Download BLOOD TYPES

BLOOD TYPING
ANTIGENS
 A foreign substance the
body doesn’t recognize
 Usually
protein/polysaccharide
 Red Blood cells have
antigen surface proteins
that determine blood
ANTIGENS
 Blood type is named by the
Antigen on it’s surface
 A antigens = type “A” blood
ANTIBODIES
 Special proteins made by immune system in response
to a specific antigen
 attack foreign substances
 Found in plasma of blood
 Type “A” blood has A antigens and type “B” antibodies
ANTIBODIES
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?
 Based on presence or lack of Rhesus protein
 Positive Blood types: have the Rh protein
 Negative Blood types: No Rh protein
A
B
B
B
A
A
a
A
a
Aa
What
blood type
are you?
TYPE
a “A” BLOODa
 has type “A” antigens
 makes type b antibodies
(antibodies that attack B
antigens)
b
a
a
B
B
TYPE
a “B” BLOOD
a
 has type “B” antigens
 makes type a antibodies
(antibodies that attack A
antigens)
a
A
B
TYPE “AB” BLOOD
a
 has aboth “A” & “B” antigens
 makes NO ANTIBODIES to
A or B antigens.
a
Rh
A
a
aRh
TYPE “O” BLOOD
 has neither A nor B antigens
 makes both type a and type b
antibodies
B
Rhesus Antigen (Rh factor)
a
 Rha factor is another antigen
that can be present on RBC.
 Either you have it (“+”) or
you don’t (“-”)
 If you are Rh negative, you
don’t make antibodies to Rh
unless you have been exposed
to it.
 The person above is Rh+
HEMOLYTIC DISEASE
 Hemolytic comes from two words:
 "hemo" (blood)
 "lysis" (destruction) or breaking down of red
blood cells
What happens when the mother is Rh-negative and the father
is Rh-positive?
 The fetus can inherit the Rh factor from dad.
This makes the fetus Rh-positive too.
Why would this be a problem?
HEMOLYTIC DISEASE
IN NEWBORNS
A mother who is Rh-negative may develop antibodies to her
own Rh-positive baby.
• Mom’s antibodies can cross the placenta & attack baby’s
blood
Result?
• Break down of baby’s blood cells
•  creating anemia
• Can cause serious illness, brain damage, or even death
For Example: A- mother X O+ father could
produce A+ baby.
Why is blood
type important
during
pregnancy?
A+
Rh
A
Rh
a
Mom then producesa
antibodies to the Rh factor
A
A few of baby’s blood cells
get into mother just before
or during childbirth.
a
Rh
a
If she gets pregnant with another
Rh+ baby, her anti-Rh antibodies
can cross placenta during
pregancy and cause agglutination
of baby’s RBC -- can seriously
harm or kill the baby.
Rh
A
Rh
a
A
a
Treatment: immediately after
birth of Rh+ baby, give mother
injection of RhoGAM. It contains
Rh antibodies that destroy any of
the baby’s RBC left in the
mother before she can produce
antibodies to Rh factor.
AGGLUTINATION:
 Clumping Visible = positive reaction
 Antibodies attack / join to antigens
BLOOD TYPING LAB
Patient #
1
2
3
4
5
6
A anti-serum
B anti-serum
Rh anti- serum
Blood Type?
LAB QS
1. Which patient could be a universal donor & why?
2. Which patient could be a universal recipient & why?
3. Imagine an emergency situation where you needed a blood
transfusion from your best friend but didn’t have any blood
typing serum available or know each other’s blood types. What
could you do to determine if a blood transfusion would work?