Download Communicable Disease

PENGANTAR
EPIDMIOLOGI PENYKIT
MENULAR
1
Epidemiologi

Definisi
Studi yg mempelajari distribusi dan
determinant status atau kejadian yg
berhubungan dengan kesehatan pada
sekelompok populasi, dan aplikasi
studi ini adalah untuk mengkontrol /
mengendalikan masalah kesehatan
Last ed. Dictionary of Epidemiology
Epidemiologi Penyakitamenular

Definisi :

Epidemiologi penyakit menular
terfokus dalam mempelajari distribusi
dan determinan penyakit menular
dalam populasi.
Epidemiologi Penyakitamenular
Klasifikasi Penyakit Berdasarkan etiologi
(kausa)
 Penyakit infeksi
 Penyakit


non infeksi
Etiologi (organism) : Tuberkulosis, Campak,
Malaria, dsb
Manifestasi klinik : Meningitis, Encefalitis,
Rinitis, Diare ??, dsb
Epidemiologi Penyakitamenular
Berdasarkan Durasi :
 Penyakit
akut
 Penyakit
kronik
Peak symptoms within 3 months (acute) or
longer than 3 months (chronic)
Epidemiologi Penyakitamenular

Acute infection vs. chronic infection

Acute Infection
 An
infection characterized by sudden
onset, rapid progression, and often with
severe symptoms

Chronic Infection
 An
infection characterized by delayed onset
and slow progression
Types of Diseases
Acute Diseases
MENULAR
TIDAK MENULAR
Examples
Common cold, pneumonia,
mumps, measles, pertussis,
typhoid fever, cholera
Appendicitis, poisoning, trauma
Chronic Diseases
MENULAR
Tuberculosis, AIDS, Lyme disease,
syphilis, rheumatic fever
TIDAK MENULAR
Diabetes, coronary heart disease,
osteoarthritis, cirrhosis of the liver
5/25/2017
Definition of communicable diseases

A communicable disease is an illness due
to a specific infectious (biological) agent
or its toxic products capable of being
directly or indirectly transmitted:
from man to man, from animal to man,
 from animal to animal, or
 from the environment (through air,
water, food, etc..) to man.

Definition of communicable diseases

Epidemiology


Communicable Disease


A disease that can be transmitted from one
individual to another
Contagious Disease


The study of the transmission of disease
A communicable disease that is easily spread from
one individual to another
Noncommunicable Disease

A disease that is not transmitted from one
individual to another
Definition of communicable diseases

Communicable Diseases-biological agents
Biological agents = microorganism
- Virus
- Fungus

-Bacteria
- Protozoa
- Helminthes - Others form of microorganism
Non Communicable Diseases-Non
biological Agents
-
Physics
- Nutrition - Chemical -etc
Definition of disease & infectious
disease

Disease
 Any
deviation from a condition of good
health and well-being

Infectious Disease

A disease condition caused by the presence
or growth of infectious microorganisms or
parasites
Etiologi
Durasi
Akut
Kronis
Infeksi
Common cold
Pneumonia
Campak
Gondongan
Pertusis
Typhoid
Kolera
Kusta
TBC
AIDS
Demam rheumatik
Hepatitis B
Non Infeksi
Keracunan
(intoksikasi
insektisida dan
logam, dsb)
Trauma
Penyakit Jantung Koroner
Diabetes Mellitus
Kanker
Stroke
12
Classification of Diseases &
Health Problems
Organ or Organ System
– i.e., heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory
infection
Causative Agent
– Biological Agents
– Chemical Agents
– Physical Agents
Communicable vs Non communicable
Acute vs Chronic
–Peak symptoms within 3 months (acute) or
longer than 3 months (chronic)
Chap 4: Prevention and Control
Causative Agents for Diseases &
Injuries
Biological
Agents
Viruses
Rickettsiae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Metazoa
Chemical
Agents
Pesticides
Food additives
Pharmacologics
Industrial chemicals
Air pollutants
Cigarette smoke
Physical
Agents
Heat
Light
Radiation
Noise
Vibration
Speeding
objects
DEFINITIONS
INFECTION
- The entry, development or multiplication of an infectious
agent in the body tissues of man or animals
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
- A clinically manifest disease of man/animal resulting
from an infection
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
- An illness due to a specific infectious agent OR its toxic
products that arises through transmission from a
reservoir to a susceptible host either directly or
indirectly
 Some communicable diseases may not be infectious BUT
all infectious diseases are communicable.
communicable but not infectious:
-tetanus
- botulism
- staphylococcal food poisoning
INCUBATION PERIOD
- time interval between initial contact with an infectious
agent and the first appearance of symptoms associated
with the infection
COMMUNICABLE PERIOD
- time during an infectious agent may be transferred from
an infected host/reservoir to another susceptible host
Communicable Disease Model
Model
Communicable Disease Model
Agent
The element that
must be present in order
for the diseases to occur
Communicable Disease Model
Host
Agent
Any susceptible
organism invaded
by an infectious agent
Communicable Disease Model
Host
Agent
Environment
All other factors that inhibit
or promote disease
transmission
Chain of Infection
A model to conceptualize the transmission of a
communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host
Chain of Infection
Pathogen
- The disease-causing agent
Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir
• The habitat in which an infectious agent normally
lives and grows
– Human: Anthroponoses, symptomatic or asymptomatic
– Animal: Zoonoses
– Environmental: Plants, soil, and water
Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal
of exit
• The path by which an agent leaves the source host
Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal
of exit
How pathogens
Transare passed
mission
Modes of Transmission
Direct: Immediate transfer
- Direct contact
- Droplet spread
Indirect
- Airborne
- Vehicleborne
- Vectorborne
Modes of Transmission of
the Agent to a New Host:
A mode of transmission is essential for the 
infectious agent to bridge the gap between
the portal of exit from the reservoir and the
portal of entry of the host.
Modes of transmission can be classified as
direct or indirect.

