* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download EXAM 3.doc
Survey
Document related concepts
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Hybrid (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Y chromosome wikipedia , lookup
Dominance (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
General Biology I Biology 1406 LOCKLIN Name__________________________________ June 24, 2004 Exam III I. (25 points) Multiple choice. Select the correct answer for each question and place the answer on your exam in the blank to the left of the number. ____1. In a testcross: a. two individuals of known genotypes are crossed b. two individuals of unknown genotypes, both with dominant phenotypes, are crossed c. an individual of unknown genotype, but with a dominant phenotype, is crossed with a homozygous dominant d. two individuals of known recessive genotype are crossed e. an individual of unknown genotype, but with a dominant phenotype, is crossed with a homozygous recessive ____2. The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visibly thicker and shorter, is a. anaphase c. metaphase b. interphase d. prophase ____3. Alleles may be described as: a. alternate forms of a gene b. male and female gametes e. telophase c. two genes that are carried in the same gamete d. the offspring of parents that differ in genotype ____4. The part of the Cell Cycle during which the DNA is replicated (duplicated) is a. Cytokinesis c. S-phase b. G1 phase d. G2 phase e. M-phase ____5. The framework of microtubules which appears in the cell and eventually moves the single strand chromosomes apart is the a. aster c. cell plate e. spindle apparatus b. bridge span d. centriole ____6. In a family of four children, one has blood type A, one type B, one Type AB, and one type O. Which of the following pairs of genotypes must the mother and father must have? a. AA and Bo c. Ao and Ao e. this situation cannot exist b. Ao and Bo d. Bo and Bo ____7. At the end of Telophase II of meiosis, each of the four resulting nuclei contains a. one full set of chromosomes, each being double-stranded b. two full sets of chromosomes, each being double-stranded c. one full set of chromosomes, each being single-stranded d. two full sets of chromosomes, each being single-stranded e. a number of sets of chromosomes which varies with the species ___8. All of the reactions of glycolysis occur entirely ___________ because that is where all the enzymes for the process are located. a. in the cytoplasm b. on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion c. attached to the multi-enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase d. inside the vesicle membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum e. on the inner surface of the plasma membrane ___9. Meiosis a. produces haploid nuclei from diploid nuclei b. is found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms c. occurs only in animals d. functions in asexual and sexual reproduction 1 ___10. The zygote is formed by a fusion of gametes and results in a a. haploid cell c. a lively, jumping, happy cell e. sex cell b. diploid cell d. a cell with half the original number of chromosomes ___11. Yeast cells often create anaerobic conditions by using up oxygen faster than the gas can diffuse into the cells. The yeast cells then: a. die d. switch to oxidative respiration b. switch to fermentation e. push the glycolytic pathway backwards c. produce oxygen from pyruvic acid ___12. A cross between two organisms which involves two traits determined by two different genes is a a. test cross c. sex cross e. dihybrid cross b. back cross d. monohybrid cross ___13. The glycolytic pathway (glycolysis) results in modifications to the glucose carbon chain and: a. energy in the form of C-H bonds c. energy in the form of C=H bonds b. a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP d. 2 molecules of NAD ___14. Sometimes a single gene affecting one trait can cause effects on several different phenotypic traits of an organism, a kind of chain reaction of effects. This situation is known as a. complete dominance d. pleiotropy b. incomplete dominance e. continuous variation c. polygenic inheritance ___15. The common garden pea was an excellent choice for Mendel to select for his inheritance experiments because: a. there were many different strains available b. it is very easy to grow c. it's possible to have several generations in one growing season d. it was readily available, even from seed companies in Mendel's day e. all of the above ___16. The phase of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides to form two cells is a. the primary growth phase c. the cytokinesis phase e. the third "gap" phase (G3) b. the synthesis phase d. the mitosis phase ___17. Two coenzyme electron carriers in cellular respiration are: a. ATP and ADP c. FAD and NAD b. H2O and CO2 d. pyruvic acid and citric acid e. Na+ and K+ ___18. The phase of mitosis during which the two-strand chromosomes are lined up on the equatorial plane of the cell is a. interphase c. prophase e. metaphase b. anaphase d. telophase ___19. In cellular respiration in the presence of O 2, most ATP's are made in: a. glycolysis c. fermentation b. The "Bridge d. the Electron Transport System ___20. In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate during a. anaphase I c. prophase I b. metaphase II d. telophase I e. anaphase II f. telophase II 2 ___21. During aerobic catabolism of glucose, pyruvic acid is converted in the "Bridge Reaction" into: a. citric acid c. ATP e. oxidized NAD b. high-energy electrons d. CO2 and acetyl (C2) ___22. Chromosomes exchange genetic information by a. a cross-over c. fertilization e. meiosis b. a wild and crazy haphazard flailing motion d. a process at present completely inexplicable ___23. Bacterial cells splits into 2 new cells by: a. duplication c. forming a cell plate b. mitosis d. binary fission e. forming a cleavage furrow ___24. Each sperm cell of a horse contains 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are there in each of the horse's body cells? a. 16 d. 16 pairs b. 32 e. either 16 or 64, depending on the cell type c. 64 ___25. The following are nucleic acids except: a. DNA b. ATP c. GTP d. CoA e. NAD II. (15 points) Fill in the blanks with the correct word or statement. The value of each question is in the parentheses following the number. 1. (1) _________________________________________ is the situation where neither allele of a gene in the heterozygous condition is expressed; a kind of blending of the traits occurs. 2. (1) The cells in a mature organism have 22 chromosomes in each nucleus; the gametes of this organism will have ______ chromosomes in each nucleus. 3. (1) Two chromosomes which have the same appearance and contain the same types of genetic information are known as ________________________ chromosomes. 4. (1) When a DNA molecule doubles during the S phase of the cell cycle, a chromosome is then comprised of two joined ________________. 5. (1) "Alleles of a trait segregate from one another in heterozygous individuals in the formation of the gametes" is a statement of the Principle of ________________________________________. 6. (1) A cell containing 92 chromatids at the start of mitosis would, at its completion, produce cells with __________ chromosomes. 7. (1) An organism with the genetic make-up of HhFf would be ____________________________ for both traits. 8. (1) The outward physical appearance of an individual is known as the ______________________. 9. (1) In the membrane of the mitochondrion the part of the enzyme which carries acetyl into the interior of the mitochondrion is named _____________________________________. 10. (2) Two important typical Mendelian phenotypic ratios in the F 2 generation are, for the monohybrid: __________________; and for the dihybrid: ________________________________, respectively. 3 11. (1) Fill in the following equation for aerobic respiration with the correct information. C6 H12O6 + 6 O2 ----------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + __________ ATP 12. (1) ___________________ is the only state in glucose metabolism that does not require oxygen to proceed. 13. (2) Two possible end products of fermentation are ________________ as is produced by our muscle cell under anaerobic conditions and _________________ by yeast under anaerobic conditions. III. (10 points) Glycolysis Complete the diagram below with the correct name, molecule, electron carrier, etc. C6H12O6 (Glucose) 1. ____________ 2. ____________ C6-P ATP ADP 3. _____________ C3-P C3-P Pi NAD 4. _________ 5. __________________ 6. __________ 7.__________ 9. Draw the structure of #8. C3-P ADP ATP 10. Does this process proceed in aerobic conditions, anaerobic conditions, or both? ______________ 8.