedback
from international experts. Internally, an annual graduate conference (GRADCON) is held, where students
present their research to university, government and industry participants. The quality of the applicant’s,
students and PDFs can be measured by their success in international competitions. In the past five years, two
students won a “Best Paper Award”, seven students won a “Young Scientist Award” in international IEEEAPS and URSI competitions, and two students won a “Best Paper Award” from GRADCON.
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List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS:
Refereed Journal publications 303 (total), 57 since 2009
Refereed Conference proceedings 658 (total), 125 since 2009
Books & book Chapters 18 (total), 10 since 2009
Patents 15 (total), 2 filed since 2009
IEEE Chen-To-Tai Distinguished educator for 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Fellow
Engineering Institute of Can.
Canada Council Killam Prize in Engineering for 2011, from Canada Council
John Kraus Antenna Award, 2013 from IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
PAPERS IN REFEREED JOURNALS:
Z.A. Pour and L. Shafai, 2014, “Improved Cross Polarization Performance of Multi-Phase Center Parabolic
Reflector Antenna”, accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, March.
V. Okhmatovski, M.J. Feroj and L. Shafai, 2014, “On Use of Inhomogeneous Media for Elimination of IllPosedness in the Inverse Problem”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13.
Z.A. Pour and L. Shafai, 2014, “A Practical Approach to Locate Offset Reflector Focal Point and Antenna
Misalignment using Victorial Representation of Far Field Radiation Patterns”, IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 3, March.
M. Q-E-Maula, L. Shafai and Z.A. Pour, 2014, “A corrugated Printed Dipole Antenna With Equal Beamwidths”,
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 3, March.
S.I. Latif, S. Pistorius, L. Shafai, and D. Flores-Tapia, 2014, “An ultrawideband elliptical monopole antenna
for active microwave imaging”, accepted for publication in Microwave and Optical Technology Letters.
S.I. Latif, M.S.H. Abadi, C. Shafai, and L. Shafai, 2014, “Development of adaptive structures incorporating
MEMS-devices to be used as reflectarrays or transmitarrays”, accepted for publication in Microwave and
Optical Technology Letters.
D. Isleifson, R. J. Galley, D.G. Barber, J.C. Landy, A. Komarov, and L. Shafai, 2014, “A Study on the CBand Polarimetric Scattering and Physical Characteristics of Frost Flowers on Experimental Sea Ice", IEEE
Transactions on Geoscience and remote sensing, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 1787-1798, March.
A. Komarov, L. Shafai and D.G. Barber, 2014, “Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Rough Boundaries
Interfacing Inhomogeneous Media and Application to Snow-covered Sea Ice” Progress in Electromagnetic
Research, Vol. 144, pp. 201-219.
A. Rashidian, L. Shafai, and D.M. Klymyshyn, 2013, “Tall Microstrip Transmission Lines for
Dielectric Resonator Antenna Applications”, IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, doi: 10.1049/ietmap.2012.0608, pp. 1-13, October.
A. Rashidian, M.T. Aligordarz, L. Shafai, and D.M. Klymyshyn, 2013, “On the Matching of MicrostripFed Dielectric Resonator Antennas”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 10, pp.
5291-5296, October.
Z. Allahgholi Pour and L. Shafai, 2013, “A Novel Dual-Mode Dual-Polarized Circular Waveguide Feed Excited
by Concentrically Shorted Ring Patches”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 10,
pp. 4917-4925, October.
M. Ostadrahimi, P. Mojabi, A. Zakaria, J. LoVetri and L. Shafai, 2013, “Enhancement of Gauss-Newton
Inversion Method for Biological Tissue Imaging,” IEEE Transaction Microwave Theory and Technique, Vol.
61, No. 9, pp. 3424-3434, September.
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List of published contributions
S.I. Latif, L. Shafai and C. Shafai, 2013, “An Engineered Conductor for gain and Efficiency Improvement of
Miniaturized Microstrip Antennas”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 55, Issue 2, pp. 77-90,
April.
Z. Allahgholi Pour and L. Shafai, 2013, “Investigation of Virtual Array Antennas with Adaptive Element
Locations and Polarization Using Parabolic Reflector Antennas”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 688-699,
February.
Z. Allahgholi Pour and L. Shafai, 2012 "A Simplified Feed Model for Investigating the Cross Polarization
Reduction in Circular- and Eliptical-Rim Offset Reflector Antennas", accepted for publication IEEE Trans.
on Ant. & Prop., February.
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Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Applied Electromagnetics, Advanced
Antennas and Simulated Materials
L. Shafai
NSERC
Discovery Grant
80
Applied Electromagnetics
L. Shafai
Support Period
Average amount
per year
From
To
W
$88,000
2010
2015
Government of Canada
Canada Research Chair
80
W
$200,000
2009
2015
Experimental Studies on MetaMaterial Dielectric Resonator
Antennas
L. Shafai
University of Saskatchewan
Research Contract
10
W
$5,100
2013
2014
Enhanced Microwave Tomography for
Biomedical Imaging
J. LoVetri
NSERC
Strategic Project Grant
20
W
$97,000
2010
2013
Active & Smart Surfaces for Sensors
& MM Components
L. Shafai
NSERC
Strategic Project Grant
40
W
$166,000
2008
2011
Ultra Wideband Antennas for
Communications & Imaging
L. Shafai
NSERC
Collaborative Res. Development
40
W
$142,000
2007
2010
Ultra Wideband Antennas for
Communications & Imaging
L. Shafai
Manitoba Hydro
CRD/Industrial Contribution
40
W
$61,000
2007
2010
Applied Electromagnetics, Advanced
Antennas and Simulated Materials
L. Shafai
NSERC
Discovery Grant
80
W
$60,000
2005
2010
Curriculum vitae
R, W
119
Gary Stern
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Stern
First name and initials
Gary
Institution
University of Manitoba
Position
Department/Division
Centre for Earth Observation Science
Mailing address
University of ManitobaClayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth,Centre
for Earth Observation Science (CEOS)586 Wallace Bld, 125 Deysart Rd.