Routes of transmission
Direct
Indirect
 Skin-skin
 Herpes type 1
 Mucous-mucous
 Food-borne
 STI
 Across placenta
 toxoplasmosis
 Through breast milk
 HIV
 Sneeze-cough
 Influenza
 Salmonella
 Water-borne
 Hepatitis A
 Vector-borne
 Malaria
 Air-borne
 Chickenpox
 Ting-borne
 Scarlatina
Exposure
 A relevant contact – depends on the agent
Skin, sexual intercourse, water contact, etc
(www)
Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal
of exit
Portal
Transmission of entry
- Agent enters
susceptible host
Respiratory
Oral
Skin
Intravenous
Gastrointestinal
Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal
of exit
Portal
Transmission of entry
New
host
- Final link is
a susceptible host
Levels of Prevention
• Primary Prevention
– The forestalling of the onset of illness or injury
during the pre-pathogenesis period (before the
disease process begins)
• Secondary Prevention
– The early diagnosis and prompt treatment of
diseases before the disease becomes advanced
and disability becomes severe
• Tertiary Prevention
– The retraining, reeducation, and rehabilitation of
the patient who has already incurred disability
Pencegahan primer
Adl Upaya pencegahan yg dilakukan
saat proses penyakit belum mulai (pd
periode pre-patogenesis) dengan
tujuan agar tidak terjadi proses
penyakit
 T.a: 1. Promosi kesehatan
2. Perlindungan khusus

Riwayat Alamiah Penyakit
31
Pencegahan sekunder
Adl Upaya pencegahan yg dilakukan
saat proses penyakit sudah
berlangsung namun belum timbul
tanda/gejala sakit (patogenesis awal)
dengan tujuan proses penyakit tidak
berlanjut
 T.a:
1. Early diagnosis & prompt
treatment
Riwayat Alamiah Penyakit
32
2. Disability limitation

Tingkat pencegahan
tertier
Bila telah terjadi defect /kerusakan struktural
ataupun disabilitas:
maka untuk mencegah semakin buruknya
kondisi atau menetapnya disabilitas
dilakukan usaha preventif tertier
dengan rehabilitasi
Riwayat Alamiah Penyakit
33
Prevention of Communicable
Diseases
• Pathogen
– Pasteurization
– Chlorination
– Antibiotics
– Antivirals
– Disinfectants
Prevention of Communicable
Diseases
• Human Reservoir
– Isolation
– Surveillance
– Quarantine
– Drug treatment
Prevention of Communicable
Diseases
• Portal of Exit
– Gowns
– Masks
– Condoms
– Hair nets
– Insect repellents
Prevention of Communicable
Diseases
• Transmission
– Isolation
– Hand washing
– Vector control
– Sanitary engineering
– Sneeze glass
– Sexual abstinence
– Safer sex
Prevention of Communicable
Diseases
• Portal of Entry
– Masks
– Condoms
– Safety glasses
– Insect repellents
Prevention of Communicable
Diseases
• Establishment of Disease in New Host
– Immunizations
– Health education
– Nutrition promotion
– Sexual abstinence
Noncommunicable Disease
Model
Your genetic
endowment
Noncommunicable Disease Model
Environment
Your genetic
endowment
Behavioral
choices
Air
Pollution
Diseases of the Heart and Blood
• Coronary heart disease (CHD):
Characterized by damage to the coronary
arteries.
• Atherosclerosis: Narrowing of the blood
vessels resulting from the build-up of fatty
deposits on the walls of the blood vessel.
• Cerebrovascular disease (stroke): Blood
supply to the brain is disrupted.
Cancer
• Malignant neoplasm: Occurs when cells
lose control over their growth and division.
As these cells continue to grow they
eventually develop a “new growth”—a
tumor
• Metastasis: Parts of the tumor break off
and travel to the rest of the body’s organs
and continue their growth.
Other Top Noncommunicable
Diseases
1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
Prevention of Noncommunicable
Diseases
• Primary Prevention
– Adequate food intake
– Good opportunities for education, employment, and
housing
– Efficient community services
– Health promotion
– Access to medical services
– Protection from the environment
– Protection from occupational hazards
– Empowerment for one’s own health
Prevention of Noncommunicable
Diseases
• Secondary Prevention
– Mass screenings
– Case-finding measures
– Adequate health personnel, equipment, and
facilities
– Personal screening (self breast or testes
exams)
– Hemoccult tests
– Pap tests
Prevention of Noncommunicable
Diseases
• Tertiary Prevention
– Adequate emergency medical personnel,
services, and facilities
– Understand unmodifiable risk factors
– Significant behavioral or lifestyle changes
(Modifiable risk factors)
– Support groups
– Counseling