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Physical Optics Course Schedule: Jan – May 2013 Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani and Elite School of Optometry (Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai) B S OPTOMETRY First Year - Second Semester – Academic Year (2012 – 2013) COURSE HANDOUT COURSE NO. : OPTO ZC131 COURSE TITLE : PHYSICAL OPTICS INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Dr K Ambujam and Ms M V S Sailaja Course Objective: The objectives of this course are to describe the wave nature of light and apply the wave theory to explain classic phenomena such as interference, diffraction and polarization. Working of some optical instruments and a brief description of scattering and laser will also be included in the study. In the laboratory, measurements of characteristics of light such as wavelength and intensity using the facility available. Spectral attempt to unify theory and experiments will be made wherever possible. Text Books: A text book of Optics, N.SUBRAHMANYAM & BRIJ LAL, S. Chand & Co. Edn. 2000 Reference Book:1) Fundamentals of Optics, F.A. JENKINS & H.E.WHITE: , McGraw Hill 1980) 2) Optics and Vision, LENO S PEDROTTI AND FRANK L PEDROTTI , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff (1998) Course Plan : S No Topics 1 Nature of light: 1.1. The origin of light in atomic transitions 1.2. Light as transverse oscillations of electromagnetic fields; sine waves. 1.3. Concepts of amplitude, phase and intensity. 1.4. Concepts of wavefronts; Huygens principle; Sinusoidal waves. 1.5 Electromagnetic spectrum; visible spectrum; UV; UV-A, UV-B, UV-C; IR - far and near IR radiations; X-rays 2 Interference: 2.1 Coherence; path and phase difference; Young’s Double slit experiment; calculation of fringe width. 2.2 Interference in a thin films; interference due to transmitted and reflected light; anti-reflection coating; interferometer. 2.3 Newton’s rings; refractive index of a liquid. 3 Diffraction: 3.1 Circular aperture – qualitative and quantitative; Airy disk; resolution of two points; examples from instruments 3.2 Diffraction due to a single slit; qualitative - slit as a collection of circular apertures; quantitative - calculation of fringe width. 3.3 Diffraction due to multiple slits; diffraction grating; reflection and transmission grating. 3.4 Contrasts; modulation transfer function 4 Polarization: 4.1 Light as oscillation of electric field; polarization; plane & circular polarization. 4.2 Polarizers and analyzers; Malus’s law: I(θ) = I(0) cos2θ Hours 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Physical Optics Course Schedule: Jan – May 2013 5 6 7 8 4.3 Birefringence 4.4 Heidinger’s Brushes; laser scanning polarimetry; Polaroid Glasses Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: 5.1 Introduction to Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. 5.2 Application to Fluoresce in Angiography Scattering: 6.1 Rayleigh’s scattering; blueness of the sky. 6.2 Raman scattering.(ARMD?) 6.3 Introduction to ocular media Introduction to LASER: 7.1 Coherence; spatial and temporal coherence; spontaneous and stimulated emission; population inversion; laser pumping. 7.2 Different types of lasers – gas lasers: He-Ne laser, Ar laser; solid lasers – Ruby laser, semi-conductor lasers 7.3 Ophthalmic use of lasers – Excimer laser, LASIK Radiometry and Photometry: 8.1 Introduction to SI systems of measurement. 8.2 Definition of radiometric units - radiant energy, radiant energy density, radiant flux, radiant exitance, irradiance, radiant intensity, radiance. 8.3 R2 fall of irradiance with distance R; Lambert’s law: I(θ) = I(0) cosθ. 8.4 Retinal sensitivity functions; photopic and scotopic V(λ) curve. 8.5 Definition of photometry as radiometry filtered through V(λ) curve; definition of photometric units - luminous energy, luminous energy density, luminous flux (or luminous power), luminous exitance, illuminance, luminous intensity, luminance. 8.6 Light levels in various environments - day light, night light, room lighting Total number of hours 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 51 Practical S No Particulars 1 Radius of curvature of lens forming Newton’s rings 2 Refractive index of the material of a prism-spectrometer 3 Thickness of wire by air wedge interference 4 Standardization of grating 5 Wavelength determination by biprism experiment 6 Diffraction at a circular aperture – Airy pattern diameter of a pin hole – laser source 7 Error analysis of measurement – dispersion 8 Verification of Inverse Square Law; Effect of aperture size on image illuminance 9 Diffraction at slit aperture and straight wire 10 Resolving power of a grating 11 Effect of image defocus on image illuminance; Effect of magnification on image illuminance. 12 Polarimeter Evaluation Component Schedule: Component Month Pattern Marks Feb and EC – I and III April EC – II March Comp. Exam May INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE Assignment, quiz, viva, seminar, debate, lecture evaluation, surprise test, etc. Written Written – Three Hours 40 20 40