Winnipeg, Manitoba
CANADA
R3T 2N2
Contact information
Telephone
1-204-4749084
Extension
Fax
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Doctorate
1991
Analytical chemistry
The University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
Master's
1985
Mass spectrometry
The University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
Bachelor's
1983
Chemistry
The University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
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Gary Stern
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
Analytical chemistry, Arctic ecosystem health, Arctic ocean, Biogeochemistry,
Climate change, Contaminants, Food webs, Mass spectrometry, Mercury, Oil
and gas (hydrocarbons)
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Professor, DFO Research Chair, The University
of Manitoba
Start date
End date
Centre for Earth Observation Science
2013
2018
Professor, The University of Manitoba
Centre for Earth Obsevation Science
2005
2013
Professor, The University of Manitoba
Soil Science
1997
2005
Curriculum vitae
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Gary Stern
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
For the past 22 years Dr. Stern’s research has involved the study of environmental pathways of contaminants
including their delivery, transport, and elimination from Arctic marine and freshwater aquatic ecosystems.
He was co-project leader of the Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study and leads the ArcticNet Phase
II project entitled "Effects of Climate Change on Carbon and Contaminant Cycling in the Arctic Coastal
and Marine Ecosystems: Impacts, Prognosis and Adaptations Strategies". Dr. Stern is also the leader of the
ArcticNet Phase II Western High Arctic IRIS (Integrated Regional Impact Study) and is the Canadian co-Chair
of the Beaufort/Bering/Chukchi Regional Implementation Team of the Arctic Council’s Adaptation Actions for
a Changing Arctic (AACA) initiative. Dr. Stern’s current research focuses on studying petroleum hydrocarbons
in the Arctic Ocean including the sources and fate of oil in ice, in surrounding seawaters, and in biota in
order to apportion responsibility, and monitor habitat recovery in the event of a spill. His research has been
published in over 135 high ranking peer reviewed journals (h-index = 36, times cited = 4309, times cited –
self citations = 3940, Web of Science, Oct 15, 2013).
Significant contributions:
The effect of atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean coupling on Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pathways within
the Arctic marine environment [2-6]: The importance of the cryosphere, and of sea ice in particular,
for contaminant transport and redistribution in the Arctic has been well studied. However, studies on
contaminants in sea ice are scarce, and entirely neglect the sea ice geophysical and thermodynamic
characteristics as well as interactions between various cryospheric compartments. Our recent work has
addressed these gaps. Ice formation was shown to have a significant concentrating impact on the levels of
HCHs in the water just beneath the ice. In the spring, when snow melt water percolates into the ice delivering
HCHs to the upper ocean via desalination by flushing, levels of HCHs in the ice can increase by up to 2-18%
and 4-32% for α- and γ-HCH, respectively. Brine contained within sea ice currently exhibits the highest HCH
concentrations in any abiotic Arctic environment, exceeding under-ice water concentrations by a factor of 3 in
the spring. Our very recent results have show significantly higher concentrations of HCHs in melt pond surface
waters. This enriched surface melt water then percolates into and under the ice, posing a risk for elevated
exposures to ice-associated flora and fauna.
The role of the Arctic Ocean in mercury cycling in the Arctic [7-13]: The rapid and high bioaccumulation
of mercury in marine mammals and its spatial and temporal variations have been a major puzzle in the
Arctic and a great concern with respect to animal and human health. While extensive efforts to date have
focused on the monitoring and chemistry of mercury atmospheric processes, the development of mass budget
estimates of mercury in the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay strongly imply that the importance of the oceans
in and of themselves have been greatly overlooked. These findings have resulted in a total restructuring of
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Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
efforts by many programs and investigators, national and international, on the study of mercury processes in
Arctic marine ecosystems. This led to the striking discovery that marine biota (bacteria to marine mammals)
represent only a small fraction (~1%) of the existing total mercury and methyl mercury inventories in each of
these water masses. The inertia associated with these large non-biological reservoirs means that ‘bottom-up’
processes are probably incapable of explaining recent biotic mercury trends, contrary to prevailing opinion.
Instead, within system processes such as increasing methylation rates, increasing primary productivity,
changing food web structures and/or animal feeding habitat or behaviour (all susceptible to ecological,
climatic and biogeochemical influences), may be the driving forces behind the observed changes. These
finding also suggest that deep and sustained cuts to global anthropogenic mercury emissions will be required
to return biotic mercury levels to their natural state.
The effects of a climate induced increase in primary productivity on biotic contaminant exposure in Arctic
and sub-Arctic freshwater lakes [14-19]: Our research in this area has shown unequivocally that contaminant
increases in freshwater systems can be attributed to a corresponding climate induced increase in algal-derived
organic matter. Suspended sediments scavenge hydrophobic contaminants from the lake water surfaces,
thereby acting as a “concentrator” for these compounds in the water column and bottom sediments which,
in turn, enhances their bioavailability. In a recent paper, using temporal data generated by the monitoring of
contaminant levels in Mackenzie River burbot since the early 1980s, it was reported that the mercury, PCB
and DDT levels in these fish have increased by 5-, 3- and 2-fold, respectively, since 1994. Most importantly,
we were able to directly link this increased exposure to the climate driven increase in primary productivity.
These results are completely contrary to the prevailing paradigm that levels in Arctic biota should continue
to decline in consort with declining global contaminant emissions and usage and have major implications for
communities who consume these fish as part of their traditional diets.
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List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Selected publications;
1) Foster, K.L.; Stern, G.A.; Carrie, J.; Bailey, J.N-L.; Outridge, P.; Sanei, H.; Macdonald, R.W. Spatial,
temporal, and source variations of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine sediments from Baffin Bay, eastern
Canadian Arctic. In review, Biogeochemistry, May 2014.
