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General Biology I
Biology 1406
LOCKLIN
Name__________________________________
June 24, 2004
Exam III
I. (25 points) Multiple choice. Select the correct answer for each question and place the answer on your exam in the
blank to the left of the number.
____1. In a testcross:
a. two individuals of known genotypes are crossed
b. two individuals of unknown genotypes, both with dominant phenotypes, are crossed
c. an individual of unknown genotype, but with a dominant phenotype, is crossed with a homozygous dominant
d. two individuals of known recessive genotype are crossed
e. an individual of unknown genotype, but with a dominant phenotype, is crossed with a homozygous recessive
____2. The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visibly thicker and shorter, is
a. anaphase
c. metaphase
b. interphase
d. prophase
____3. Alleles may be described as:
a. alternate forms of a gene
b. male and female gametes
e. telophase
c. two genes that are carried in the same gamete
d. the offspring of parents that differ in genotype
____4. The part of the Cell Cycle during which the DNA is replicated (duplicated) is
a. Cytokinesis
c. S-phase
b. G1 phase
d. G2 phase
e. M-phase
____5. The framework of microtubules which appears in the cell and eventually moves the single strand chromosomes
apart is the
a. aster
c. cell plate
e. spindle apparatus
b. bridge span
d. centriole
____6. In a family of four children, one has blood type A, one type B, one Type AB, and one type O. Which of the
following pairs of genotypes must the mother and father must have?
a. AA and Bo
c. Ao and Ao
e. this situation cannot exist
b. Ao and Bo
d. Bo and Bo
____7. At the end of Telophase II of meiosis, each of the four resulting nuclei contains
a. one full set of chromosomes, each being double-stranded
b. two full sets of chromosomes, each being double-stranded
c. one full set of chromosomes, each being single-stranded
d. two full sets of chromosomes, each being single-stranded
e. a number of sets of chromosomes which varies with the species
___8. All of the reactions of glycolysis occur entirely ___________ because that is where all the enzymes for the process
are located.
a. in the cytoplasm
b. on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
c. attached to the multi-enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase
d. inside the vesicle membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
e. on the inner surface of the plasma membrane
___9. Meiosis
a. produces haploid nuclei from diploid nuclei
b. is found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
c. occurs only in animals
d. functions in asexual and sexual reproduction
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___10. The zygote is formed by a fusion of gametes and results in a
a. haploid cell
c. a lively, jumping, happy cell
e. sex cell
b. diploid cell
d. a cell with half the original number of chromosomes
___11. Yeast cells often create anaerobic conditions by using up oxygen faster than the gas can diffuse into the cells. The
yeast cells then:
a. die
d. switch to oxidative respiration
b. switch to fermentation
e. push the glycolytic pathway backwards
c. produce oxygen from pyruvic acid
___12. A cross between two organisms which involves two traits determined by two different genes is a
a. test cross
c. sex cross
e. dihybrid cross
b. back cross
d. monohybrid cross
___13. The glycolytic pathway (glycolysis) results in modifications to the glucose carbon chain and:
a. energy in the form of C-H bonds
c. energy in the form of C=H bonds
b. a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP
d. 2 molecules of NAD
___14. Sometimes a single gene affecting one trait can cause effects on several different phenotypic traits of an organism,
a kind of chain reaction of effects. This situation is known as
a. complete dominance
d. pleiotropy
b. incomplete dominance
e. continuous variation
c. polygenic inheritance
___15. The common garden pea was an excellent choice for Mendel to select for his inheritance experiments because:
a. there were many different strains available
b. it is very easy to grow
c. it's possible to have several generations in one growing season
d. it was readily available, even from seed companies in Mendel's day
e. all of the above
___16. The phase of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides to form two cells is
a. the primary growth phase
c. the cytokinesis phase
e. the third "gap" phase (G3)
b. the synthesis phase
d. the mitosis phase
___17. Two coenzyme electron carriers in cellular respiration are:
a. ATP and ADP
c. FAD and NAD
b. H2O and CO2
d. pyruvic acid and citric acid
e. Na+ and K+
___18. The phase of mitosis during which the two-strand chromosomes are lined up on the equatorial plane of the cell is
a. interphase
c. prophase
e. metaphase
b. anaphase
d. telophase
___19. In cellular respiration in the presence of O 2, most ATP's are made in:
a. glycolysis
c. fermentation
b. The "Bridge
d. the Electron Transport System
___20. In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate during
a. anaphase I
c. prophase I
b. metaphase II
d. telophase I
e. anaphase II
f. telophase II
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___21. During aerobic catabolism of glucose, pyruvic acid is converted in the "Bridge Reaction" into:
a. citric acid
c. ATP
e. oxidized NAD
b. high-energy electrons
d. CO2 and acetyl (C2)
___22. Chromosomes exchange genetic information by
a. a cross-over
c. fertilization
e. meiosis
b. a wild and crazy haphazard flailing motion
d. a process at present completely inexplicable
___23. Bacterial cells splits into 2 new cells by:
a. duplication
c. forming a cell plate
b. mitosis
d. binary fission
e. forming a cleavage furrow
___24. Each sperm cell of a horse contains 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are there in each of the horse's
body cells?
