Download LOTL 13 Coffee

Coffee
Family - Rubiaceae
Genus - Coffea
Species - arabica
and canephora
Coffea arabica
Where is Coffee Grown?
About 28 of the
world's tropical
countries
contribute
significantly to
the 11 million
hectares devoted
to coffee
plantations,
spilling 6.2 million
metric tons of
green coffee
beans in 1998.
Gresser, Charis and Sophia Tickell. “Mugged: Poverty in Your Cup.” Oxfam International 2002:7
Where is coffee grown?
Coffee is cultivated mainly in Latin America, Asia,
and Africa. Some of the main producer-countries
are Brazil, Columbia, Indonesia, Mexico, Ethiopia,
Guatemala, India, Uganda, and others
r = robusta production, a = arabica, m = mixture
Two Types of Coffee
About 90 Coffea spp in Africa
• Arabica, C. arabica
• Robusta, C. canephora
• Tetraploid, self fertile
• Ethiopia highlands
• Diploid, self incompatible
• Rain forest of Congo basin
– >1600m
– 15-24°C
– 1300 mm
• Best quality
• Susceptible to rust
– <750m
– 24-30°C
– 1550 mm
• Less flavor, acidity
• Resistant to rust
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M
University
PLOIDY = # sets of chromosomes
•
•
•
•
•
Haploid =
1 set of chromosomes
Diploid =
2 sets of chromosomes
Triploid =
3 sets of chromosomes
Quadraploid = 4 sets of chromosomes
etc..
• Polyploid =
greater than 3 sets
(a generalized term)
1 set of chromosomes with banding
= haploid set
Coffee
chromsomes
and genes
Chromosomes:
arabica has
double the
number of
chromosomes at
44 than robusta
at 22.
• Genes code for
specific traits, like
pod shape, flower
color, etc.
White
1
Removed
stamens
from purple
flower
Stamens
Carpel
PARENTS
(P)
2 Transferred
Purple
pollen from
stamens of white
flower to carpel
of purple flower
3 Pollinated carpel
matured into pod
• This illustration
shows his
technique for
cross-fertilization
without bees!
4
OFFSPRING
(F1)
Figure 9.2C
Planted
seeds
from pod
Pairs of chromosomes: One chromosome from each parent:
and each has a gene for each characteristic
= pairs of the same gene or different (= hybrids)
• Alternative forms of a gene reside at the same
location on pairing chromosomes
GENE
LOCATION
P
P
a
a
B
B=DOMINANT
gene
b
B=recessive
gene
GENOTYPE:
PP
Both the same
dominant gene
Figure 9.4
aa
Both the same
recessive gene
Bb
Both dominant
+
recessive gene
MEIOSIS:
gamete formation = egg + sperm
Ploidy is reduced by half
2N to N
4N to 2N
102N to 51N (many ferns)
• Mendel studied
seven pea
characteristics
FLOWER
COLOR
Purple
White
Axial
Terminal
SEED
COLOR
Yellow
Green
SEED
SHAPE
Round
Wrinkled
POD
SHAPE
Inflated
Constricted
POD
COLOR
Green
Yellow
STEM
LENGTH
Tall
Dwarf
FLOWER
POSITION
• He hypothesized
that there are
alternative forms
of genes
(although he did
not use that
term), the units
that determine
heredity
Figure 9.2D
Coffee Production and Yield
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.56
0.5
0.42
0.4
0
% Production
MT/ha
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Asia
C. Amer
Africa
0.19
Asia
C. Amer
Africa
0.1
0.2 0.19
S. America
0.36
0.3
0.2
0.7
COFFEE GROWN WITHOUT SHADE
Fields with coffee bushes grown
under direct sunlight are referred
to as technified farms.
There is, for instance, an array of
shade levels within coffee farms
all over the northern portion of
Latin America
Some farms have no shade at all,
such as this technified farm.
COFFEE WITH MINIMAL SHADE
Other farms, like this one in
the image on the screen,
have some trees.
For all intents and purposes,
however, such shade does
little in the way of providing
habitat for migratory forest
songbirds or resident birds
associated with the local
area.
DISEASE SPURS SUN COFFEE RISE
• Much of the impetus for
technification in Central America, the
Caribbean and even in Colombia
came from the arrival of one of
coffee's most dreaded diseases:
coffee leaf rust.
• This leaf with yellow spots is typical
of how infected vegetation appears.
A fungal disease caused by the
fungus (Hemileia vastratrix), this
disease devastated the coffee area of
Sri Lanka in the 1870s and 1880s.
Some reports maintain that this thenBritish colony (Ceylon) switched to
growing tea—as did the British in
general—because of this pathogen.
