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Anatomy II: Body Systems and
Energy for Physical Activity
Year 10 PASS
Mater Dei Catholic College
The Skeletal System
Skeletal Bones
Whack a Bone
http://www.anatomyarcade.com/games/WAB/WAB.html
Poke a Muscle
http://www.anatomyarcade.com/games/PAM/PAM.html
Skeletal Bones
There are 206 named bones in the human
skeleton.
They are grouped into 2 parts:
1. The Axial Skeleton – forms the long axis
of the body; Including the skull, vertebral
column and the thorax (made up of the rib
cage and the sternum). It provides a
central support axis, serving to hold the
body erect as well as protecting most of
the body’s vital organs.
2. The Appendicular Skeleton – includes
the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle
and pelvic (hip) girdle and the bones of
the upper and lower limbs. This provides
support and attaches to the axial system.
Types of Bones
There are many different shapes and sizes of bone each designed to
best perform its special function. Almost all types of bone can be
classified into four main categories depending on their shape. They
are classified as:
• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
The other 2 types of bones are classified by location not shape
• Sesamoid bones – small bones embedded in tendons (e.g.
patella)
• Sutural Bones – small bones located between joints of some
cranial bones
Types of Bones
1. Long Bones – are longer than they are wide and have
a hollow shaft containing marrow. They are best suited
to weight bearing and can withstand heavy stress. Long
bones allow the limbs to make a range of large and
powerful movements eg femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges,
humerus, ulna, radius.
Types of Bones
2. Short Bones – are roughly cubical with same width and length.
They allow the body to perform fine motor movements and help
absorb heavy impacts eg carpals of wrist and tarsals of the feet.
Types of Bones
3. Flat Bones – provides flat areas for muscle attachment
and usually enclose cavities for protecting organs. These
bones consist of two smooth, flat plates of compact bone
enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue eg scapula, ribs,
sternum and skull.
Types of Bones
4. Irregular Bones – have no shape characteristics and include
bones not yet classified e.g. vertebrae and bones of the face
Types of Bones
5. Sesamoid Bones – a small bone that has developed in tendons
around some joints, of which the patella is the largest one
Types of Bones
6. Sutural Bones – are very small bones located specifically within
the sutural joints between the cranial bones of the skull. They are
classified by their location rather than by their shape. The number
of sutural bones varies considerably because different people have
different numbers of sutural bones.
Bones
Identify each of the following bones on a partner:
- Long Bones: Humerus, Femur, Radius, Tibia, Fibula
-
Short Bones: Carpals, Tarsals, Phalanges, Metacarpals,
Metatarsals
-
Flat Bones: Cranium, Pelvis, Scapula
-
Irregular Bones: Vertebrae
-
Sesamoid Bones: Patella
-
Sutural: Cranium
Bone Tissue
There are two main types of tissue found in
bone:
1. Compact filled (or dense) bone tissue
- Very dense and therefore provides
protection, support and strength,
particularly to long bones. Compact
tissue is covered by a thin tissue, which
carries blood, nutrients and the nerve
supply to bones.
2. Cancellous/Spongy Bone
- Located at the end of bones and in the
middle. Looks like honeycomb and is
filled with red marrow. Spongy bone
makes up most of the bone tissue of
short, flat and irregularly shaped bones.
At the end of bones, spongy bone is
surrounded by special tissue or cartilage
called articular cartilage, which allows for
joint movement.
Bone Tissue
Features:
1. Epiphysis – both end so f bone have this
special region.
2. Epiphyseal Growth Plate – special growth
plate, which is responsible for the growth
of bones. If these plates are damaged
during growth periods, then normal
growth may be affected.
3. Epiphyseal Line – when bones stop
growing, these growth plates, which are
made of cartilage. Are replaced by bone.
The newly formed structure is called the
epiphyseal line
Bone Tissue
Features:
1. Epiphysis – both end so f bone have this
special region.
2. Epiphyseal Growth Plate – special growth
plate, which is responsible for the growth
of bones. If these plates are damaged
during growth periods, then normal
growth may be affected.
