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The Global control of FMD - Tools, ideas and ideals – Erice, Italy 14-17 October 2008 Appendix 74 STATUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN PAKISTAN S.M. Jamal1, 2, *, S. Ahmed2, M. Hussain3 and Q. Ali1 1 2 National Veterinary Laboratory (NVL), Park Road, 44500, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3 FAO project (GTFS/INT/907/ITA) for Central Asian Countries, NVL, Islamabad Pakistan. ABSTRACT Foot-and-mouth disease is a world-wide known disease of economic significance. The disease is endemic in south Asian region. The present study reports observations and spatial distribution of 153 laboratory confirmed field outbreaks taken place during 2002 to 2007 and serotypes of the virus involved. Distribution of different serotypes from outbreaks in Pakistan and samples tested either in Pakistan or sent to WRL-FMD for virus typing during 1952 to 2007 has been shown. Serotype O was found to be the most prevalent serotypes followed by serotype Asia-1 and A. No sample was found positive for serotype C during the period 1996-2007. Mixed infection of either serotypes O and Asia-1 or A and Asia-1 was also detected in some samples. The disease was found to be more prevalent in cattle than buffaloes. Moreover, higher number of outbreaks of the disease was noted between the months of January to March during the period of 2002-07, which may be attributed to the livestock movement in the country due to religious festival, Eidul Azha, in which the animals are slaughtered. 1. INTRODUCTION Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals that causes heavy economic losses to the livestock industry in term of high morbidity in adult animals and mortality in young stock, reduced milk production, loss of work efficiency in draught animals and sanctions on export of animals and animal products due to sanitary measures. The disease is endemic in south Asian region. Historically, the disease was well-known in the IndoPakistan subcontinent but it is not known as to what part/place was first affected. However, occurrence of the disease in pre-partition Punjab from 1900 onward is mentioned in the literature. Only limited and isolated studies, mainly on farm/district level, have been conducted on FMD in Pakistan (Rauf et al. 1981; Riaz et al. 1992; Ahmad et al. 2002; Klein et al. 207; 2008), which do not reflect the true status of the disease in the country. Country-wide systematic study on FMD and serotype involved in disease outbreaks has not been conducted in Pakistan. Therefore, exact situation of the disease in the country is unknown. Aim of the present study is to identify the virus serotypes from FMD field outbreaks taken place during 1952 to 2007, spatial distribution of serotypes responsible for 153 laboratory confirmed cases of the outbreaks between 2002 to 2007, species of the animals affected and seasonal prevalence of the disease. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Epithelial samples received from suspected cases of FMD from various parts of the country during 2002-2007 were tested for diagnosis of FMD and virus typing using indirect sandwich ELISA at National Veterinary Laboratory (NVL), Islamabad, Pakistan following Roeder and La Blanc Smith (1987). Some samples were also sent to the World Reference Laboratory for FMD, Pirbright, UK for virus typing. Historical data on FMD between 1952 to 2002 were collected from different sources. The data were analyzed for distribution of serotypes of the virus among positive samples, species affected and to determine association between serotypes and species of animals. Chi square test was applied to know the comparative incidence of serotypes involved in disease outbreaks. Fisher’s exact test was used to know the association between species and serotypes of the virus involved in disease outbreaks. All the analyses were carried out analyzed using statistical software, R (www.rproject.org). 421 The Global control of FMD- Tools, ideas and ideals – Erice, Italy 14-17 October 2008 3. RESULTS Distribution of virus types among the positive samples collected during 1952 to 2007 are shown in Figure 1. Serotype O was detected in 61% of the total samples tested positive. Mixed infection of serotypes O and Asia1 or A and Asia-1 were also detected in some samples. A significant difference in incidence of disease outbreaks due to different FMD virus serotypes was observed in 153 field outbreaks taken place during 2002-2007. Serotype O was found responsible for significantly higher (p<0.0001) number of outbreaks, followed by serotypes Asia-1 and A. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) in disease outbreaks due to serotypes Asia-1 and A was observed. Significantly higher numbers (p<.0001) of cattle were affected in FMD outbreaks compared to buffaloes. However, serotype of the virus was found to be independent of the species of large ruminants. Exotic breeds of cattle and their crosses were found to be more susceptible to FMD than local cattle. Higher number of outbreaks of the disease was noted between the months of January to March during the period of 2002-2007 (Figure 2). Spatial distribution of different serotypes responsible for FMD outbreaks in the country during 2002-2007 is shown in Figure 3. 4. DISCUSSION The study shows that FMD is endemic and widely spread throughout Pakistan. The study reveals that major FMD outbreaks are caused by serotype O virus compared to serotype A or Asia-1. This finding is in agreement with Rweyemamu et al (2008), who reported that serotype O was the most widely prevalent serotype in the world. Asia-1 was first detected by WRL-FMD in 1954 from an epithelial sample collected from Pakistan. Asia-1 is still responsible for disease outbreaks in the country. Serotype C was for the first time detected in Pakistan in 1954. Last outbreak of FMD in the neighboring country, India, was reported in 1995 (Hemadri et al. 2003). Serotype C is probably no longer present is Asia (Rweyemamu et al. 2008) and appears to have disappeared from the world as a whole with last outbreak in Kenya in 2004. Historically, this is the rarest of the FMD serotypes to have occurred in the world. In the present study, cattle were found to be the most affected species followed by buffaloes with only few reports of FMD in small ruminant. This finding may be due to a high likelihood that cattle are affected compared with buffaloes or clinical signs/severity of the disease are les pronounced in buffaloes than cattle, which would result in differential under-reporting of buffaloes cases of FMD. Higher number of FMD outbreaks noted between the months of January to March during the period of 2002-2007 may be due to livestock movement in the country due to religious festival, Eidul Azha, falling from December to February during the reported period. Progressive control of FMD is the most pragmatic approach for Pakistan. The critical components of such an approach should include a national FMD control initiative, continuous surveillance and monitoring of the FMD situation, facility for FMD virus isolation and sub-typing, and availability of an effective vaccine. Some studies on the antigenic characterization of Pakistani isolates originating from Landhi cattle colony, Karachi have been done (Jamal et al. 2007) and such studies on country-wide basis has already been planned as a collaborative project between Government of Pakistan and Danish Government with financial support of an FAO funded project, GTFS/INT/907/ITA. 5. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] 422 Ahmad et al (2002). Pak Vet J. 22: 201-203. Hemadri et al. (2003). Vet Microbiol. 92: 25-35. Jamal et al (2007). Report submitted to the EU-FMD, Rome. Klein et al. (2007). Virol J. 4:122. Klein et al. (2008). Virol J. 5:53. Rauf et al. (1981). Pak Vet J. 1: 13-14. Riaz et al (1992). Pak Vet J. 12: 86-88. The Global control of FMD - Tools, ideas and ideals – Erice, Italy 14-17 October 2008 1000 900 800 Serotypes 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 O A Asia-1 C Number Figure 1. Frequency distribution of different serotypes from suspected cases of FMD submitted to the laboratory during 1952 to 2007 40 35 Number of outbreaks 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month Figure 2. Seasonal distribution of laboratory confirmed FMD outbre aks taken place during 2002-2007 (n=153) 423 The Global control of FMD- Tools, ideas and ideals – Erice, Italy 14-17 October 2008 Figure 3: Spatial distribution of serotypes from laboratory confirmed cases of FMD during 20022007 424