Download Chpt.4 Environmental Science

Chpt.4 Environmental Science
Life Characteristics
Organization
Ecosystems
Ecosystems / Evolution
Diversity of Life
Characteristics of Life
• Circulation transport of materials within the
body
• Locomotion movement
• Adaptation
• Reproduction
• Respiration
• Lifespan, Stage in Life
• Growth Repair and Maintenance
• Response to the Environment
• Energy Use• Organization
• Composed of cells
Organization
• Cells (Prokaryotic)
• Quarks, Leptons
and Neutrinos
• Electrons
• Protons, Neutrons
• Atoms
• Molecules,
Compounds
• Virus
• Rickettsia and
Mycoplasms
• Cell (Eukaryotic)
organelles
• Cell (Eukaryotic)
• Tissue
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organisms, Species
• Populations
• Communities
• Ecosystems
• Biomes
• Biosphere
• Solar system
• Galaxy
• Universe (Made of Q,L,N)
Ecosystem
• Ecosystems- all of the organisms living
within a specified area and the abiotic
factors
• Abiotic-non living factors, streams, soils,
rocks
• Biotic-living factors
Interconnections
• Organism-individual living thing
• Species-a group of organisms that can
interbreed successfully
• Population-are the member of a species in
a specific area in a specific time.
• Community are populations that live
together in the same specific area
• Ecosystem is a community of organism
and the non living factors in a certain area.
Habitat
• A habitat is a areas or situation where certain organism
live.
• Niche- description of either the role played by a species
in a community, or the total set of environmental factors
that determine that species distribution.
• Most habitats have specific abiotic conditions and
specific biota.
• Most organism are well adapted to their specific habitat
• Harsher environmental conditions make the organisms
specifically adapted for those conditions.
Who Live Where and Why?
• Why does a particular species live where it
lives?
• How is it able to live where it does?
• How does it deal with the physical
resources of its environment?
• How does it interact with other species
present?
• What gives one species an edge over
another species in a particular habitat?
Critical Factors and Tolerance
Limits
• Every organism has limits to the
environmental condition it can endure.
• Environmental factors must with in
appropriate levels for life to persist.
– Temperature
– Moisture levels
– Nutrient supply
– Soil and water chemistry
– Living space
Evolution
• Evolution is the gradual change in the
genetic characteristics of a population over
a long period of time.
• Natural Selections- Nature selects for
certain characteristics over other. Survival
and reproduction was a big point in
Darwin/Wallace theory of Evolution.
Natural Selection, Adaptation,
and Evolution
• Species acquire traits that allow them to be
adapted to their environment
• The term adapt can be used in two ways
– Acclimation:limited range of physiological
modifications available to individual organisms
• Individuals can adapt to a certain degree, but change is
not permanent
• Changes cannot be passed to offspring
– Evolution:Operates at the population level,
brought about by inheritance of specific genetic
traits that allow specific genetic traits that allow
species to live in a particular environment
Change
• Species (populations) change gradually
through two mechanisms
– Competition for scarce resources
– Natural selection members of a population that are best
suited for a particular environment will survive and produce
offspring more successfully than their ill-suited competitors
• Acts on preexisting genetic diversity created by a series
of small, random mutations that occur spontaneously in
every population.
• Where resources are limited or environmental conditions
place some of the selective pressure in a population,
individuals with those advantageous traits become more
abundant in the population, and the species gradually
evolves or becomes better suited to that environment
• Examples of natural selection;European pepper moth,
finches as observed by Darwin,
Environmental Factors that
cause Selective Pressure
• Environmental factors that cause selective
pressure and influence survivorship or
fertility in nature.
– Physiological stress
– Predation including parasitism and disease
– Competition
– Luck
Law of Competitive Exclusion
• No two species will occupy the same niche
and compete for exactly the resources in
the same habitat for very long.
Coevolution
• Coevolution is the process of two species
changing genetically in response to long
term interactions with each other
• The Yucca moth was predicted long before
it became a fact.
Artificial Evolution
• Artificial Evolution is when you have
changes done not for natural selection but
due to the whims of humans.
• Horse Breeders, Dog Breeders
Resistance
• Resistance-is the ability of organisms to
tolerate a particular chemical designed to
kill it
• DDT-Insects
• Antibiotic resistant bacteria MRSA (Staph
aureous) Buzz Aldredge, Jack Snow, Mike
Martz
Isolation
• Given enough geographic isolation or selective pressure,
members of a population can become so different from
their ancestors that they can be considered a new
species that has replaced the old
• Alternatively, isolation of population subsets by
geographic or behavior factors that prevent exchange of
genetic material can result in branching off of new
species that coexist with their parental line.
• Convergent evolution unrelated organisms coming to
look and act very much alike due to natural selection and
adaptations(bat, butterfly, bird)
• Divergent evolution related species fan out and adapt
to other environments, don’t appear to be similar.
Taxonomy History
• Botanist-herbalist- use the correct medicine,
aspirin-willow, snake bite cure
• Aristotle-2000 years ago classified about 1000
organisms, divided into 2 groups plants and
animals. The subdivision was habitat land, sea,
air
• Linnaeus, Carolus, used structure and used a
two-name system called binomial nomenclature.
Names
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•
•
•
Use only Genus species variety
Italicize name if written
Underline both genus and species
Genus is capitalized, species is small
Modern Evolutionary
Classification
• Similarities-Fins, bones, fins, covering, lungs,
gills
• Evolutionary Classification-evolutionary history,
phylogeny. Grouping of organisms with a similar
ancestor.
• Cladograms-is a diagram that shows the
evolutionary relationship among a group of
organisms. Derived characters show up in
newer members but not in older members
• Similar Genes
• DNA evidence
• Molecular clock-mutations in DNA
Hierarchical System of
Nomenclature
• Domain-Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• Kingdom- Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protistia,
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
• Phylum-Division (plants only)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species
Domain Bacteria
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•
•
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Cells, unicellular, prokaryotic
Thick cell wall of peptidoglycan
Free living or parasitic
Aerobic, anaerobic
Domain Archaea
• Cells unicellular, prokaryotic
• Harsh environment
• anaerobic
Domain Eukarya
• Cells are eukaryotic, more complex, larger
• Organelles, mitochondria, chloroplast,
Endoplasmic reticulum
• Cell have DNA in the nucleus
Protistia
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•
•
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Cells eukaryotic, unicellular, multicellular
Plant, algae
Animal
Fungi, water fungi
Fungi
• Cell eukaryotic, chitin cell wall, singular,
multicellular
• Feed on dead or decaying organic matter.
• Heterotroph, secretes enzymes, and
absorbs molecules.
Plantae
• Cells eukaryotic, cell wall of cellulose,
multicellular
• Photosynthetic autotrophs
• Nonmotile
• Mosses, Ferns Cone-bearing, flowering,
plants
Animalia
• Cells eukaryotic, no cell wall, multicellular.
• Motion at least during some part of life
cycle.
• Heterotrophic