3. Epiphyseal Line – when bones stop
growing, these growth plates, which are
made of cartilage. Are replaced by bone.
The newly formed structure is called the
epiphyseal line
Joint Structure and Actions
• Bones are very rigid – to allow mobility in the body
we have joints.
• A joint (or articulation) is the point at which bones
meet and articulate about each other.
• The function and stability of a joint are determined
by:
– The way in which the articulating bones fit together
– The flexibility of the connective tissue binding the joint
– The position of the muscles, tendons and ligaments around
the joint
Types of Joints
• Joints – occur where one or more bones meet.
Joints can be fixed, for example Rib Cage, or
immovable for example your elbow. Joints are
classified according to their degree of movement.
• Joints may be classified as:
– Fibrous or Immovable
– Cartilaginous or slightly movable
– Synovial or freely movable
Types of Joints
1.
Fibrous joint
(immovable joint)
Bones are united by short
bands of fibrous tissue at their
ends eg skull bones, pelvic
bones and sternum. No
movement occurs with this
type of joint.
Types of Joints
2.
Cartilaginous joint
(slightly immovable joint)
Bones are united by a disc of
tough fibrous cartilage
separating the ends allowing
a small amount of movement
eg vertebral column, pubic
bones, diaphysis and
epiphysis, ribs joining the
sternum.
Types of Joints
3.
Synovial joints (moveable
joints)
All synovial joints have a capsule
that encloses the joint space
Synovial membrane lines the
inner surface of the capsule and
secretes synovial fluid into the
joint cavity to keep it lubricated.
Shock absorbent articular
cartilage is found on the ends of
the bones to protect then from
wear and tear.
Eg knee, hip, elbow joints
Types of Joints
Features of Synovial Joints
1. Synovial Membrane – lines the interior cavity of the joint
capsule. Produces synovial fluid which lubricates and provides
nutrition for the joint.
2. Ligaments – fibrous bands that surround and reinforce the
joint. Joins bone to bone and are relatively inelastic.
3. Hyaline Cartilage – protective covering to the ends of bones
that form the joint. Gives the bone a smooth, white, shining
appearance. Helps to reduce friction between the bones.
4. Joint Capsule – Specialized covering which binds the ends of
bones together.
5. Bursae – small sacs filled with synovial fluid, found in joints
where friction is likely to occur, eg the knee and ankle joints.
These structures may become inflamed causing movements to
be restricted, this is called bursitis.
Types of Synovial Joints
Muscle Actions
In producing a particular movement, a muscle performs 1 of 3
roles:
1. Agonist (Prime Mover) – the muscle that contracts causing the
major action in a moveable joint.
2. Antagonist – this muscle relaxes and lengthens to allow the
agonist to contract.
The 2 roles are interchangeable depending on the direction of the
movement. For example, in flexing the elbow the biceps is the
agonist and the triceps are the antagonist. When extending the
elbow the triceps are the agonist and the bicep the antagonist.
3. Stabiliser (fixator) – these muscles act at a joint to stabilise and
protect it, giving the muscle a fixed base.
Muscle Contraction
Types of Contractions
When a muscle is stimulated, it
attempts to contract. There are 3
principal types of contraction:
1. Concentric – the most common
type of contraction. During this
contraction, the muscle shortens
causing movement at a joint.
2. Eccentric – when the muscle
lengthens while under tension.
This often happens with the
assistance of gravity.
3. Isometric – when the muscle fibres
are activated and develop force
without the muscle changing
length i.e. movement does not
occur.
Muscles
Identify each of the following
muscles on a partner:
Upper Arm
- Biceps
- Triceps
- Deltoid
Lower Arm
- Flexors
- Extensors
Upper Body
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Trapezius
- Sternomastoid
- Obliques
- Erector Spinae
Upper Leg
- Quadriceps: Rectus Femoris,
Vastus Intermedius, Vastus
Lateralis, Vastus Medialis,
- Hamstrings: Semitendinosus,
Semimembranosus, Biceps
Femoris
- Patella
Lower Leg
- Tibialis Anterior
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Achilles Tendon
Anatomical Position
Anatomical Position – a reference position where the subject
is standing erect, facing front on with palms facing forward.
