Download The Construction of Literature Indexes Using SAS

THE CONSTRUCTION OF LITERATURE INDEXES USING SAS
Paul J. von Doehren, G. D. Searle & Co.
ABSTRACT
DISClJSSION
Index preparation is often useful when a
moderate-ta-large number of literature
sources are available for a particular
The indexing code has been divided ·into
four sections. Each se'eticn has been
placed in a separate macro as follows:
application. Simple alphabetical
listings, perhaps with subgrouping by
MACRO INDXDATA - Transfers reference
topic, are usually adequate when the
number of references is small (e.g., up
information from a user file to a SAS
data set. (See documentation in
Figure 6 for instructions on
to 50 sources) and the number of topics
is restricted. An improved form of
indexing becomes attractive as the
numbers of references, topics and
preparation of the data file.)
MACRO INDXAUTH - Constructs an
alphabetical listing by author.
potential users increase. Several
indexing algorithms already exist.
However, the acquisition and maintenance
of an existing indexing software package
for use with moderate size source lists
One
entry is produced for each author.
MACRO INDXSOUR - Constructs an
alphabetical listing according to
may not provide sufficient flexibility,
simplicity and convenience compared to an
reference source. One entry is
included for each reference.
algorithm implemented in a familiar
MACRO INDXKEYW - Transfers drop-list
high-level language (e.g., SAS).
information from a user file to a SAS
data set and constructs an
A collection of SAS statements that
constructs a listinq of references
according to subject is presented. The
subject listing is produced using a
combination of keyword and keyword-in-
alphabetical listing according to
title words and special keywords.
One
entry is included for each word or
keyword except for those words that
appear on the drop-list.
context approaches to index construction.
Simple author and source listings are
The author index (macro INDXAUTH) is
also constructed by the SAS code.
constructed very simply by creating
separate data set observations for each
INTRODUCTION
author as it is being assigned to a
special sort variable, SORTKEY. The
resulting data set is then sorted by the
SORTKEY variable and formatted for
output. The source index (macro
INDXSOUR) is just a simple sort on the
SOURCE and AUTHORI (i.e., principle
author) Variables followed by output
formatting.
Keyword indexes produced from title words
and special keywords provide a convenient
means of locating articles on a
particular topic within a longer list of
reference articles covering a wide range
of subjects. This is especially true
when the list of titles becomes too long
to manage in a simple alphabetical
listing (e.g., by author). A variety of
The keyword index (macro INDXKEYW) is a
potential users also tends to complicate
the construction of simple alphabetical
listings. Computer software is already
little more complicated. However, the
majority of the code is concerned with
available for the construction of keyword
formatting the output.
indexes (e.g., References 1 and 2).
However these are not readily accessible
and convenient for the occasional user.
A previous application (Reference 3)
illustrated how SAS could be used to
generate a keyword-in-context (K.W.I.C.)
observations are created for each title
Rword" (i.e., SAS variable) and each
keyword as they are being assigned to a
special KEYWORD variable. The resulting
data set is sorted by the KEYWORD
variable and merged with the drop-list
index for a specialized application.
data set.
It
Separate data set
All observations that match
was pointed out that a basic keyword
the drop-list entries are deleted.
index could be constructed using a small
number of SAS statements. The present
paper introduces a set of SAS statements
remainder of the code is concerned with
The
formatting the output and in particular
shifting the title left or right
(wrapping around to the opposite side of
the page where necessary) so that the
keywords form a vertical column down the
page. The appearance of the output is
that provides a more general capability
for literature indexing. BAS users
should find it easy to implement and
modify the statements (if necessary) to
fit specialized needs.
described in the discussion of the
example.
607
EXAMPLE
The title in the keyword index (Figure 5)
is shifted left or right so that the
keyword is positioned in a vertical
column down the page to facilitate visual
scanning. If necessary, -the title will
~wrap-aroundn to the opposite side of the
page (e.g., see title line for the
keyword "THEORY" in Figure 5). A dashed
line is also included in the line below
each keyword to make the keyword column
easier to follow. If the entry
corresponds to a special keyword, e.g.,
'STATISTICAL-PACKAGES' in Figure 5, the
title is positioned with the first word
in the keyword column and the keyword is
positioned directly below. Author(sl and
source information are also included in
each keyword index entry.