2) Pucko, M.; Walkusz, W.; Macdonald, R.W.; Barber, D.G.; Fuchs, C.; Stern, G.A., 2013, Importance of
Arctic zooplankton seasonal migrations for α-Hexachlorocyclohexane bioaccumulation dynamics. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 47, 4155-4163.
3) Pucko, M.; Stern, G.A.; Barber, D.G.; Macdonald, R.W.; Warner, K.A.; Fuchs, C., 2012. Mechanisms and
implications of α-HCH enrichment in melt pond water on Arctic sea ice, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 11862–
11869.
4) Pucko, M.; Stern, G.A.; Macdonald, R.W.; Rosenberg. B.; Barber, D.G. 2011. The influence of the
atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean interactions on the levels of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the Arctic
cryosphere. JGR, 116:C02035 12p.
5) Pucko, M.; Stern, G.A.; Macdonald, R.W.; Barber, D.G. 2010. α- and γ-HCH measurements in the brine
fraction of sea ice in the Canadian High Arctic using a sump-hole technique. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44,
9258-9264.
6) Pucko, M.; Stern, G.A.; Barber, D.G.; Macdonald, R.W.; Rosenberg, B. 2010. International Polar Year
(IPY) Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study: the importance of brine processes for α- and γ- HCH
accumulation/rejection in the sea ice. Atm.-Oceans, 48 (4) 2010, 0–00 doi:10.3137/OC318.2010.
7) Pucko, M.; Burt, A.; Walkusz, W.; Wang, F.; Macdonald, R.W.; Rysgaard, S.; Barber, D.G.; Tremblay, J-E.;
Stern, G.A., Transformation of mercury at the bottom of the Arctic food web: An Over looked puzzle in the
mercury toxicity narrative. Environ. Sci. Tech., In press.
8) Burt, A.; Wang, F.; Pucko, M.; Mundy, C-J.; Gosselin, M.; Philippe, B.; Poulin, M.; Tremblay, J-E.; Stern,
G.A., 2013, Mercury uptake within an ice algal community during the spring bloom in first-year Arctic sea ice,
J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20380.
9) Foster, K.L.; Stern, G.A.; Pazerniuk, M.A.; Hickie, B.; Walkusz, W.; Wang, F.; Macdonald, R.W., 2012,
Mercury biomagnification in marine zooplankton food webs in Hudson Bay, Environmental Science and
Technology, 46, 12952-12959.
10) Wang, F.; Macdonald, R.W.; Armstrong, D.A.; Stern, G.A., 2012. Total and methylated mercury in the
Beaufort Sea: The role of local and recent organic remineralization, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 11821–11828.
11) Stern, G.A. et al. 2012. How does climate change influence arctic mercury?, Sci. Total Environ. 414, 22–42.
12) Chaulk, A.; Stern, G.A.; Armstrong, D.; Barber, D.G.; Wang, F., 2011. Mercury distribution and transport
across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface in the western Arctic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45,
1866-1872.
13) Hare A.A.; Stern, G.A.; Kuzyk, Z.A.; Macdonald, R.W.; Johannessen, S.C.; Wang. F. 2010. Natural and
anthropogenic mercury distribution in marine sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol.
44, 5805–5811.
14) Sanei, H.; Outridge, P.M.; Stern, G.; Macdonald, R.W. 2014. Classification of mercury–labile organic
matter relationships in
lake sediments Chemical Geology 373, 87–92.
15) Carrie, J.; Wang, F.; Sanei, H; Macdonald, R.W.; Outridge, P.M.; Stern, G.A. 2010. Increasing contaminant
burdens in an Arctic fish, burbot (Lota lota), in a warming climate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 316-322.
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List of published contributions
16) Stern, G.A.; Sanei, H.; DeLaronde, J.; Roach, P. Outridge, P.M. 2009. Historical interrelated variations of
mercury and aquatic organic matter in lake sediment cores from a sub-arctic lake in Yukon, Canada: Further
evidence toward the algal-mercury scavenging hypothesis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7684–7690.
17) Outridge, P.M.; Sanei, H.; Stern, G.A.; Hamilton, P.B.; Goodarzi. F. 2007. Evidence for control of mercury
accumulation rates in Canadian High Arctic lake sediments by variations in aquatic primary productivity.
Environ Sci. Technol., 41, 5259–5265.
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Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Baselines, accumulation and cycling
and of hydrocarbons in Beaufort
sediments and biota
Gary Stern
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern
Development Canada (AANDC)
Environmental Studies Research
Fund
Petroleum hydrocarbons in
invertebrates at the base of marine
food webs in Baffin Bay
Gary Stern
Support Period
Average amount
per year
From
To
W
$200,000
2014
2017
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern
Development Canada (AANDC)
Nunuvut General Monitoring Plan
W
$55,250
2013
2015
Western and central high Arctic
Integrated Regional Impact Study
(IRIS 1)
Gary Stern
Network Centres of Excellence
ArcticNet
W
$87,500
2011
2015
Ecosystem cycling of metals near
gold and diamond deposits of the
Slave Geological Province, NWT:
Implications for the environmental
monitoring of potential contaminant
metals under a changing climate.
Gary Stern
De Beers Canada
De Beers Canada
W
$45,000
2012
2014
Ship time request for F/V Frosti
Gary Stern
Networks of Centres of Excellence
(NCE)
ArcticNet
W
$51,500
2012
2014
Temporal trends of heavy metals and
halogenated organic compounds in
Hendrickson Island, Sanikiluaq and
Pangnirtung beluga
Gary Stern
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern
Development Canada (AANDC)
Northern Contaminants Program
W
$39,390
2010
2014
Temporal trends of organohalogen
and heavy metal contaminants in
burbot from Fort Good Hope, N.W.T.
