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High Contrast Gratings for Integrated Optoelectronics
High Contrast Gratings for Integrated Optoelectronics

Diffraction Grating Handbook
Diffraction Grating Handbook

... The first diffraction grating was made by an American astronomer, David Rittenhouse, in 1785, who reported constructing a half-inch wide grating with fifty-three apertures. Apparently he developed this prototype no further, and there is no evidence that he tried to use it for serious scientific expe ...
Diffraction Grating Handbook
Diffraction Grating Handbook

Waveguide lasers in ytterbium doped tantalum pentoxide for
Waveguide lasers in ytterbium doped tantalum pentoxide for

... low-cost planar devices with many interlocking photonic circuits for multi-functionality. Numerical modelling of symmetrical rib waveguide in Ta2O5 was carried out finding an optimum waveguide design for a near-circular mode profile with maximum confinement of light within the core with various etch ...
Nd:YAG Based Laser Sources for Targeting
Nd:YAG Based Laser Sources for Targeting

... Porro prism resonator is investigated. This perturbation insensitive resonator design is used in laser systems operating over the full military environment of vibration and temperature. A number of aspects of the design are computer modelled with experimental verification, such as the effects of the ...
Optical Shop Testing
Optical Shop Testing

... under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 75 ...
generation and propagation of optical vortices
generation and propagation of optical vortices

Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media
Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media

Fused Silica Transmission Gratings
Fused Silica Transmission Gratings

... and angle sensitivity, while fused silica transmission gratings have high wavelength and angle tolerance. Of mostly historic importance, gratings can be ruled or holographically patterned. Today, holography has all but displaced ruling technology for high-performance gratings, due to higher resoluti ...
Development of a Tm3+-doped Fluoride Glass - DORAS
Development of a Tm3+-doped Fluoride Glass - DORAS

... 1.4.3 Solid state lasers Solid state lasers are usually based on a host crystal or glass doped with active laser ions. The first report of an operational laser was made by Maiman in 1961§. This was a ruby laser, in which chromium ions were used to emit a high intensity pulse of red light when excite ...
STED Microscopy
STED Microscopy

... multiphoton processes such as two-photon excitation, which require gigawatts per square centimeter peak intensities. In practice, τ STED ≥ 100 ps has been shown to work best in STED microscopy (Leutenegger, Eggeling, and Hell, 2010). Using pulsed lasers allows for concentration of the available aver ...
POLITECNICO DI MILANO Polo Regionale di Lecco Faculty of
POLITECNICO DI MILANO Polo Regionale di Lecco Faculty of

THESIS Theoretical Study of Light Scattering by an Elliptical Cylinder
THESIS Theoretical Study of Light Scattering by an Elliptical Cylinder

light sources for optical fibers
light sources for optical fibers

... fiber. This smearing of pulses can be remedied through the use of graded-index or single-mode fibers. Earlier, it was noted that light rays could be deflected by variations in the refractive index of a medium as well as by encountering an abrupt interface between two indices. There are a number of m ...
Basic Wavefront Aberration Theory for Optical Metrology
Basic Wavefront Aberration Theory for Optical Metrology

... II. ABERRATION-FREE IMAGE Before looking at aberrations, and the effect of aberrations on images, we will look at the image (point spread function) that would be obtained of a “point” object if no aberration were present. The image, which we will call an aberration-free image, is more commonly calle ...
High Harmonic Generation for Coherent Diffractive Imaging
High Harmonic Generation for Coherent Diffractive Imaging

... 1200 grooves/mm-grating of the monochromator Setpoint GIMS#4, spectral range from 4.4 nm to 10.6 nm). Thus, the diffracted harmonic beam may consist of several harmonic orders instead of one single harmonic order. ...
Soliton Interactions and the Formation of Solitonic Patterns
Soliton Interactions and the Formation of Solitonic Patterns

... We have found that non-linear systems supporting solitons provide a rich theoretical and physical environment in which to study the dynamics of pattern formation. There are two main reasons. First, soliton interactions and properties are complex, and the range of behavior to explore is vast and very ...
Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging
Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging

Wu_umd_0117E_17432 - DRUM
Wu_umd_0117E_17432 - DRUM

Propagation dynamics of optical vortices
Propagation dynamics of optical vortices

... core. This difference can also be observed in linear media when one examines the propagation of vortices that have small localized core functions rather than the wide global core functions that characterize cavity modes. For cavity-type modes the amplitude of the electric field varies linearly with ...
Wavefront Aberration - University of Arizona
Wavefront Aberration - University of Arizona

`Singular Optics`, International Journal of Optics, Vol.2012
`Singular Optics`, International Journal of Optics, Vol.2012

... field of singular optics. This special issue is to bring out some of the important research works in this field and to provide a platform to initiate and invite the researchers to share their findings in this relatively new journal. This special issue in an open access journal provides a new dimension ...
Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy
Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy

... photons absorbed = ( flux per pixel) ¥ (OD) = 2 ¥ 105 ( s * pixel * mW ) at 500 nm. Assuming a quantum yield of 0.8 and a collection efficiency of 10%, the detector receives photons at the detector = 1.6 ¥ 10 4 (s * pixel * mW of incident light). Given the quantum efficiency for a good detector (10% ...
Polarization-insensitive high-dispersion total internal reflection
Polarization-insensitive high-dispersion total internal reflection

Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy
Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy

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Holography



Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. Typically, a hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than of an image formed by a lens, and it is used to display a fully three-dimensional image of the holographed subject, which is seen without the aid of special glasses or other intermediate optics. The hologram itself is not an image and it is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light. It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of seemingly random variations in the opacity, density, or surface profile of the photographic medium. When suitably lit, the interference pattern diffracts the light into a reproduction of the original light field and the objects that were in it appear to still be there, exhibiting visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically with any change in the relative position of the observer.In its pure form, holography requires the use of laser light for illuminating the subject and for viewing the finished hologram. In a side-by-side comparison under optimal conditions, a holographic image is visually indistinguishable from the actual subject, if the hologram and the subject are lit just as they were at the time of recording. A microscopic level of detail throughout the recorded volume of space can be reproduced. In common practice, however, major image quality compromises are made to eliminate the need for laser illumination when viewing the hologram, and sometimes, to the extent possible, also when making it. Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure, to avoid the hazardous high-powered pulsed lasers otherwise needed to optically ""freeze"" living subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires. Holograms can now also be entirely computer-generated and show objects or scenes that never existed.Holography should not be confused with lenticular and other earlier autostereoscopic 3D display technologies, which can produce superficially similar results but are based on conventional lens imaging. Stage illusions such as Pepper's Ghost and other unusual, baffling, or seemingly magical images are also often incorrectly called holograms.
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