The information typically available for a
reference includes author{s), title,
keywords and publication source. The
list of references for this paper
provides an example of these types of
information except for special keywords
which might be obtained from the
reference, an abstract or a review.
Figure 1 presents this same information
(edited) in a form that is useable by the
indexing code. The author(s) for a
particular reference are entered on a
single line (or card). The title is
entered using up to two
lines~
The
keywords are also entered on up to two
lines and the source identification is
entered on a single line. A detailed
description for preparing input is
included in the documentation provided in
the listing (Figure 6). For the example
of Figure 1 the first -two references used
5 lines (cards) each and the last
reference used four lines. The '$$1
entries in the title lines of the first
two references indicate that the title
continues on the following line (see file
description, Figure 6). The information
for the references is placed on a Mfile"
and is accessed in the code by an INFILE
statement under the DDNAME of DATA
(Figure 6).
REFERENCES
(1) Joiner, B. L. and J. M. Gwyne,
(Eds .. ), "Current Index to Statistics Applications, Methods and Theory,
Volume 5," Am Stat Assn and Inst of Math
Stat, 1979.
(2) Ross, 1. C. and J. W. Tukey, "Index
to Statistics and Probability: Permuted
Ti tIes; A-Microbiology,·1 The R&D Press,
Los Altos, Calif., 1975.
(3) Spitznagel, E. L., Jr., "K.W.I.C.
Indexes With SAS," Proc. Third Annual
SUGI Conference, pp. 267-270, 1977.
Words that appear in the title but which
are to be dropped by the code when
constructing entries for the keyword
index are included in a second file.
Figure 2 provides a listing of words that
were dropped during index construction
for the example. This file is accessed
by the code under the DDNAME of NOTKEY
(Figure 6).
Figures 3, 4, and 5 display
the author, source and keyword indexes,
respectively, that were produced using
the macros plus the fOllowing SAS code.
FIGURE 1.
LISTING OF REFERENCE INFORMATION
(EXAMPLE)
00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060
00070
00080
00090
00100
00110
00120
00130
00140
INDXDATA
INDXAUTH
TITLE TITLE FOR AUTHOR INDEX EXAMPLE;
INDXSOUR
TITLE TITLE FOR SOURCE INDEX EXAMPLE;
INDXKEYW
TITLE TITLE FOR KEYWORD INDEX EXAMPLE;
Separate index entries appear for each
author of a reference in the-author index
(Figure 3). The author(s) appear at the
left of the index entry. When a
reference has more than one author the
positions of the authors are interchanged
so that the author used in the sorting
operation appears at the left of the
entry. The reference title and source
are also included in each index entry.
The same information appears in the
source index entries (Figure 4).. The
positions of the source and author(s) are
interchanged so that the source appears
at the left side of the entry.
JOINER, B. L.(ED.) GWYNE, J. M. (AST.ED.)
CURRENT I~"EX TO STATISTICS- $$
APPLICATIONS, METHODS AND THEORY J VOLUME-5
NONE
AM ST ASN & INST MATH ST, 1979
ROSS, I~ c~ TUKEY, J. W.
INDEX TO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY, $$
PERMUTED TITLES, A-MICROBIOLOGY
NONE
THE R&D PRESS~LOS ALTOS,CA,~75
SPITZNAGEL, E. L.,JR
K.W.I.C. INDEXES WITH SAS
STATISTICAL-PACKAGES
PROC 3RD SUOI CONF,P267,1977
FIGURE 2.
LISTING OF WORDS TO BE DROPPED
(EXAMPLE)
00010 A-MICROBIOLOGY
00020 AND CURRENT
00030 TITLES TO VOLUME-5 WITH
608
"'f-:"':'\"l';«\~'l'Ft~~~<'>:T>~"~~ •.