Gary Stern
Indian and Northern Affairs
(Canada)
Northern Contaminants Program
W
$22,880
2010
2014
Long term trends of halogenated
organic contaminants and metals
in lake trout from two Yukon Lakes;
Kusawa and Laberge
Gary Stern
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern
Development Canada (AANDC)
Northern Contaminants Program
W
$30,833
2010
2014
Effects of climate change on carbon
and contaminant cycling in the Arctic
coastal and marine ecosystems:
Impacts, prognosis and adaptations
strategies
Gary Stern
Networks of Centres of Excellence
(NCE)
ArcticNet
W
$155,355
2009
2014
Curriculum vitae
R, W
126
Gary Stern
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Baselines, accumulation, cycling and
potential effects of hydrocarbons in
Beaufort sediments and biota
Gary Stern
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern
Development Canada (AANDC)
BREA (Beaufort Sea Regional
Environmental Assessment)
Support Period
Average amount
per year
From
To
W
$164,200
2012
2013
R, W
Spatial and temporal variations of
petroleum hydrocarbons in marine
sediments of Baffin Bay, Eastern
Canadian Arctic.
Gary Stern
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern
Development Canada (AANDC)
Nunavut General Monitoring Plan
W
$44,000
2011
2013
Impacts of climate change on
contaminants in consumed fish
Gary Stern
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern
Development Canada (AANDC)
Cumulative Impact Monitoring
Program
W
$39,800
2011
2013
Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study
- Contaminants
Gary Stern
Government of Canada
International Polar Year
W
$102,375
2007
2011
Curriculum vitae
127
Feiyue Wang
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Wang
First name and initials
Feiyue F.
Institution
University of Manitoba
Position
Professor
Department/Division
Environment and Geography
Mailing address
Center for Earth Observation ScienceDepartment of Environment and
GeographyUniversity of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba
CANADA
R3T 2N2
Contact information
Telephone
1-204-474-6250
Extension
Fax
1-204-474-7608
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~wangf
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Doctorate
1995
Environ. Geochemistry
Peking University, China ,
CHINA
Bachelor's
1990
Environ. Chemistry
Wuhan University, China ,
CHINA
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Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
Environmental chemistry, biogeochemistry, aquatic chemistry, cryospheric
chemistry, analytical chemistry, metal speciation and bioavailability, sulfide and
polysulfide chemistry, ICP-MS, in situ analysis
Discipline
ENVIRONMENT
Subdiscipline
Water Quality : Pollution
Discipline
GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY
Subdiscipline
Environmental Geochemisty
Discipline
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Subdiscipline
Analytical Spectroscopy
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Full Professor, University of Manitoba
Environment & Geography / Chemistry
2009
Visiting Professor, Harvard University
Earth and Planetary Sciences
2010
2010
Associate Professor, University of Manitoba
Environment & Geography / Chemistry
2003
2009
Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba
Environment & Geography / Chemistry
2000
2003
NSERC Industrial Research Fellow, EVS
Environment Consultants
Environment
1998
2000
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, INRS-ETE
Environment
1996
1998
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Chinese
Academy of Sciences
Res. Center for Eco-Environ. Sci.
1995
1996
Curriculum vitae
Start date
End date
129
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Feiyue Wang
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS IN LAST 5 YEARS
- 45 papers in refereed journals (lifetime total 95); 11 published book chapters/technical reports (lifetime total
14).
- h index: 27 (Institute for Scientific Information), 31 (Google Scholars),
- Total citation times: 2034 (Institute for Scientific Information), 3225 (Google Scholars),
MOST SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS IN LAST 5 YEARS
My research focuses on molecular-level processes of trace metal contaminants across environmental and biointerfaces, and how such processes operate on regional to global scales under different geological, ecological,
and climatic settings. Most significant research contributions are summarized below.
1. Mercury biogeochemistry: My group has made major advancement in the understanding of the role of
sulfide and selenide in mercury speciation and toxicity. We developed a new methodology for determining
mercury speciation in polysulfidic waters, and the first analytical method for the speciation of methylmercurythiol complexes. We were the first to report analytical evidence of the presence and dominance of
methymercuric cysteinate, a complex that is thought to be at the centre of the neurotoxicity of methylmercury,
in fish muscle, beluga tissues, and rice grains. We discovered a new pathway for demethylation of
methylmercury involving selenoamino acids. We also reported two new pathways for biomineralization of HgSe-S nanoparticles. This series of studies offered new insights into understanding and remediating mercury
contamination, and resulted in an invited chapter in a Wiley book.
2. Cryospheric chemistry of sea ice: As the Lead Scientist of the CFI-funded Sea-ice Environmental Research
Facility, I have recently been exploring the new frontier of sub-zero temperature (Celsius) and high ionic
strength cryospheric chemistry as pertinent to the sea ice environment. We are the first to report pH evolution
in sea ice, and our paper on mercury distribution in first-year and multi-year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has
been regarded as “pioneering” by my peer. In collaboration with S. Rysgaard, I have been contributing to
fundamental understanding of ikaite formation in sea ice and the resulting “sea ice pump” of CO2. This has
resulted in an invitation to contribute a chapter to the upcoming new edition of the standard-setting book
Sea Ice.
3. Interaction between chemical contamination and climate change: At the regional to global scale, my
research in the Arctic and the Himalayas has shown an increasing role of climate-induced changes in
biogeochemical processes on bioaccumulation of contaminants in polar and alpine ecosystems. Based on
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Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
these findings, we proposed that during a rapidly changing climate or environment, emission control of some
contaminants may be followed by long delays before ensuing reduction is seen in food-web contaminant levels,
which was highlighted in the AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) 2011 report and NCP
(Northern Contaminants Program) 2013 report. This series of work resulted in an invitation for sabbatical
study at Harvard University (D. Jacob, 2010) to develop a cryospheric mercury model for the Arctic, and
invitations to join CHARLEX and AMISOC campaigns in remote islands (Galapagos and Canary, respectively)
to further test the hypothesis.
4. Ultra-trace and in situ chemical speciation techniques: In addition to the analytical methods for
methylmercury and polysulfide speciation, we also made significant contributions to the development of the
diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) techniques to measure in situ metal speciation in natural waters. My
contribution in this area was recognized by a Sir Allan Sewell Visiting Fellowship (2010) to foster collaborative
research with Griffith University, Australia.