Planes of the Body
Frontal – divides back from front
Transverse – Divides top from bottom
Sagital – Divides left side from right side
Movement
The movement of body structures is accomplished by the
contraction of muscles.
All such movements are classified by the directions in which
the affected structures are moved.
In human anatomy, all descriptions of position and
movement are based on the assumption that the body is in
anatomical position.
Movement
Structures near the midline are called
medial and those near the sides are
called lateral.
Structures that are close to the centre of
the body are proximal, while ones more
distant are distal. For example, the
hands are at the distal end of the arms,
while the shoulders are at the proximal
ends.
Positions of the body which are closer to
the head end are superior (Latin
“upper”) and those which are farther
away are inferior.
Objects near the front are anterior and
those near the rear posterior.
The prefix “hyper” is sometimes added
to emphasize movement beyond the
normal position, such as in hyperflexion
or hyperextension.
General Motion
Adjusting angle between two parts:
-
Flexion – bending movement that decreases the angle
between two parts. Bending the elbow, or clenching a hand
into a fist, are examples of flexion. When sitting down, the
knees are flexed.
-
Extension – The opposite of flexion; a straightening
movement that increases the angle between body parts. In
a conventional handshake, the fingers are fully extended.
When standing up, the knees are extended.
General Motion
Adjusting relation to midline of body:
-
Adduction – A motion that pulls a structure or part towards
the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb.
Dropping the arms to the sides, or bringing the knees
together, are examples of adduction.
-
Abduction – A motion that pulls a structure or part away from
the midline of the body. Raising the arms to the sides is an
example of abduction.
General Motion
Adjusting elevation:
-
Elevation – Movement in a superior direction. This term is
often applied to the shoulders (e.g. shrugging shoulders is
elevation).
-
Depression – Movement in an inferior direction, the opposite
of elevation.
General Motion
Rotation of the forearm:
-
Pronation – A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm
from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing
position. This is not medial rotation as this must be
performed when the arm is half flexed.
-
Supination – The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the
forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly. The hand is supine
(facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position.
General Motion
Flexion of the entire foot:
-
Dorsiflexion – flexion of the entire foot superiorly, or
upwards.
-
Plantar flexion – Flexion of the entire foot inferiorly, or
downwards.
General Motion
Movement of the sole of the foot:
-
Eversion – the movement of the sole of the foot away from
the median plane.
-
Inversion – the movement of the sole towards the median
plane. (same as when the ankle is twisted)
General Motion
-
Rotation – A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.
The upper arm rotates on the shoulder socket, and the head
rotates on the neck.
-
Circumduction – The circular (or, more precisely, conical)
movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or
the eye. It consists of a combination of flexion, extension,
adduction and abduction.
Vertebral Column
Body Systems
-
Respiratory System
-
Endocrine System
-
Lymphatic System
-
Nervous System
-
Digestive System
-
Urinary Tract
Respiratory System
Research Task: Body System Summary
Website: www.innerbody.com
Endocrine System
- What is the endocrine system and what is
its function.
- Name all the major parts (organs etc) of
the endocrine system.
- What is the specific purpose of the
pituitary gland?
Lymphatic System
- What is the major role and function of this
system?
- What are lymph nodes and where are they
located?
Nervous System
- What is the nervous system and what is its
function?
- What is the peripheral nervous system?
- What is the central nervous system?
- What are nerve cells?
Digestive System
- Describe the main function and role
of the digestive system. Describe the
function of the stomach.
- What is the spleen, what is its role
and where is it located?
- Name all the major organs of the
digestive system.
Urinary Tract
- Identify the major structures of the
urinary tract.
- What role do the kidneys play in the
urinary tract.
- What is the bladder?