___________________ 4 IV. (20 points) Matching. Place the letter of the correct answer from Column B into the blank to the left of the term in Column A. NOTE: There are more answers in Column B than you will need. A ____1. asexual reproduction ____2. centromere ____3. codominance ____4. cross-over ____5. diploid ____6. gametes ____7. genotype ____8. haploid ____9. homologous chromosomes ___10. homozygous ___11. Interphase ___12. p-arm ___13. Mendel's 2nd Principle ___14. Metaphase I ___15. centrosome ___16. Drosophila melanogaster ___17. Pisum sativum ___18. NAD ___19. sex chromosomes ___20. coenzyme B the X and Y chromosomes nicotimamide adenine dinucleotide a cross with the homozygous recessive the genetic composition of an organism organic, non-protein molecules that faciliate reactions helping enzymes f. the external appearance of an organism g. homologous chromosomes line up with their centromeres on either side of the equatorial (metaphase) plate h. petite arm; small arm of the chromosome i. Alleles on different chromosomes assort independently in the formation of gametes j. the scientific name of the plants used by Mendel in his studies on inheritance k. Scientific name of the fruit fly in which Thomas Hunt worked with l. reductional division of the nucleus m. the fusion of cytoplasm followed by nuclear fusion n. a cross involving two different traits o. an overlapping and exchange of chromosome parts in Prophase I, Meiosis I p. the situation in which an organism has twice the basic number of chromosomes for its kind (2n) q. both alleles of a gene are expressed when they are both present in an organism r. area of the cytoplasm where the centrioles are located during karyokinesis; collection of microtubules s. only mitosis is involved; all offspring are identical to one another and to the one parent t. only 1 member of each pair of homologous chromosomes are present; (1n) u. a constricted area of any chromosome to which a spindle fiber attaches; knot of protein v. the haploid reproductive cells; essentially the egg and sperm w. both alleles of a gene are the same in one organism, AA or aa x. chromosomes from the organism's parents which pair up at Meiosis I y. essentially the G1, S, and G2 phases z. large arm of the chromosome a. b. c. d. e. by Morgan 5 V. (15) Genetics problems. In every case SHOW YOUR WORK. You can get partial credit for correctly working the problem even if you get the wrong answer. 1. (5) In sheep, white wool (B) is dominant to black wool (b). Give the F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratios resulting from the cross of a pure-breeding white ram and pure-breeding black ewe. 2. (5) In pigs mule hoof (fused hoof) is dominant (H) while cloven hoof is recessive (h). Belted coat pattern (B) is dominant to solid color (b). Give the F2 phenotype ratios expected from the following cross: HHBB x hhbb. 6 3. (4) In cats, yellow coat color is due to allele B and black coat color is due to allele b. These alleles are sex-linked. The heterozygous condition results in tortoise-shell coat color. What kinds of offspring would be expected to result from the cross of a black male with a yellow female? (1) Is it ever possible to have tortoise-shell male cats? Why or why not? 7 VI. (5) Chi-square exercise. Show all work! In a certain class in biology it was discovered that 17 students had webbed feet (F) and 6 had unwebbed feet (f). Use the chi-square test to calculate a p-value to determine if these results are consistent with the expected Mendelian ratio: Ff x Ff 8 VII. (20 points) Mitosis Slides Answer the questions asked while viewing the slides. 1. ___________________________________________ 11.________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 12.________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 13.________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________ 14.________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________ 15._______________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________ 16.________________________________________ 7. ___________________________________________ 17.________________________________________ 8. ___________________________________________ 18. _______________________________________ 9. ___________________________________________ 19. ________________________________________ 10 ___________________________________________ 20. _______________________________________ VIII. (10 points) Essay. Choose one of the following and answer only one. 1. Contrast karyokinesis/cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. Describe the differences and the consequences of each. 2. More than a century ago, French biochemist Louis Pasteur described a phenomenon, now called "the Pasteur effect," in the wine-making process. He observed that in a sealed container of grape juice containing yeast, the yeast will consume the sugar very slowly as long as oxygen remains in the container. As soon as the oxygen is gone, however, the rate of sugar consumption by the yeast increases greatly and the alcohol content in the container rises. Discuss the Pasteur Effect on the basis of what you know about aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Specifically, why does sugar consumption and alcohol content increase in anaerobic conditions? 9 10