OTHER RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN THE PAST 5 YEARS
1. Graduate Student Training (year of completion or expected completion):
Kang Wang, Ph.D. (2016), Mercury methylation in Arctic seawater
Mohammad Khan, Ph.D. (2010), Metallomics of methylmercury: role of selenium
Jesse Carrie, Ph.D. (2010), Mercury biogeochemistry in the Mackenzie River Basin
Marcos Lemes, Ph.D. (2010), Metallomics of methylmercury: role of thiols
Alex Hare, Ph.D. (2009), Mercury biogeochemistry in the Hudson Bay Marine System
Mark Loewen, Ph.D. (2008), Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau
Ashley Elliotte, M.Sc. (2016), Mycosporine-like amino acids in sea ice covered waters
Wen Xu, M.Sc. (2015), Cryospheric chemistry of halides
Dan Zhu, M.Sc. (2014), Mercury oxidation during the Great Oxidation Events
Sarah Beattie, M.Sc. (2014), Mercury transport and transformation in natural and experimental sea ice
Breanne Reinfort, M.Env. (2014), Adaptation to mercury contamination in the Canadian Arctic
Alexis Burt, M.Sc. (2012), Ecosystem response to atmospheric mercury depletion events in the Arctic
Amanda Chaulk, M.Sc. (2011), Mercury speciation and transport across the Arctic cryosphere
Jeff Latonas, M.Sc. (2010), Atmospheric mercury deposition into the Arctic Ocean
Xiaoxi Hu, M.Env. (2008), Selenium in the aquatic environment of southern Manitoba
2. PDF Training
Alex Hare, 2011-2014, pH evolution in the sea ice environment
Marcos Lemes, 2010-present, Mercury speciation in marine ecosystems
Ren Zhang, 2008-2010, Environmental geochemistry of uranium
3. Training of Technicians
Amanda Chaulk, 2011-2013, Technician
Debbie Armstrong, 2004-present, Technician
4. Awards
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Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
2010, Sir Allan Sewell Visiting Fellowship Award, Griffith University, Australia
5. Invited Visiting Professorship
2010, Invited Visiting Professor, Harvard University, USA
2010, Invited Visiting Professor, Griffith University, Australia
6. Journal Editorship
2011-2013, Editorial Board, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
7. Professional Services
2014 - present, Chair, Environment Division of the Chemical Institute of Canada
2012 - present, International Science Advisory Board, Villem Station (Station Nord), Greenland
2009 - present, Co-organizer, session chair, and invited speaker of more than a dozen scientific conferences;
8. Member, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), American Society of Limnology
and Oceanography (ASLO), Geochemistry Society, etc.
9. Peer reviewer for various journals (e.g., Environ. Sci. Technol., Marine Chemistry, Environ. Toxicol. Chem.,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta) and funding agencies (e.g., NSERC, CFI, NSF, DOE).
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List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Selected Journal Papers:
95. Pućko M., Burt A., Walkusz W., Wang F., Macdonald R.W., Rysgaard S., Barber D.G., Tremblay J.-É., and
Stern G.A., 2014. Transformation of mercury at the bottom of the Arctic food web: an overlooked puzzle in
the mercury exposure narrative. Environ. Sci. Technol. (in press).
93. Beattie S., Armstrong D., Chaulk A., Comte J., Gosselin M., and Wang F. 2014. Total and methylated
mercury in Arctic multiyear sea ice. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 5575-5582, doi:10.1021/es5008033.
92. Hare A.A., Kuzyk Z.Z., Macdonald R.W., Sanei H., Barber D., Stern G.A., and Wang F. 2014.
Characterization of sedimentary organic matter in recent marine sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada, by
Rock Eval pyrolysis. Org. Geochem. 68, 52-60.
91. Wang F., Saiz-Lopez A., Mahajan A.S., Gómez Martín, J.C., Armstrong D., Lemes M., Hay T., PradosRoman C. 2014. Enhanced production of oxidised mercury over the tropical Pacific Ocean: A key missing
oxidation pathway. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 1323-1335.
90. Geilfus N.-X., Galley R.J., Cooper M., Halden N., Hare A., Wang F., Søgaard D.H., and Rysgaard S. 2013.
Gypsum crystals observed in experimental and natural sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 1-6.
89. Burt A., Wang F., Pućko M., Mundy, C.-J., Gosselin M., Philippe B., Poulin M., Tremblay, J.E., and Stern
G.A. 2013. Mercury uptake within an ice algal community during the spring bloom in first-year Arctic sea ice.
J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20380.
88. Hare A.A., Wang F., Barber D., Geilfus N.-X., Galley R., and Rysgaard S. 2013. pH evolution in sea ice
grown at an outdoor experimental facility. Mar. Chem. 154, 46-54.
86. Ostertag S.K., Stern G.A., Wang F., Lemes M., and Chan H.M., 2013. Mercury distribution and speciation
in different brain regions of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Sci. Total Environ. 456-457, 278-286.
84. Wang F. and Zhang J. 2013. Mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems under a changing environment:
Implications for the Three Gorges Reservoir. Chin. Sci. Bull. 58, 141-149.
82. Wang F., Macdonald R., Armstrong D., and Stern G. 2012. Total and methylated mercury in the Beaufort
Sea: The role of local and recent organic remineralization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 11821–11828.
71. Lemes M., Wang F., Stern G.A., Ostertag S., and Chan H.M. 2011. Methylmercury and selenium speciation
in different tissues of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Western Canadian Arctic. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 30, 2732-2738.
70. Chaulk A., Stern G.A., Armstrong D., Barber D., and Wang F. 2011. Mercury distribution and transport
across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface in the Arctic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 1866-1872.
68. Hare A.A., Stern G.A., Kuzyk Z.Z., Macdonald R.W., Johannessen S.C., and Wang F. 2010. Natural and
anthropogenic mercury distribution in marine sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol.
