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BLOOD TYPING ANTIGENS A foreign substance the body doesn’t recognize Usually protein/polysaccharide Red Blood cells have antigen surface proteins that determine blood ANTIGENS Blood type is named by the Antigen on it’s surface A antigens = type “A” blood ANTIBODIES Special proteins made by immune system in response to a specific antigen attack foreign substances Found in plasma of blood Type “A” blood has A antigens and type “B” antibodies ANTIBODIES POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE? Based on presence or lack of Rhesus protein Positive Blood types: have the Rh protein Negative Blood types: No Rh protein A B B B A A a A a Aa What blood type are you? TYPE a “A” BLOODa has type “A” antigens makes type b antibodies (antibodies that attack B antigens) b a a B B TYPE a “B” BLOOD a has type “B” antigens makes type a antibodies (antibodies that attack A antigens) a A B TYPE “AB” BLOOD a has aboth “A” & “B” antigens makes NO ANTIBODIES to A or B antigens. a Rh A a aRh TYPE “O” BLOOD has neither A nor B antigens makes both type a and type b antibodies B Rhesus Antigen (Rh factor) a Rha factor is another antigen that can be present on RBC. Either you have it (“+”) or you don’t (“-”) If you are Rh negative, you don’t make antibodies to Rh unless you have been exposed to it. The person above is Rh+ HEMOLYTIC DISEASE Hemolytic comes from two words: "hemo" (blood) "lysis" (destruction) or breaking down of red blood cells What happens when the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive? The fetus can inherit the Rh factor from dad. This makes the fetus Rh-positive too. Why would this be a problem? HEMOLYTIC DISEASE IN NEWBORNS A mother who is Rh-negative may develop antibodies to her own Rh-positive baby. • Mom’s antibodies can cross the placenta & attack baby’s blood Result? • Break down of baby’s blood cells • creating anemia • Can cause serious illness, brain damage, or even death For Example: A- mother X O+ father could produce A+ baby. Why is blood type important during pregnancy? A+ Rh A Rh a Mom then producesa antibodies to the Rh factor A A few of baby’s blood cells get into mother just before or during childbirth. a Rh a If she gets pregnant with another Rh+ baby, her anti-Rh antibodies can cross placenta during pregancy and cause agglutination of baby’s RBC -- can seriously harm or kill the baby. Rh A Rh a A a Treatment: immediately after birth of Rh+ baby, give mother injection of RhoGAM. It contains Rh antibodies that destroy any of the baby’s RBC left in the mother before she can produce antibodies to Rh factor. AGGLUTINATION: Clumping Visible = positive reaction Antibodies attack / join to antigens BLOOD TYPING LAB Patient # 1 2 3 4 5 6 A anti-serum B anti-serum Rh anti- serum Blood Type? LAB QS 1. Which patient could be a universal donor & why? 2. Which patient could be a universal recipient & why? 3. Imagine an emergency situation where you needed a blood transfusion from your best friend but didn’t have any blood typing serum available or know each other’s blood types. What could you do to determine if a blood transfusion would work?