",,'"<-; ·'''','''·'''"''''''·.,.... 't'~fj.,:--;'·
:~""'-''''','''-'- ''''_;-..-.: ..-~,,''J><,ni_;''': "'''Y'O'¥''o" - '~"'':'~",-'"~'<''''' >,-_'~,"'_'"
FIGURE 3.
AUTHOR INDEX (EXAMPLE)
TITLE FOR AUTHOR INDEX EXAMPLE
AUTHOR INDEX
0:16 MONDAY, JANUARY 26, 1981
AUTHOR(S)
TITLE
SOURCE
GWYNE, J. M. (AST.ED.) • JOINER, B. L.(ED.)
CURRENT INDEX TO STATISTICS- APPLICATIONS, METHODS AND THEORY, VOLUME-S
AM
ST ASN
AM
ST ASN & INST MATH ST, 1979
JOINER, B. L.(ED.)
*
GWYNE, J. M. (AST.ED.)
&
1
!KST MATH ST, 1979
CURRENT INDEX TO STATISTICS- APPLICATIONS, METHODS AND THEORY, VOLUME-S
ROSS, I. C. * TUKEY, J. W.
INDEX TO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: PERMUTED TITLES. A-MICROBIOLOGY
THE R&D PRESS,LOS ALTOS,CA,'75
SPITZNAGEL. E. L.,JR
PROC 3RD SUGI CONF,P267,1977
K.W.I.C. INDEXES WITH SAS
'"o
'"
TUKEY, J, W. * ROSS, I. C.
THE R&D PRESS,LOS ALTOS,CA,'75
INDEX TO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: PERMUTED TITLES, A-MICROBIOLOGY
FIGURE 4.
SOURCE INDEX (EXAMPLE)
TITLE FOR SOURCE INDEX EXAMPLE
0:16 MONDAY, JANUARY 26, 1981
SOURCE INDEX
SOURCE
TITLE
AUTHOR(S)
JOINER, B. L.(ED.) * GWYNE, J.
CURRENT INDEX TO STATISTICS- APPLICATIONS. METHODS AND THEORY J VOLUME-5
AM ST ASN & INST MATH ST, 1979
PRoe 3RD SUG! CONF,P267,1977
K.W.I.C. INDEXES WITH SAS
SPITZNAGEL, E. L. lJR
THE R&D PRESS,LOS ALTOS,CA,'7S
ROSS, I. C•• TUKEY, J. W.
INDEX TO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: PERMUTED TITLES, A-MICROBIOLOGY
~.
(AST.ED.)
2
FIGURE 5.
KEYWORD INDEX (EXAMPLE)
TITLE FOR KEYWORD INDEX EXAMPLE
0:16 MONDAY, JANUARY 26, 1981
3
KEYWORD INDEX
KEYWORD
SOURCE
• AUTHOR(S)
CURRENT INDEX TO STATISTICS- APPLICATIONS, METHODS AND THEORY, VOLUME-5
------------• JOINER, B. L.(ED.) • GWYNE, J. M. (AST.ED.)
AM ST ASN & INST MATH ST, 1979
CURRENT INDEX TO STATISTICS- APPLICATIONS, METHODS AND THEORY, VDLUME-5
• JOINER, B. L.(ED.)
* GWYNE,
J. M. (AST.ED.)
AM ST ASN & INST MATH ST, 1979
INDEX Te STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: PERMUTED TIT~S, A-MlCROBIOLOGY
* ROSS, I. C. * TUKEY, J. W.
THE R&D PRESS,LOS ALTOS,CA,-75
K.W.I.C. INDEXES WITH SAS
*
SPITZNAGEL, E. L. ,JR
PRoe 3RD SUGr CONF,P267,1977
K.W.I.C. INDEXES WITH SAS
-------* SPITZNAGEL. E. L.,JR
PRoe 3RD SUGr CONF,P267,1977
CURRENT INDEX TO STATISTICS- APPLICATIONS, METHODS AND THEORY, VOLUME-5
• JOINER, B. L.(ED.) • GWYNE, J. M. (AST.ED.)
AM ST ASN & INST MATH ST, 1979
INDEX TO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY; PERMUTED TITLES, A-MICROBIOLOGY
*
ROSS, 1. C.