44, 5805-5811.
66. Wang F., Macdonald R.W., Stern G.A., and Outridge P.M. 2010. When noise becomes the signal: Chemical
contamination of aquatic ecosystems under a changing climate. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60. 1633-1635.
65. Khan M.A.K. and Wang F. 2010. Chemical demethylation of methylmercury by selenoamino acids. Chem.
Res. Toxicol. 23, 1202-1206.
62. Carrie J., Wang F., Sanei H., Macdonald R., Outridge P., and Stern G. 2010. Increasing contaminant
burdens in an Arctic fish, burbot (Lota lota), in a warming climate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 316-322.
Curriculum vitae
133
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Feiyue Wang
List of published contributions
56. Li W., Wang F., Zhang W., and Evans D. 2009. Measurement of stable and radioactive cesium in natural
waters by the diffusive gradients in thin films technique with new selective binding phases. Anal. Chem. 81,
5889-5895.
53. Wang F. and Tessier A. 2009. Zero-valent sulfur and metal speciation in sediment porewaters of freshwater
lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7252–7257.
52. Lemes M. and Wang F. 2009. Methylmercury speciation in fish muscle by HPLC-ICP-MS following
enzymatic hydrolysis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 24, 663-668.
Curriculum vitae
134
Feiyue Wang
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Water and Sanitation Security in First
Nations Communities (H2O CREATE)
Farenhorst A.
NSERC
CREATE
8
Canadian Arctic GEOTRACES
Francois R.
Support Period
Average amount
per year
From
To
W
$300,000
2014
2018
NSERC
CCAR
24
W
$1,000,000
2013
2018
ArcticNet Phase II
Fortier L.
NSERC/CIHR/SSHRC
NCE
16
W
$5,000,000
2011
2018
Cryospheric Chemistry of Mercury in
Sea Ice
Wang F.
NSERC
Discovery
40
W
$55,000
2011
2016
Instrumental Suite for High-Resolution
Ice-Ocean Interface and Boundary
Layer Process Studies in the
Canadian Arctic
Ehn J.
NSERC
Research Tools and Instruments
8
W
$106,945
2014
2015
Sediment Traps for Studying the Fate
of Organic Matter and Associated
Contaminants in the Arctic Ocean
Kuzyk Z.Z.
NSERC
Research Tools and Instruments
8
W
$78,000
2014
2015
Mercury and methyl mercury profiles
in the Arctic Ocean
Wang F.
Indian and Northern Affairs
Northern Contaminants Program
16
W
$60,850
2013
2014
Methylmercury speciation in Arctic
marine ecosystems
Wang F.
Indian and Northern Affairs
Northern Contaminants Program
16
W
$44,275
2011
2012
Interaction between chemical
contamination and climate change:
evidence from the Galapagos
Wang F.
University of Manitoba
URGP and Riddell Endowment
16
W
$14,000
2010
2011
Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System
Study
Barber D.
Federal Government
IPY
40
W
$1,600,000
2007
2011
ArcticNet
Fortier L.
NSERC/CIHR/SSHRC
NCE
20
W
$4,000,000
2004
2011
TiO2 as a Cost Effective Uranium
Getter for Uranium Contaminated
Sites
NSERC
Supplementary Strategic Program
20
W
$99,990
2008
2010
Curriculum vitae
R, W
135
Feiyue Wang
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Wang F.
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Support Period
R, W
Average amount
per year
From
To
Metal-thiol complexs in the aquatic
environment
Wang F.
NSERC
Discovery
80
W
$42,400
2006
2010
Metals in the Human Environment
Research Network
Hale B.
NSERC
Research Networks
24
W
$1,000,000
2005
2010
A Sea-ice Environmental Research
Facility (SERF)
Wang F.
CFI
LOF
16
W
$973,127
2008
2009
Coal and Sediment as a Mercury
Source to the Mackenzie River and
Stern G.
Environment Canada
Northern Ecosystem Iniatives
16
W
$45,000
2007
2009
Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System
Study
Barber D.
NSERC
IPY
24
W
$24,700
2007
2009
Curriculum vitae
136
John Yackel
Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name
Yackel
First name and initials
John J
Institution
University of Calgary
Position
Professor
Department/Division
Geography
Mailing address
Department of GeographyEarth Sciences 356University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta
CANADA
T2N 1N2
Contact information
Telephone
403-220-4892
Extension
Fax
403-282-6561
Email address
[email protected]
Web address
http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~fcaf/yackel.htm
Academic background
Degree type
Year received or expected
Discipline/Field/Speciality
Institution and country
Doctorate
2001
Sea Ice, Remote Sensing
University of Manitoba ,
CANADA
Master's
1995
Climatology
University of Calgary ,
CANADA
Bachelor's
1991
Physical Geography
Wilfrid Laurier University ,
CANADA
Printed on2014-06-27
137
John Yackel
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords
Microwave Remote Sensing, Snow Covered Sea Ice, Microclimatology,
Microwave Scattering, Geographic Information Systems, Geophysical Inversion,
Modelling
Discipline
OCEANOGRAPHY
Subdiscipline
Physical Oceanography
Discipline
GEOPHYSICS
Subdiscipline
Physical Geography
Discipline
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Subdiscipline
Remote Sensing
Work experience
Period
Position/Organization
Department/Division
Professor, University of Calgary
Geography
2013
Associate Professor, University of Calgary
Geography
2005
2013
Assistant Professor, University of Calgary
Geography
2000
2005
Ph.D. Candidate, University of Manitoba
Geography
1998
2001
Instructor, University of Manitoba
Geography and Education
1997
2000
Research Scientist, University of Manitoba
Geography
1995
2000
Ph.D. Student, University of Manitoba
Geography
1995
1998
Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of
Manitoba
Geography
1995
1997
Digital Terrain Analyst, Intera Information
Technologies Corp
Starmap
1993
1995
M.Sc. Student, University of Calgary
Geography
1991
1995
Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of
Calgary
Geography
1991
1993
Computer Operator, Mississauga Hospital
Information Systems
1989
1991
B.A. (Honours) Student, Wilfrid Laurier University
Geography
1987
1991
Curriculum vitae
Start date
End date
138
Canada Foundation for Innovation
John Yackel
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over
the past five years. It should include:
• the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed
articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology
transfer, other forms of research output),
• the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the
most important contributions; and
• other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards,
consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on
committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
Fuller, M. Christopher., Gill., Jagvijay. P. S., Geldsetzer, T.,Yackel, J.J., and Derksen, C., 2014. C-band
backscatter from a complexly-layered snow cover on first-year sea ice. Hydrological Processes. DOI: 10.1002/
hyp.10255.