Dependency on Coffee
Gresser, Charis and Sophia Tickell. “Mugged: Poverty in Your Cup.” Oxfam International 2002:8
Two Species (Types) of Coffee
About 90 Coffea spp in Africa
• Arabica, C. arabica
• Robusta, C. canephora
• Medium size tree
• Medium to large tree
– 14-20’ tall
• Medium vigor
• Leaves
– Smaller
– Thinner
• Seedlings uniform
– Up to 32’ tall
• Vigorous
• Leaves
– Larger
– Thicker
• Seedlings variable
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M
University
Coffee Berries (Beans)
Coffee Beans
The Seed of the Fruit is the Economic Part
A Drupe like a Peach
• Both begin bearing in 3-4
years
• Time to mature fruit
– Arabica, 7-8 months
– Robusta, 11-12 months
• Productive for 20-30 years
• Both need pruning for best
production
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M
University
Various Roasts
Coffee Seedlings - Brazil
Coffee Production
• Planting
– Slightly acid (pH 5.2 to 6.3) well drained soil
– Beginning of wet season
– Vertical position or 30° angle
• Spacing
- need light for fruit ripening
– Arabica, 1350 trees/ha
– Robusta, 900-1000 trees/ha
• Time to fruiting
– Take 3-4 years to obtain mature plant
– Fruit on year old wood
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M
University
Coffee Tree Growth Cycle
• Dry and/or cool season
– Floral initiation
– Reduced vegetative growth
• Wet season
– Flowers open, fruit set and begin development
– Active vegetative growth
• Dry and/or cool season
– Fruit ripen
– Flower buds initiate
– Reduced vegetative growth
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M
University
Shade and Coffee Production
8
7
6
5
Fertilized
No fertilizer
4
3
2
1
0
Shaded
Unshaded
Data from Wilson, 1999. Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea, Figure 6.4.
Conclusion:
High input system - better with fertilizer
Low input system - not as essential
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is Shade-Grown Coffee?
Sun vs. Shade Coffee
•
All Audubon Coffees are Certified
Shade-Grown and Organic.
Smithsonian Research
• Researchers at the Smithsonian
Migratory Bird Center found of all
agricultural systems in the tropics,
traditionally-managed coffee
plantations support more species of
birds -- over 150 -- than any other type
of agriculture.
• Traditionally, coffee was grown under a
canopy of shade trees, providing critical
wintering habitat for many species of
migratory birds and preserving the rich
biodiversity inherent in tropical rainforests.
• Increasingly, however, industrial coffee farms,
where land is cleared of its lush vegetation to
grow coffee in full sun, are replacing traditional
coffee farms. With this conversion from
traditional shade grown to industrial sun-grown
coffee comes a corresponding decrease in
migratory bird species, and this decrease in
species diversity is dramatic -- over 90% fewer
bird species are found on sun-grown coffee farms
than on shade-grown coffee farms.
Audubon Coffee Powerpoint
• http://shadecoffee.org/ShadeCoffee/Portals/0
/Get_Involved/Chapter%20Outreach/NWSCC_
slideshow_non-IE.htm
The Wood Thrush,
Shade Grown Coffee
The New Hope
Audubon Society
Fred Houk, Jr.
December 30, 2000, Chapel Hill Herald
Environmental Impacts
• Over the past 30 years, >1/2 of the traditional
shade-grown coffee farms in Latin America
were changed to "sun-coffee" farms to
increase production.
• This way involves clearing or thinning the
shade trees and growing coffee plants under
full or nearly full sun conditions.
Shade Grown Coffee – Costa Rica
Shade-Grown Coffee
• The site where Shade Grown Mexico coffee is
produced The El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas,
Mexico, where Shade Grown Mexico coffee comes from, is a
region CI considers to be one of the world’s most
environmentally sensitive. CI and Starbucks support
farmers who grow coffee under the protection of shade,
creating and maintaining a forested buffer zone around the
Reserve.
Results so far In 2001, farmers producing Shade Grown
Mexico received a 60 percent price premium over local
prices for their coffee, and exported 50% more than the
previous year. Since 1998, the number of cooperatives
involved in the project doubled. Today there are nearly 700
farmers and more than 2000 hectares involved in the
program.
Environmental Impacts
• Technified coffee production causes a large number
of species’ extinction.
– Technified coffee farms have fewer bird species than
traditional shade coffee--ninety percent fewer species.
(Rice and Roberts ch.4)
• Sun-grown coffee is a threat for birds because as more shadegrown coffee is converted to sun-grown coffee, more birds will
loose their habitat.
• Other essential diverse species that sun-grown coffee lacks are
beetles, ants, wasps, and spiders. Moreover, bats, which are
important seed dispersers and pollinators of many tree species,
can not be found in technified coffee farms (ch. 4) B
Environmental Impacts
–Technified coffee has worse soil quality
than traditional coffee.
• The reduction of tree cover, natural predators,
and organic materials leads to higher rates of
nutrient-leaching, and higher erosion.
• “When you cut down a forest [shade coffee],
rain flows over the top of the soil, causing
erosion and saltation that winds up in the
river.” (Wexler, par 16)
Environmental Impacts
– The large amounts of chemicals used in technified
coffee contaminate our environment and they do not
obey national or international boundaries. Damages
include:
• Contamination of waterways and water tables (aquifers)
• Damage to soil microorganisms.
• Eutrophication (overgrowth of algae in river, [which depletes
the oxygen in the water.])
• Creates air pollution.
• Creates pesticide-resistant weeds and insects.