*
o
rl
"'
TUKEY, J. W.
IHE R&D PRESS,LOS ALTOS,CA,'75
INDEX TO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: PERMUTED TITLES, A-MICROBIOLOGY
*
ROSS, I. C.
* TUKEY,
J. W.
THE R&D PRESS,LOS
ALTOS.CA,~75
K.W.I.C. INDEXES WITH SAS
* SPITZNAGEL, E. L.,JR
PRoe 3RD SUGI CONF,P267,1977
K.W.I.C. INDEXES WITH SAS
STATISTICAL-PACKAGES* SPITZNAGEL, E. L.,JR
PROC 3RD SUGI CONF,P267,1977
INDEX TO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: PERMUTED TITLES, A-MICROBIOLOGY
* ROSS, I. C. * TUKEY, J. W.
THE R&D PRESS,LOS
ALTOS.CA,~75
CURRENT INDEX TO STATISTICS- APPLICATIONS, METHODS AND THEORY, VOLUME-5
----------* JOINER, B. L.(ED.) * GWYNE, J. M. (AST.ED.)
.~
INDEX TO STATISTICS- APPLICATIONS, METHODS AND THEORY, VOLUME-5
*
ST ASN & INST MATH ST, 1979
CURRENT
JOINER, B. L.(ED.) • G''YNE, J. M. (AST.ED.)
AM ST ASN & INST MATH ST, 1979
INDEX TO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: PERMUTED TITLES, A-MICROBIOLOGY
-------
*
ROSS, I. C.
*
TUKEY, J. W.
THE R&D PRESS,LOS
, ___ .. ....'-',..
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-• • 0 _;-'-'-'.':'~-'-:_'"------'- •• _,--C"~':""
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•.• ;~,:;;"'~~_ .• -_'''><·''''m'''......1..'--''----'~ ....""-,--,,,,-~,,,s.~
ALTOS.CA,~75
" r " _ """""
FIGURE 6.
I
tp:
00010
00020
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000 70
00080
00090
00100
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OOlZO
00130
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INDEX CODE LISTING
OPTIONS NOSOURCE; MACRO INDXDATA
***********************************************************************;
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
LIT ERA T U R E I N D E X I N G
COD E
********;
********;
********;
PAUL J.
********;
VON DOEHREN
SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION DEPARTMENT
G.
D.
SEARLE & CO., BOX 5110
*****~**;
********;
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60680
********;
********
********;
***********************************************************************;
* NAME
FILE DESCRIPTION
*************************************************************;
*******
FILE CONTAINING WORDS TO BE DROPPED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION
'NOT KEY
OF THE KEYWORD INDEX.
LINE SIZE CURRENTLY LIMITED TO 72
COLUMNS. MAXIMUM -WORD SIZE IS 20 CHARACTERS. WORDS }fUST BE
SEPARATED BY AT LEAST ONE BLANK CHARACTER. ANY NUMBER OF
WORDS MAY BE INCLUDED ON A GIVEN LINE SUBJECT TO THE ABOVE.
*DATA
FILE CONTAINING REFERENCE
CONSISTS OF FOUR PARTS:
INFORMATION~
EACH REFERENCE ENTRY
**AUTHOR: UP TO 5 AUTHORS ON ONE 72-COLUMN LINE.
MAX 25
CHARACTERS PER AUTHOR ENTRY, LAST NAME FIRST.
SINGLE EMBEDDED
BLANKS WITHIN AUTHOR.
DOUBLE BLANK-CHARACTER BETWEEN AUTHORS.
'*TITLE:
UP TO 25 WORDS ON ONE OR TWO (OPTIONAL) 72-COLUMN
LINES. MAX 20 CHARACTERS PER WORD, NO EMBEDDED BLANKS.
IF
SECOND LINE USED THEN -$$- REQUIRED AS LAST ENTRY ON FIRST
LINE TO INDICATE CONTINUATION.
""KEY: UP TO 15 KEYWORDS ON ONE OR TWO (OPTIONAL) 72-COLUMN
LINES.
MAX 20 CHARACTERS PER WORD, NO EMBEDDED BLANKS.