This recently published paper tackles the challenging task of investigating complexly configured/layered snow
on sea ice in the light of Arctic warming and the increasing frequency of rain on snow (and subsequent
freeze/thaw) events during the spring transition season. These events create complexity and difficulty in our
interpretation of synthetic aperture radar images from space and make our interpretation of the icescape and
its physical characteristics challenging.
Hossain, M., J. Yackel, M. Dabboor, M.C. Fuller., 2014. Application of a three-component scattering model
over snow-covered first-year sea ice using polarimetric C-band SAR data. International Journal of Remote
Sensing, 35(5), 1786-1803.
This simple, but novel model is applied to the case of first-year sea ice classification from polarimetric SAR
imagery and evaluated with in situ validation data from an Arctic sea ice field campaign. The model simplifies
the first-sea ice type continuum into smooth, rough and very rough categories and concludes that the model
could be used to estimate the catchment topography for providing first order estimates of the snow thickness
distribution on first-year sea ice.
Gill, J.P.S., J.J. Yackel and T. Geldsetzer., 2013. Analysis of consistency in first-year sea ice classification
potential of C-band SAR polarimetric parameters. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(2), 101-117.
An important paper on the reproducibility of polarimetric SAR image classification techniques and the
potential misclassification that can arise under certain thermodynamic and geophysical conditions with
snow covered first-year sea ice. This paper will be useful for Canadian and International Sea Ice Services as
they begin to explore the utility of select polarimetric SAR parameters for sea ice type, concentration and
thermodynamic stage classification.
Scharien, R. K., J. J. Yackel, D. G. Barber, M. Asplin, M. Gupta, and D. Isleifson (2012), Geophysical controls
on C band polarimetric backscatter from melt pond covered Arctic first-year sea ice: Assessment using highresolution scatterometry, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00G18, doi:10.1029/2011JC007353.
Curriculum vitae
139
Canada Foundation for Innovation
John Yackel
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
Again, a new and important paper on the unique contributions that polarimetric SAR can make on estimating
the melt stage of first-year sea ice with an evolving melt pond cover. The papers most important result is the
identification and conclusion that the co-polarization ratio is a hallmark parameter for the estimation of melt
pond fraction, which recently was assessed to be an important parameter in the estimate in the pan-Arctic sea
ice minimum extent in September (Flocco et al., 2014)
Tivy, A., S.E.L. Howell, B. Alt, J.J. Yackel, and T. Carrieres. 2011. Origins and levels of seasonal forecast
skill for sea ice in Hudson Bay using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Journal of Climate. Vol 24, No. 5, doi:
10.1175/2010JCLI3527.1.
The paper provided one of few pieces of evidence that multivariate statistical techniques play an important role
is seasonal ice forecasting. It demonstrated that the Hudson Bay sea ice cover in July can be mostly explained
by sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic as manifested by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)
during the preceding fall.
Tivy, A., S.E.L. Howell, B. Alt, S. McCourt, G. Crocker, T. Carrieres and J.J. Yackel. 2011. Trends and variability
in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960 to 2008
and 1968-2008. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. Vol. 116, C03007, doi:10.1029/2009JC005855.
The this highly cited paper provides a synthesis and summary of sea ice type and concentration data in the
Canadian Arctic from the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive. It compares and contrasts two time period;
1960 to 2008 and 1968-2008, and highlights the role of ENSO in predicting multiyear and first-year sea ice
types in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Emphasis is placed on the potential effect these changing trends
and patterns have on the Northwest Passage sea routes and implications for ship navigability.
T. Geldsetzer, A. Langlois and J. Yackel., 2009. Dielectric properties of brine-wetted snow on first-year sea
ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 58(1-2), 47-56.
This paper presents measurements, empirical models and a semi-physical dielectric mixture model for the
dielectric constant and dielectric loss of brine-wetted snow on first-year sea ice over frequency ranges between
10 and 50 MHz. Nearly all dielectric measurements of snow covered first-year sea ice fall within this range and
because nearly all of the dielectric measurements made of snow covered first-year sea ice include brine within
the basal layer of the snow. These dielectric properties of the snow cover on first-year sea ice are paramount
towards understanding microwave backscatter signatures from this surface type.
Curriculum vitae
140
Canada Foundation for Innovation
John Yackel
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted
and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
JJ Yackel, T Geldsetzer, JPS Gill and G Bhardwaj., 2014. Time Series SeaWinds/QuikScat and MODIS
albedo observations over landfast first-year sea ice for snow thickness discrimination. Remote Sensing of
Environment, (in review).
M.C. Fuller., JPS Gill, T. Geldsetzer, J.J. Yackel and C. Derksen, 2014. C-band backscatter from a complexlylayered snow cover on first-year sea ice. Hydrological Processes. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10255.
M Hossain, J Yackel, M Dabboor, MC Fuller., 2014. Application of a three-component scattering model over
snow-covered first-year sea ice using polarimetric C-band SAR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing
35 (5), 1786-1803.
JPS Gill, JJ Yackel, T Geldsetzer., 2013. Analysis of consistency in first-year sea ice classification potential of
C-band SAR polarimetric parameters. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (02), 101-117.