a. 16
d. 16 pairs
b. 32
e. either 16 or 64, depending on the cell type
c. 64
___25. The following are nucleic acids except:
a. DNA
b. ATP
c. GTP
d. CoA
e. NAD
II. (15 points) Fill in the blanks with the correct word or statement. The value of each question is in the parentheses
following the number.
1. (1) _________________________________________ is the situation where neither allele of a gene in the
heterozygous condition is expressed; a kind of blending of the traits occurs.
2. (1) The cells in a mature organism have 22 chromosomes in each nucleus; the gametes of this organism will have
______ chromosomes in each nucleus.
3. (1) Two chromosomes which have the same appearance and contain the same types of genetic information are known
as ________________________ chromosomes.
4. (1) When a DNA molecule doubles during the S phase of the cell cycle, a chromosome is then comprised of two joined
________________.
5. (1) "Alleles of a trait segregate from one another in heterozygous individuals in the formation of the gametes" is a
statement of the Principle of ________________________________________.
6. (1) A cell containing 92 chromatids at the start of mitosis would, at its completion, produce cells with __________
chromosomes.
7. (1) An organism with the genetic make-up of HhFf would be ____________________________ for both traits.
8. (1) The outward physical appearance of an individual is known as the ______________________.
9. (1) In the membrane of the mitochondrion the part of the enzyme which carries acetyl into the interior of the
mitochondrion is named _____________________________________.
10. (2) Two important typical Mendelian phenotypic ratios in the F 2 generation are, for the monohybrid:
__________________; and for the dihybrid: ________________________________, respectively.
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11. (1) Fill in the following equation for aerobic respiration with the correct information.
C6 H12O6 + 6 O2 ----------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + __________ ATP
12. (1) ___________________ is the only state in glucose metabolism that does not require oxygen to proceed.
13. (2) Two possible end products of fermentation are ________________ as is produced by our muscle cell under
anaerobic conditions and _________________ by yeast under anaerobic conditions.
III. (10 points) Glycolysis
Complete the diagram below with the correct name, molecule, electron carrier, etc.
C6H12O6 (Glucose)
1. ____________
2. ____________
C6-P
ATP
ADP
3. _____________
C3-P
C3-P
Pi
NAD
4. _________
5. __________________
6. __________
7.__________
9. Draw the structure of #8.
C3-P
ADP
ATP
10. Does this process proceed in aerobic
conditions, anaerobic conditions, or both?
______________
8.___________________
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IV. (20 points) Matching. Place the letter of the correct answer from Column B into the blank to the left of the
term in Column A. NOTE: There are more answers in Column B than you will need.