IF
SECOND LINE USED THEN -$$- REQUIRED AS LAST ENTRY ON FIRST
LINE TO INDICATE CONTINUATION.
.
**SOURCE: UP TO 30 CHARACTERS (SINGLE EMBEDDED BLANKS) ON ONE
LINE IDENTIFYING THE SOURCE OF THE REFERENCE.
******************************DATA INPUT*******************************;
DATA SETDATA;
LENGTH TITLEI-TITLE25 $ 20.; ARRAY TITLE (I) TITLEI-TITLE25;
LENGTH KEYI-KEYI5 $ 20.; ARRAY KEY (I) KEYI-KEY15;
INFILE DATA LS;72 MISSOVER; INPUT (AUTHORI-AUTHOR5) (& $25.);
DO OVER TITLE;
INPUT TITLE @; IF TITLE NE '$$; THEN GOTO ENDOl;
INPUT; INPUT TITLE @; END01: END;
INPUT;
DO OVER KEY; INPUT KEY @; IF. KEY NE '$$' THEN GOTO END02;
INPUT; INPUT KEY @; END02: END;
INPUT; TLAST=26; KLAST=16;
INPUT SOURCE & $30.; TLT=O;
DO OVER TITLE;
IF TITLE;- - THEN GO TO ENDTITLE; TLT;TLT+LENGTH(TITLE)+l; END;
ENDTITLE: TLAST=I-l; IF TLT GT 115 THEN GOTD OBSDROP;
DO OVER KEY; IF KEY EQ THEN 'GOTO ENDKEY; END;
ENDKEY: KLAST=I-l; RETURN;
OBSDROP: PUT 'TITLE EXCEEDS LINE LENGTH FOR AUTHOR ENTRY';
PUT @5 N AUTHORI-AUTHOR5; DELETE;
%MACRO INDXAUTH**************AUTliOR INOEX******************************;
DATA SETAUTH; SET SETDATA; ARRAY AUTHOR{J) AUTHORI-AUTHOR5;
DO OVER AUTHOR; IF AUTHOR EQ ' ~ THEN DELETE;
SORTKEY=AUTHOR; OUTPUT; END;
PROC SORT DATA;SETAUTH OUT;SBTAUTH; RY SORTKEY;
DATA NULL; SET SETAUTH;
ARRAY TITLE(I) TITLEI-TITLE25; ARRAY AUTHOR(J) AUTHORI-AUTHOR5;
FILE PRINT COLUMN=NCOL HEADER=HEADER LINE=NLINE;
IF N EQ 1 THEN PUT _PAGE ; IF NLINE GT 55 THEN PUT _PAGE_;
I
611
t
!
~
I
!,
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PUT @ 2 @; START=O;
DO OVER AUTHOR; IF AUTHOR EQ ' , THEN GOTO FINISHj
IF AUTHOR EQ SORTKEY THEN START=I;
IF START EQ 1 THEN DO; PUT AUTHOR @; PUT '* '@; END; END;
FINISH: DO OVER AUTHOR;
IF AUTHOR EQ SORTKEY THEN GO TO SKIPA;
PUT AUTHOR @; PUT ' . '@; END;
SKIPA: BACK2~-2; PUT +BACK2'
, @ 100 SOURCE; PUT @ 6 @;
DO OVER TITLE; IF TITLE EQ ' , THEN GO TO SKIPT; PUT TITLE @; END;
SKIPT: PUT; PUT; RETURN;
HEADER:
PUT @ 60 'AUTHOR INDEX'; PUT; PUT @ 2 'AUTHOR(S)' @100 'SOURCE';
PUT @ 6 ~TITLE'; PUT @ 2 130*'-'; PUT;
%MACRO INDXSQUR**************SQURCE INDEX******************************;
PRoe SORT DATA=SETDATA OUT=SETSOUR; BY SOURCE AUTHORl;
DATA NULL; SET SETSOUR;