M Dabboor, J Yackel, M Hossain, A Braun., 2013. Comparing matrix distance measures for unsupervised
POLSAR data classification of sea ice based on agglomerative clustering. International Journal of Remote
Sensing 34 (4), 1492-1505.
RK Scharien, JJ Yackel, DG Barber, M Asplin, M Gupta, D Isleifson., 2012. Geophysical controls on C band
polarimetric backscatter from melt pond covered Arctic first�year sea ice: Assessment using high�resolution
scatterometry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 117 (C8).
JPS Gill and JJ Yackel., 2012. Evaluation of C-band SAR polarimetric parameters for discrimination of firstyear sea ice types
Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 38 (03), 306-323.
JW Kim, D Kim, SH Kim, BJ Hwang, J Yackel., 2012. Detection of Icebergs Using Full-Polarimetric
RADARSAT-2 SAR Data in West Antarctica. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 28 (1).
A Tivy, SEL Howell, B Alt, S McCourt, R Chagnon, G Crocker, T Carrieres, and J Yackel., 2011. Trends and
variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive,
1960–2008 and 1968–2008
Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans (1978–2012) 116 (C3).
A Tivy, SEL Howell, B Alt, JJ Yackel, T Carrieres., 2011. Origins and Levels of Seasonal Forecast Skill for Sea
Ice in Hudson Bay Using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Journal of Climate 24 (5).
RK Scharien, T Geldsetzer, DG Barber, JJ Yackel, A Langlois., 2010. Physical, dielectric, and C band
microwave scattering properties of first�year sea ice during advanced melt. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Oceans (1978–2012) 115 (C12).
Curriculum vitae
141
Canada Foundation for Innovation
John Yackel
List of published contributions
EJ Stewart, SEL Howell, D Draper, J Yackel, A Tivy., 2010. Cruise tourism in Arctic Canada: Navigating a
warming climate.
Tourism and change in polar regions.
Curriculum vitae
142
John Yackel
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants
and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions.
Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Title of proposal
Name of Principal Applicant /
Project Leader
Funding source
Program name
Time commitment (hours per
month)
Support Period
R, W
Average amount
per year
From
To
Research Support
J. Yackel
Faculty of Arts, University of
Calgary
5
W
$40,000
2013
2017
Derivation of snow thickness
information on sea ice using in-situ
and satellite based multi-frequency
polarimetric scatterometer and SAR
data
J. Yackel
NSERC
Discovery Grant
10
W
$22,000
2010
2014
Derivation of snow thickness
information on sea ice using in-situ
and satellite based multi-frequency
polarimetric scatterometer and SAR
data
J. Yackel
NSERC
Northern Research Supplement
5
W
$15,000
2010
2014
ArcticNET - Hudson Bay IRIS 3
Sea Ice, Climate Change and the
Marine Ecosystem - Phase 3
D. Barber
NSERC
Network of Centres of Excellence
of Canada
15
W
$18,000
2010
2014
Arctic-ICE – 2012
Multi-frequency Microwave
Backscatter of snow covered first-year
sea ice
J. Yackel
Canadian Ice Service Environment Canada
GRIP
5
W
$20,000
2012
2012
IPY-CFL: International Polar Year Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study
D. Barber
NSERC
Sea Ice
10
$15,000
2009
2010
Curriculum vitae
143
Project number 33089
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Suggested reviewers
The decision whether or not to use the suggestions remains with the CFI.
Name
Kenneth Lee
Institution/Organization
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Country
AUSTRALIA
Email
[email protected]
Telephone
61-8-64368629
Fax
Online CV or biography
http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Flagships/Wealth-from-OceansFlagship/KennethLee.aspx
Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Offshore oil & gas, Ocean renewable energy, Oil spill research
Name
Don Perovich
Institution/Organization
Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth
Country
CANADA
Email
[email protected]
Telephone
1-603-6460743
Fax
Online CV or biography
http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/people/faculty/donald-perovich/
Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Sea ice geophysics; the interaction of sunlight with ice and snow; the Arctic
system and climate change
Name
Seelye Martin
Institution/Organization
University of Washington
Country
UNITED STATES
Email
[email protected]
Telephone
1-206-5436438
Fax
Online CV or biography
http://www.ocean.washington.edu/home/Seelye+Martin
Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Remote sensing of ice growth & melting; oceanography processes of Arctic
Ocean & Okhotsk Sea
Suggested reviewers
Proposal
144
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Name
Peter Wadhams
Institution/Organization
University of Cambridge
Country
ENGLAND
Email
[email protected]
Telephone
44-0-1223760372
Project number 33089
Fax
Online CV or biography
http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/pw11/
Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Sea Ice, dynamics, motion tracking, oil in sea ice
Name
Steve Blasco
Institution/Organization
Natural Resources Canada - Geological Survey
Country
CANADA
Email
[email protected]
Telephone
1-902-4263932
Fax
Online CV or biography
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/trailblazers/steve-blasco/3477
Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Geohazards, geology, multibeam ocean mapping, paleoceanography
Name
Stig Falk Petersen
Institution/Organization
Aukvaplan Niva
Country
NORWAY
Email
[email protected]
Telephone
47-95-111914
Fax
Online CV or biography
www.akvaplan.niva.no
Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Ecology; Arctic bioenergetics of pelagic, bottom fishes & invertebrates; energy
flow & bioaccumulation pollutants
Suggested reviewers
Proposal
145
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Name
Rolf Gradinger
Institution/Organization
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Country
UNITED STATES
Email
[email protected]
Telephone
1-907-4747407
Fax
1-907-4747204
Online CV or biography
https://www.sfos.uaf.edu/directory/faculty/gradinger/
Project number 33089
Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Sea ice ecology; microbial network; polar ecology; marine protists
Name
Roland Von Glascow
Institution/Organization
University of East Anglia
Country
UNITED KINGDOM
Email
[email protected]
Telephone
44-1603-593204
Fax
Online CV or biography
http://www.uea.ac.uk/~fkd06bju/
Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Chemistry and physics of the atmosphere
Suggested reviewers
Proposal
146