A
____1. asexual reproduction
____2. centromere
____3. codominance
____4. cross-over
____5. diploid
____6. gametes
____7. genotype
____8. haploid
____9. homologous chromosomes
___10. homozygous
___11. Interphase
___12. p-arm
___13. Mendel's 2nd Principle
___14. Metaphase I
___15. centrosome
___16. Drosophila melanogaster
___17. Pisum sativum
___18. NAD
___19. sex chromosomes
___20. coenzyme
B
the X and Y chromosomes
nicotimamide adenine dinucleotide
a cross with the homozygous recessive
the genetic composition of an organism
organic, non-protein molecules that faciliate reactions
helping enzymes
f. the external appearance of an organism
g. homologous chromosomes line up with their
centromeres on either side of the equatorial
(metaphase) plate
h. petite arm; small arm of the chromosome
i. Alleles on different chromosomes assort
independently in the formation of gametes
j. the scientific name of the plants used by Mendel in his
studies on inheritance
k. Scientific name of the fruit fly in which Thomas Hunt
worked with
l. reductional division of the nucleus
m. the fusion of cytoplasm followed by nuclear fusion
n. a cross involving two different traits
o. an overlapping and exchange of chromosome parts
in Prophase I, Meiosis I
p. the situation in which an organism has twice the
basic number of chromosomes for its kind (2n)
q. both alleles of a gene are expressed when they are
both present in an organism
r. area of the cytoplasm where the centrioles are located
during karyokinesis; collection of microtubules
s. only mitosis is involved; all offspring are identical to
one another and to the one parent
t. only 1 member of each pair of homologous
chromosomes are present; (1n)
u. a constricted area of any chromosome to which a
spindle fiber attaches; knot of protein
v. the haploid reproductive cells; essentially the egg
and sperm
w. both alleles of a gene are the same in one organism,
AA or aa
x. chromosomes from the organism's parents which
pair up at Meiosis I
y. essentially the G1, S, and G2 phases
z. large arm of the chromosome
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
by
Morgan
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V. (15) Genetics problems. In every case SHOW YOUR WORK. You can get partial credit for correctly working
the problem even if you get the wrong answer.
1. (5) In sheep, white wool (B) is dominant to black wool (b). Give the F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratios resulting
from the cross of a pure-breeding white ram and pure-breeding black ewe.
2. (5) In pigs mule hoof (fused hoof) is dominant (H) while cloven hoof is recessive (h). Belted coat pattern (B) is
dominant to solid color (b). Give the F2 phenotype ratios expected from the following cross:
HHBB x hhbb.
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3. (4) In cats, yellow coat color is due to allele B and black coat color is due to allele b. These alleles are sex-linked. The
heterozygous condition results in tortoise-shell coat color. What kinds of offspring would be expected to result from the
cross of a black male with a yellow female?
(1) Is it ever possible to have tortoise-shell male cats? Why or why not?
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VI. (5) Chi-square exercise. Show all work!
In a certain class in biology it was discovered that 17 students had webbed feet (F) and 6 had unwebbed feet (f). Use
the chi-square test to calculate a p-value to determine if these results are consistent with the expected Mendelian
ratio:
Ff x Ff
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VII. (20 points) Mitosis Slides
Answer the questions asked while viewing the slides.
1. ___________________________________________
11.________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
12.________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
13.________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
14.________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
15._______________________________________
6. ___________________________________________
16.________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________
17.________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________
18. _______________________________________
9. ___________________________________________
19. ________________________________________
10 ___________________________________________
20. _______________________________________
VIII. (10 points) Essay. Choose one of the following and answer only one.
1. Contrast karyokinesis/cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. Describe the differences and the consequences of
each.
2. More than a century ago, French biochemist Louis Pasteur described a phenomenon, now
called "the Pasteur effect," in the wine-making process. He observed that in a sealed container of
grape juice containing yeast, the yeast will consume the sugar very slowly as long as oxygen
remains in the container. As soon as the oxygen is gone, however, the rate of sugar consumption
by the yeast increases greatly and the alcohol content in the container rises. Discuss the Pasteur
Effect on the basis of what you know about aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
Specifically, why does sugar consumption and alcohol content increase in anaerobic conditions?
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