ARRAY TITLE(I) TITLEI-TITLE2S; ARRAY AUTHOR(J) AUTHOR1-AUTHOR5;
FILE PRINT COLUMN:NCOL HEADER=HEADER LINE=NLINE;
IF
N EQ 1 THEN PUT
PAGE j IF NLINE GT S5 THEN PUT _PAGE
PUT-@-SO @;
DO OVER AUTHOR; IF AUTHOR EQ '
IF J NE 1 THEN PUT
'* '
@;
;
, THEN GOTO SKIPA;
PUT AUTHOR @; END;
SRIPA: PUT @ 2 SOURCE; PUT @ 6 @;
00 OVER TITLE; IF TITLE EQ ' , THEN GO TO SKIPT; PUT TITLE @; END;
SKIPT: PUT; PUT; RETURN;
HEADER:
PUT @ 60 'SOURCE INDEX'; PUT; PUT @ SO 'AUTHOR(S)' @2 'SOURCE';
PUT @ 6 'TITLE'; PUT @ 2 130*--'; PUT;
%MACRO INDXKEYW**************KEYWORD INDEX*****************************;
DATA SETNOTK; INFILE NOTKEY LS=72; INPUT KEYWORD: $20. @@;
PRoe SORT; BY KEYWORD;
DATA SETPERM; SET SETDATA;
ARRAY TITLE (LREY) TITLEI-TITLE2S; ARRAY KEY (I) KEYI-KEYI5;
DO OVER TITLE; IF TITLE = ~ ; THEN GOTO ENDTITLE;
KEYWORD m TITLE; OU1PUT; END;
ENDTITLE. LKEYmO; IF KEYlm'NONE' THEN GOTD ENDKEY;
DO OVER KEY; IF KEY:' , THEN GOTO ENDKEY;
KEYWORD:KEY; OUTPUT; END; RETURN;
ENDKEY: DELETE; RETURN;
PROG SORT; BY KEYWORD;
DATA INDEX; MERGE SETPERM SETNOTK(IN=NOTKEY); BY KEYWORD;
IF NOTKEY=l THEN DELETE;
DATA NULL j SET INDEX;
ARRAY TITLE (I) TITLEI-TITLE25; ARRAY KEY (I) KEYI-KEYI5;
ARRAY AUTHOR (J) AUTHORI-AUTHORS;
FILE PRINT COLUMM=NCOL HEADER=HEADER LINE=NLINEj
IF
N EQ 1 THEN PUT
PAGE; IF NLINE GT S5 THEN PUT
PAGE_i
KEYWD~O; IF LKEY EQ O~THEN~DO; LKEY=l; KEYWD=l; END; PUT @50 @;
DO I=LKEY TO TLAST; IF LENGTH(TITLE) + NCOL GT 130 THEN PUT @2 @;
PUT TITLE: $20. @; END;
IF LKEY GT 1 THEN DO; PUT @50 @;
DO 1=(LKEY-l) TO 1 BY -1; LOC=NCOL-LENGTH(TITLE)-I;
IF LOC LT 2 THEN LOC=130-LENGTH(TITLE)-I;
PUT @LOC TITLE :$20. @; PUT @LOC @; END; END; PUT;
KEYSIZE=LENGTH(KEYWORD);
IF KEYWD=O THEN DO;
PUT @50 @; DO NK=l TO KEYSIZE;
PUT @; END; PUT @70
ELSE PUT @50 KEYWORD @70 @;
DO OVER AUTHOR;
IF LENGTH(AUTHOR) + NeOL GT 130 THEN PUT @2 @;
IF AUTHOR EQ
~
~
THEN GO TO SKIPOUT;
PUT
~*
~
AUTHOR @j
@j
END;
END;
SKIPOUT: PUT;
IF KEYWD=O THEN PUT @100 SOURCE;
ELSE DO;
PUT @50 @;
DO NK=l TO KEYSIZE;
PUT '-' @j
END;
PUT @ 100 SOURCE; END; RETURN;
HEADER:
PUT @59 'KEYWORD INDEX';
PUT;
PUT @50 'KEYWORD' @70 ' . AUTHOR(S)' @lOO 'SOURCE-;
PUT @2
130*'-~;
RETURN;
*****************************END OF CODE******************************;%
612
SAS INSTITUTE PANEL DISCUSSION