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Greek Philosophy World History - Libertyville HS What is philosophy? • Literally means “Lover of Wisdom” • Attempt to explain & describe world around us rationally or logically • Difference between philosophy & religion: religion involves notion of God(s) and faith Socrates (470-399 BC) • Athenian philosopher • Beliefs – All people should try to do good – People who failed to do good were either ignorant or evil – One has an obligation to disobey a bad command – Believed in virtue as a key characteristic – Advocated republics led by a philosopher-King Life of Socrates • Lived during Peloponnesian War, in which he fought • Traveled Greece as a wandering philosopher • Taught in exchange, for food / clothing • Sentenced to death by Athenian democracy – “Corrupting Athenian youth” – He had upset powerful people – Sentenced to death by his own hand – drank hemlock (poison) Plato (428-347 BC) • Devoted student of Socrates • After his death, Plato traveled the known world (Italy, Sicily, Egypt) teaching in style of Socrates • Returned to Athens and founded school outside of city – the Academy – Taught there for rest of his life – Academy continued until 529 AD, when it was closed by Roman Emperor; considered a threat to spread of Christianity Plato’s Beliefs • Wrote and expanded upon Socrates’ teaching • Wrote The Republic – Showed an idealized form of government led by philosopher king – Explicitly rejected Athenian democracy, b/c so few were fit to rule • Also wrote about conflict between nature and nurture • His writings were treasured by Eastern RE, Muslims Aristotle (384-322 BC) • Studied with Plato at the Academy • After Plato’s death, he taught kids of several royal families • Invited to teach Alexander of Macedon – Taught him for 5 years – Had great influence on Alexander’s thinking • Upon Alexander’s elevation to throne, Aristotle returned to Greece to found the Lyceum Aristotle’s Teaching • Wrote about everything from logic / reasoning to physical sciences – Focused on balancing between competing bad impulses (vices) to find virtue – Advocated continuous good behavior rather than specific good acts – Also emphasized situational ethics (what’s good at one time might not be in another) Influence of Aristotle • Most influential ancient Greek philosopher on Western thought – Considered “The Philosopher” by medieval western scholars – Also had profound influence on Muslim philosophers • His ideas and methodology were basis of Scientific Method Arabic Aristotle teaching (R)