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Biology 2121 – Chapter 7 – Skeletal System
What to Study for Chapter 7
(1). You are responsible for any bone you previously studied or identified in the laboratory part of
the course:
(A). Be able to identify the bones, sutures, etc.
(B). Answer questions about a bone

Classify as long, short, flat, irregular

Part of the appendicular or axial skeleton

Given a description or function
(2). Complete the guided independent study below.
I. The Axial Skeleton
Occipital Bone
(1). The nuchal lines anchor the ____________ and ___________ muscles.
(2). What is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?
_________________________________________________
(3). You can feel this knob-like bulge on the posterior part of your skull. _____________________
(4). What structure passes through the foramen magnum? _______________________
Temporal Bone
(1). What bone tunnel does sound enter through in the temporal bone? ___________________ (2). The
___________ process is an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles.
(2). What is the function of the mastoid process? ___________________________________
(3). Which opening in this part of the skull serves as a passageway for cranial nerve VII?
________________, the facial nerve.
(4). What important structure passes through the jugular foramen?
___________________________________
(5). What important structure passes through the carotid canal? ________________________________
(6). Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus? ____________________. What is
the name of cranial nerve VIII? ________________________
Sphenoid Bone
(1). Why is the sphenoid bone referred to as the ‘keystone’ bone of the skull?
______________________________
(2). What is the function of the Sella Turcica? __________________________
(3). The _______________ provides an anchoring site for securing the brain in the skull.
(4). The _____________ process anchors the pterygoid muscles which function in _______________.
(5). Cranial nerve number ________ passes through the optic canal. Cranial nerves numbers
_________ pass through the _________________ fissure. Each of these nerves plays a part in
controlling ________ movement. The foramen ___________ allows for the passage of cranial
nerve V which allows the _________ and ______________ nerves to reach the face.
Ethmoid Bone
(1). The ethmoid bone lies between the ___________ and ____________ bones.
(2). The _____________ plates contain tiny openings or holes called _______________ foramina. What
do these tiny holes allow for?
(3). Sitting on top of the cribiform plate is the _____________. The dura mater of the ________
attaches to this part of the crista galli. What is dura mater?
_____________________________________________________
(4). The ____________ plate of the ethmoid bone and the ______________ bone form the nasal septum.
(5). Which cranial nerve roots pass through the cribiform plate? ______________ These nerves
function in the ability to _______________.
Mandible
(1). Name the bones or structures that make the TMJ joint: _____________________________________
(2). What is the function of the alveolar margins? ______________________________________
(3). The ____________________ allow for the passage of nerves that serve the teeth and lower jaw.
Facial Bones – Maxillary Bones
(1). What is the function of the incisive fossa? _____________________
(2). What is the function of the inferior orbital fissure? ____________________________________
Lacrimal Bone
(1). The lacrimal bones contain a ________________ from which tears drain.
Palatine Bones
(1). These bones are made of two bones called the ____________ bone and the ____________ plate.
The _____________ plates make up the posterior portion of the hard palate of the mouth. The
_______________ plates help form part of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of the orbits.
Conchae
(1). There are ____________ conchae. The Inferior Conchae is a part of the ___________ bone. The
Middle Conchae is a part of the ____________ bone. The Superior Conchae is a part of the
___________ bone.
(2). What are the conchae covered with? _________________________________. Which are the largest
of the three? _____________________. As air enters the nose what do they do?
__________________________
Orbits
(1). The eyes are set into the orbits (bones). The walls of each orbit are formed by parts of _______
bones. These bones are __________________________________________. They contain
__________ tissue which cushions and insulates the eyes.
Nasal Cavity
(1). What type of cartilage is the nasal cavity made of? ___________________ What forms the roof of
the nasal cavity? __________
(2). The lateral walls of the nasal cavity are formed by the ____________________________ bone.
(3). The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the ____________________________bone.
(4). The nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by the _________________ bone.
Hyoid Bone
(1). This is the only bone in the body that does not ________________ articulate with any other bones.
(2). It acts as a moveable base for the ________________ and the ________________ are attachment
sites for muscles of the ___________, which raise and lower the ____________ during swallowing
and speech.
Vertebrae and the Vertebral Column
(1). The vertebrae column consists of __________ bones (total number).
(2). How many of these bones are fused? _____________ These fused bones form the ________ and
________.
(3). There are _________ cervical, _____________ thoracic and ___________ lumbar vertebrae.
(4). Distinguish between scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis structural problems.
(5). Name the major supporting ligaments of the vertebrae. ___________________________
(6). Which ligaments prevents hyperextension of the spine? ____________ Which prevent hyperflexion? ____________
(7). What is the function of the ligamentum flavum? ___________________
What is it made of? _____________
(9). The disc of the vertebrae is made up of an inner ______________ and outer ______________.
(10). Which is more liquid-like? ___________These disc are made up of ________________ connective
tissue.
(11). Describe what happens when a disc slips. ________________________________________________
Structure of a Vertebrae
(1). For each of the following processes, state its function:

Spinous and transverse –

Articular -
(2). The ____________ foramina allow for the ____________ nerves to pass.
Comparison of Vertebrae – Study table 7.2
Sacrum
(1). Which part of the sacrum and ox coxae form the sacroiliac joint? _________________________
Thoracic Cage - Sternum
(1). The superior part of the sternum is called the ______________. Which part articulates with the
clavicles? __________________. The most inferior part is called the _______________ and serves
to attach to _______________ muscles.
(2). The ______________ notch is the point where the left common carotid artery comes out of the
aorta.
(3). What articulates at the sterna angle? ______________________
Ribs
(1). Distinguish between the true and false ribs.
(2). There are __________ pairs of true ribs, ______________ pairs of false ribs and _____pairs of
floating ribs.
(3). They are called floating ribs because ____________________________________________________
Other
1. Be able to match the structure in the skull with the major bone of the skull.
Structure/Opening
Major Skull Bone
Sella Turcica
Sphenoid
Greater and Lesser Wings
Supraorbital Foramen
Crista Galli and Cribiform Plate
Perpendicular Plate
Carotid Canal
Foramen Ovale
Styloid and Mastoid Process
Pterygoid Process
2. Distinguish between types of vertebrae (characteristics)
Characteristic
Cervical
Spinous Process
Bifid
Thoracic
Largest of all three
Body or Centrum
types; kidney shaped
Contains facets for
Transverse Processes
articulation with ribs
(except T11 and T12)
Vertebral Foramen
Lumbar
Triangular